lecture06. cognitive maps and spatial behavior 6.1 spatial ......arch 114 human and socio-cultural...

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HumanandSocio-CulturalFactorsinDesignLecture06

Lecture 06.CognitiveMapsandSpatialBehavior

6.1SpatialBehavior6.2Cognitivemaps

6.2.1Perception6.2.2Cognition

6.2.2.1WayFinding6.2.3ImagesandSpatialBehavior6.2.4IndividualDifferencesinMapForm

EasternMediterraneanUniversityDepartmentofArchitecture

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6.1SpatialBehavior

“Spatial”meansexistingoroccurringinspace,havingextensioninspace.

Spatialbehaviormeans “Reactions ofanindividualorgroupsofindividualswithrelationtotheimmediatesurroundingareaincludingtheanimateorinanimateobjectswithinthatarea.”(dictionarydefinition)

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6.1SpatialBehavior

environment

individual

groupofindividuals

animateobjects(kinetic)

inanimateobjects(static)

+surroundingarea

surroundingarea

relation relation

Spatialbehavior=(individualorgroupofindividuals)->relationtosurrounding(withanimateandinanimateobjects)

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6.1SpatialBehavior

• People’sspatialbehaviordependspartiallyontheimage theyhaveofthestructureoftheenvironment.

• Thewaythebuiltenvironmentisstructuredverymuchaffectstheeasewithwhichpeoplefindtheirway throughbuildings,neighborhoods,andcities.

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6.1SpatialBehavior

• Itiseasytofindyourwayinsomeplaces,whereitisdifficultinothers.

• Whenpeoplecannotorientthemselveseasilyinaplace,theirstresslevelincreases.

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6.1SpatialBehavior

• Learningthelayout ofthecity isimportantforapersontodevelophealthy,safe andcomfortablerelationshiptohis/herenvironment.

• Theprocessoflearning involvestheformationofcognitivemapsofone'ssurrounding.

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6.1SpatialBehavior

Whenpeoplecannotorientthemselveseasilyinaplace,theirstresslevelincreases

Source:http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/typo3temp/pics/c68b9cc9c5.jpg

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6.2CognitiveMaps

•Cognitivemappingistheprocess wherebypeopleacquire,code,store,recall, anddecodeinformation abouttherelativelocationandattributes ofthephysicalenvironment

(acquire,code,store,recall, anddecodeinfoaboutthelocationandenvironment)

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6.2CognitiveMaps

Giving directions to a friend by creating a map in your “mind”.

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6.2CognitiveMaps

•Cognitivemapsareacentralaspectofpeople'severydaybehavior.

•Cognitivemapsareaspatialthing– arepresentationinyourmindofwherethingsare(bodyparts– houses– cities)andhowtheyrelatetoeachother.

•Cognitivemapsarealsoreferredas“Mentalmaps”

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6.2CognitiveMaps

Source:https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/5c/59/58/5c5958

845ecd0118e270c67298a75548--cognitive-portland.jpg

Peopleorientsthemselvesintheenvironmentbasedoncognitivemaps

Wheretogo?Howtogo?

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6.2CognitiveMaps

Source:http://www.robot.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~wen/images/research_spatial1_en.jpg

Representationinyourmindofwherethingsare(bodyparts– houses– cities)andhowtheyrelatetoeachother.

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6.2CognitiveMaps

Given a cognitive map, the individual can formulate thebasis for a strategy of environmental behavior.

We view cognitive mapping as a basic component in humanadaptation, and the cognitive map as a requisite both forhuman survival and for everyday environmental behavior,such as;

ØWhere people chose to goØHow they go thereØWhat to do thereØHow they feel there

etc.

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Source:http://www.christopherfowler.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Kings-Cross.jpg

6.2CognitiveMaps

Cognitivemapsarepersonalperceptionofthereality.Itgivescluesaboutpeople’sdailybehavior.

Adrawingofapersonfrommind(cognitivemap)

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Source:https://image.slidesharecdn.com/combineresult-151207165858-lva1-app6891/95/cognitive-mapping-essay-6-638.jpg?cb=1449507556

6.2CognitiveMaps

Somepeoplemaydraw2Dcognitivemaps,whereassomecoulddraw3D.


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Source:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ePXm7lH-elY/UAyb495lhNI/AAAAAAAAAAM/5VJo9qyibjg/s1600/Cognitive+Map.jpg

Cognitivemapsaredistorted,thereisnoscale(especiallyinthedrawingsofyoungchildren).Bythedistortionofcognitivemaps,wemeanthecognitivetransformationsofbothdistanceanddirection.


6.2CognitiveMaps

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According to Land (1987)

“The work on cognitive mapping providesenvironmental designers with an understanding ofhow to create legible and imageable buildings,building complexes, neighborhoods, and cities.

This work is particularly important in enhancing the experienceof people in places where they are not frequent visitors, such asmany public buildings, hospitals, airports, and parks.”

6.2CognitiveMaps

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Source:http://humanspatialcognitionlab.org/wherefor-art-thou-cognitive-map/

6.2CognitiveMaps

Howdowedevelopimagesandlocationoftheplacesinourmind?

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6.2.1Perception

Perception isgatheringinformationabouttheenvironment.

Sensationreferstotheprocessofsensingourenvironmentthroughtouch,taste,sight,sound,andsmell.

Theprocessoforganization,identification,andinterpretation thisrawformofinformation iscalled“perception”.

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6.2.1Perception

Sensationistheprocessthatallowsourbrainstotakeininformationviaourfivesenses,whichcanthenbeexperiencedandinterpretedbythebrain.

gettinginformationabouttheenvironmentviasenses

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6.2.1Perception

SensoryreceptorsEyes,ears,noseetc.

Stimulusenergy

Light,sound,smelletc.

Neuralimpulses

BrainVisual,auditory,olfactory,areas

sensation perceptionInformationcomesfromtheenvironment(light,soundetc.),rawdataisprocessedbysensorreceptors–eyes,ears,nose,skin,tongue(sensation)andsensationsareprocessesinthebrain(perception).

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6.2.1Perception

Howdowestoretheinformationwegetfromtheenvironmentandrecallitwhenneeded?

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6.2.2Cognition

Cognition referstoallofthementalactivitiesassociatedwiththinking,knowing,rememberingandcommunicating.

Therefore,cognitionisthusthesubjectmatterofinteresttogeographers,physicalplanners,andenvironmentaldesignersworkingonbehaviorissues.

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6.2.2Cognition

Cognitionistheprocessbywhichsensoryimputesaretransformed,reduced,elaborated,stored,recovered,andused.

ExternalSenses

BehaviorReaction

input process output

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6.2.2Cognition

Cognition isthemoregeneraltermandincludesperception aswellasthinking,problemsolving,andtheorganizationofinformationandideas.

thinkingproblemsolvingorganizationofinformationideas

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6.2.2.1WayFinding

Howdopeopleorientthemselvesandnavigatethroughspace?

Wayfindingstudiesseekstoanswertothisquestion.

Wayfindingtaskscanbecategorizedaccordingtotwoactivities:

1.Travel toafamiliarenvironment

2.Travel toanunfamiliarenvironment

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6.2.2.1WayFinding

AccordingtoAllen(1999),people’swayfindingabilitiesdependson:

• Perceptualcapabilities• Fundamentalinformation-processingcapabilities• Previouslyacquiredknowledge• Motorcapabilities

Theseabilitiesmaychangefrompersontoapersonandalsodependsonthescaleofdestination(wayfindinginabuildingisdifferentthanwayfindinginastreet)

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6.2.2.1WayFinding

AccordingtoWeisman(1981)therearefourvariablesthatinfluencewayfindingperformanceinbuiltenvironments:

1.Visualaccess

2.Architecturaldifferentiation

3.Signsandroomnumberstoprovideidentificationordirectionalinformation

4.Planconfiguration

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6.2.2.1WayFinding

Visualaccessaffectspeoplewayfindingsinthebuiltenvironment

Source:http://www.atkinsglobal.com/en-gb/projects/shentong-metro-wayfinding-strategy

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6.2.2.1WayFinding

Architecturaldifferentiationaffectspeoplewayfindingsinthebuiltenvironment

Source:http://www.designindaba.com

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6.2.2.1WayFinding

Signsandroomnumbersaffectpeoplewayfindingsinthebuiltenvironment

Source:https://nsfunk.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/8155503_orig.jpg

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6.2.2.1WayFinding

Planconfigurationaffectspeoplewayfindingsinthebuiltenvironment

Source:http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5372/d36b/c07a/80ac/fd00/006e/large_jpg/Floor_Plan_1.jpg?1400034138

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6.2.2.1WayFinding

Todaywealsousedigitaltechnologiesforwayfinding

Source:http://appliedwayfinding.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/downtown-finder-ipad-photocomp-2-e1422875951265.jpg

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6.2.3ImagesandSpatialBehavior

Whatisanimage?

Animageisavisualrepresentationofsomething.

Imagesmaybetwo-dimensional,suchasaphotographorscreendisplay,orthree-dimensional,suchasastatueorhologram.

Amentalimageexistsinanindividual'smind,assomethingoneremembersorimagines.

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People behave inaworld“astheyseeit”—whatevertheflawsimperfectionsofcognitivemaps,theyarethebasisforspatialbehavior.

WhatIknowWhatIrememberWhatIfeelWhatIwant

spatialbehavior

Aspeopleactintheenvironment,theyacquireknowledgeaboutit,storetheknowledgeintheirheads,anduseittoguidetheirbehaviorinadaptiveways.

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environmentindividual

ObservationCollectinginformation

(image)

Developingwayfindingstrategies

Knowledge

perception

action

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Source:https://mentalcharlois.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/mental_map_cristina-ampatzidou1.jpg?w=510&h=401


Themoreexperienceapersonhaswithanenvironment,thebettercognitivemapstheydevelop.Lessinteractionorexperiencewithanenvironmentresultsweakcognitivemaps.


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6.2.4IndividualDifferencesinMapForm

• Thegraphicrepresentationsofcognitivemaps–thatis,thedrawingspeoplemakeofareasofcitiesorbuildings– arepartial,schematized,anddistortedinamannerthatreflectsbothgroupsimilaritiesandindividualdifferences.

• Thecognitivemapsthatpeoplehaveofthelayoutofcitiesandbuildingsdifferfrompersontoperson.

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Kevin Lynch (1960) found that people approachedthe mapping task in five ways:

1. Some emphasized paths and the elements along them.

2. Some drew boundaries first and then filled in the Maps.

3. Some drew a repetitive system-such as the grid layout of streets-and then filled it in.

4. Some drew districts first and then connected them.

5. Some started out drawing the nodal points and then filled in theirsurroundings.

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Source:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Spence/publication/6333108/figure/fig3/AS:277836767219718@1443252855250/Fig-3-Examples-of-Mental-Map-from-Children-in-H-W-Neighborhood.png


Studiesshowedthatindividualphysiologicaldifferencesaffectthewayinwhichpeopleformimagesoftheirsurroundings.

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Source:http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/mentalmaps/img/sketch_ys.jpg

Cognitivemapsvariesaccordingtoone’sexperience andinterests.



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Studies also showed that map form changes according tothe following factors:

• Gender

• Socioeconomic status

• Place of residence and work

• Length of residence in a location

• Types of transportation used.

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Abilities and disabilities also affect formation ofcognitive maps.

• For example blind people are known to pay attention tovery different characteristics of the environment

(such as textures of the surfaces along whichthey walk,the sounds of the environment,and even such details as the layering of airtemperatures).

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Studies also showed that women's images of theenvironment are different from men's.

Children’s mental maps differs as well from theadults.

Culture is an important predictor of the orientingschemata people use.

lecture06. cognitive maps and spatial behavior 6.1 spatial ......arch 114 human and socio-cultural...

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