lecture2 sentence structure
DESCRIPTION
Lecture2 Sentence structure. Objectives: 1. Grammatical Hierarchy 2. Clause elements : subject and predicate 3. Two ways of sentence analysis 4. Seven basic sentence patterns 5. Transformation and expansion of basic clause types. 2. Grammatical Hierarchy. Morpheme - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Lecture2 Sentence structure• Objectives:
• 1. Grammatical Hierarchy
• 2. Clause elements : subject and predicate
• 3. Two ways of sentence analysis
• 4. Seven basic sentence patterns
• 5. Transformation and expansion of basic clause types
2. Grammatical Hierarchy• Morpheme • (free morpheme, bound morpheme)• Word • 1)classification in terms of word-formation• (simple word, derivative , compound)• 2) classification in terms of grammatical function• (open-class words, closed-class words)• Phrase• (noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase,
adverb phrase, prepositional phrase)
• Clause
• ( independent clause , dependent/subordinate clause)– subject clause– object clause– predicative clause– adverbial clause
• -- appositive clause.
• Sentence (full sentence , minor sentence)
• 1) classification in terms of the purpose of the speaker
• statement, question ( general question, special question , alternative question ,tag question), imperative sentence , exclamation
2. Clause elements
• Subject and predicate
• Subject— the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about. It is generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase
• Predicate—says something about the
• subject and keeps the new information
• which the speaker or writer wants to
• transmit to the listener or reader. It
• generally consists of a verb phrase with or without a complementation.
3. Two ways of sentence analysis
• 1) To divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial. These elements together with the subject make the five clause elements.
• 2) To divide the predicate into operator (aux. Or the first aux. in a complex verb phrase) and predication (It comprises the main verb with its complementation, which including object, complement or adverbial.)
4. Seven basic sentence patterns
• Simple sentences have seven basic patterns:
• SV (主—动)• SVC ( 主—动—补 )• SVO (主—动—宾)• SV0O (主—动—宾 - 宾)• SVOC (主—动—宾—补)• SVA (主—动—状)• SVOA (主—动—宾—状)
• SV (usu. V is intransitive verb.)
•
• --Day broke.
--Things change.
• SVC ( usu. V is linking verb.)
•
• --He died young.
• --The doctors seemed very capable.
SVO (usu. V is transitive verb/ monotransitive verb.)
•
• --I want a cup of tea.
• --Robbie didn’t deny the facts.
• --She heard whisperings.
• SV0O ( V is ditransitive verb.)
•
• --He gave me a nice present.
• --We gave the baby a bath.
•--Judith paid me a visit.
• SVOC (主—动—宾—补) ( V is complex transitive verb.)
•
• --I found this book easy.
• --He watched the maid come in.
• --I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy.
• SVA (A=adverbial)
• --He will flying to shanghai.
• --They stayed in a hotel.
• SVOA
• --I met her at the railway station.
-- I put the material evidence in front of him.
SV0O• In SV0O , sometimes indirect object can be
shifted to the direct object by using correspondent prepositions such as “to” ,“ for” ,“ of” . that is: “v + sb/sth + prep+ sb” 。 compare :
• Betty gave her daughter an apple. • →Betty gave an apple to her daughter. • Father bought him a bike. • →Father bought a bike for him.
He asked me a question. • →He asked a question of me.
SV0O
• 1) Verbs that can be used in “v. +sb/sth + to + sb”:
• bring, take, show, pass, lend, return ;owe, offer, leave, give, send, teach , read, write, pay etc. eg:
• owe money to the bankoffer battle to someone
SV0O
• --We want a teacher to teach us violin.
• --He offered me a glass of wine..
• --She brought her sister to my office.
• --He died two and a half years later, leaving everything to his wife.
• 2) Verbs that can be used in “v + sb/sth + for + sb”:
• find, spare, save, fetch, buy, get, make
• choose, pick, select , sing, play, cook ,
• -- Please fetch some sandwiches for this hungry boy.
• 2) Verbs that can be used in “v + sb/sth +for + sb”:
• --Would you please spare me a cup of wine?
• --Has she made you an offer for your car?•
--He never made me an apology.•
5. Transformation and expansion of basic clause types
• 1) basic clause types statement
• affirmative -> negative
• active-> passive
• 2) Expansion of basic clause types
• Compound sentence (coordination: linked by coordinators such as: and, but, so, however, therefore, or )
• -- I don’t like her but John likes her very much
• 2 Complex sentence (by means of adding modifiers or subordinate clauses.)
• --Standing in front of the mirror, Jim looked at his image, wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years.
• Compound-complex sentence (by means of the combination of coordination and subordination.)
• eg:
• --The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted.