Lecture#05

Mobile networks. Broadcasting networks

The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications

Series of lectures “Telecommunication networks”

Instructor: Prof. Nikolay Sokolov, e-mail: sokolov@niits.ru

Frequency range

Band Designation Frequency Range Usage Audible 20 Hz- 20 kHz Acoustics

Extremely/Very Low Frequency (ELF/VLF) Radio

3 kHz-30 kHz Navigation, Weather, Submarine telecommunications

Low Frequency (LF) Radio 30 kHz-300 kHz Navigation, Maritime telecommunications

Medium Frequency (MF) Radio 300 kHz-3 MHz Navigation, AM Radio High Frequency (HF) Radio 3 MHz-30 MHz Citizens Band (CB) Radio

Very High Frequency (VHF) Radio 30 MHz-300 MHz Amateur (HAM) Radio, VHF TV, FM Radio

Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio 300 MHz-3 GHz Microwave, Satellite, UHF TV Super High Frequency (SHF) Radio 3 GHz-30 GHz Microwave, Satellite

Extremely High Frequency (EHF) Radio 30 GHz-300 GHz Microwave, Satellite Infrared Light 103-105 GHz Infrared Visible Light 1013-1015 GHz Fiber Optics

X-Rays 1015-1018 GHz N/A Gamma and Cosmic Rays >1018 GHz N/A

Emergence of the cellular systems

First systems of mobile telephone telecommunications have been used already in the twentieth years of the last century by security services. High efficiency of that method of exchange of information became obvious at once. Radio engineering development level in the first half of the XX century was not high enough for creation of cheap and compact terminals. Due to these reasons, massive development of the mobile telecommunications was not expected.By the end of the last century the situation has radically changed. Microelectronics development and scientific research in the field of the effective mobile telecommunications organization permitted to state principles of the construction of corresponding public network. At first this network was built on the base of analogous data transmission technique. Then the era of the digital technologies has come. But the basic principle of the mobile telecommunications system, use of the cellular topology of the access network, has remained the same.

Terminal equipment

ITU-T Recommendation E.161: To assist blind and visually impaired people in identifying the dialling push-buttons and otherwise to facilitate dialling under low light conditions, it is recommended that the button with the "5" be marked with a tactile identifier so that the button can be identified by the sense of touch (GSM phone).

Telephone for the NMT standard

Telephone for the 4G standard

Cellular topology with three different frequency ranges

1F 3F2F 1F

1F2F 2F

2F

3F 3F

3F

1F 2F 1F2F 3F 3F

Cellular topology with seven different frequency ranges

6F

5F 7F

1F

4F

3F

2F

5F

4F

6F

7F

1F

3F

2F

R

D

Handover and roaming

MSC1 MSC2

PSTN

. . .

BS11

BS12

BS13

T

Interworking functions

Network 1 Network 2

BS21

CO1

Main elements of the network

Mobile terminal

Radio subsystemSwitching subsystem

Intra-network interfaces

Air interface

Internetwork interface

Other network(s)

Interfaces

F E

C

G

B

A

Abis

Um

MS-SIMMS

SIM

BTS

BSC

MSC

EIR MSC

VLR

VLR

HLR

D

MSC – mobile switching center

MS – mobile station

BTS – base station

BSC – base station controller

EIR – equipment identification register

SIM – subscriber identity module

HLR – home location register

VLR – visited location register

Numbering plan

SN

NDC SN

SNNDCCC

See ITU-T Recommendation E.164

- Local level

- National level

- International level

Supplementary services (1)

SMS → MMS,

Modem → GPRS → EDGE → HSPA.

[General Packet Radio Service (171 kbit/s), Enhanced Data rates for GSM

Evolution (474 kbit/s, High Speed Packet Access (up to 14.4 Mbit/s)]

Some examples of the modern services:

РоС – Push-to-talk over Cellular,

VHE – Virtual Home Environment,

WAP – Wireless Application Protocol,

etc.

Supplementary services (2)

Growth of SMS – Worldwide (In Billion, 2000 – 2015F)

Year SMS Traffic (In Billion) Year SMS Traffic (In Billion)

2000 146.4 2008 3,972.9

2001 218.0 2009 5,225.6

2002 366.0 2010 6,936.8

2003 450.0 2011F 8,015.5

2004 760.6 2012F 9,089.3

2005 1,056.4 2013F 10,163.4

2006 1,662.4 2014F 10,968.7

2007 2,778.0 2015F 11,665.0

Source: Portio Research Ltd.F - Forecast

Supplementary services (3)

25%

75%

11%

8%

81%

Source: Ericsson Business Review

Revenue Traffic

SMS

Data

Telephone calls

Telephone calls

Data

Prospects of the mobile telecommunications development (1)

ETSI has been working on the new mobile telecommunications standards for a long time. Main directions of this work lie in the telecommunication quality increase, widening the spectrum of the supported services, providing data and video information exchange. Networks similar to GSM are related to the second generation of the mobile telecommunications systems – 2G.

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) group developed UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) ideology which defines set of the standards for the new generation of cellular networks. UMTS conception was created for the multimedia services support. 3G networks were launched by a number of the Operators worldwide.

Prospects of the mobile telecommunications development (2)

Prospects of the mobile telecommunications development (3)

Some of the specialists think that the 4G (e.g. LTE Advanced) and 5G related direction is the most perspective. Corresponding networks allow bringing information interchange rate to 100 Mbit/s on the move and 1 Gbit/s for nomadic users. Pre-4G (e.g. WiMAX) and 4G networks have been already brought into commercial use in several countries. It is essential that 4G and 5G generations are oriented towards full IP next generation network which is very important from the maximal integration of the fixed and mobile communications point of view.

Prospects of the mobile telecommunications development (4)

Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been set aggressive performance requirements that rely on physical layer technologies, such as, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems, Smart Antennas to achieve these targets. The main objectives of LTE are to minimize the system and User Equipment complexities, allow flexible spectrum deployment in existing or new frequency spectrum and to enable co-existence with other 3GPP Radio Access Technologies.

Source: TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER, Motorola

Prospects of the mobile telecommunications development (5)

LTE

performance

requirements

Forecasts for JapanCategory Millions of contracts

People 130

Cars 100

Bicycles 60

Mobile personal computers 50

Cats and dogs 20

Ships, motorcycles and etc 10

Set top boxes 90

Digital cameras 30

Video cameras 20

Refrigerators 40

Other home appliances 30

Overall 580

Importance of the broadcastingTime of the information extraction:

•television – 43%,•radio – 39%,•Internet – 5%,•books – 3%.•Others – 10%.

Source: www.iks-media.ru

One of the first Russian TV set

(designed in 1949)

Tube

radio

Radio broadcasting system

Invention of the radio has stimulated organization of the sound broadcasting system. Before wide distribution of the television, radio broadcasting was the only transmission facility for prompt information delivery to the big number of subscribers simultaneously. First radio broadcasting networks have proved high efficiency of the new type of telecommunications. Soon radio broadcasting networks became widely adopted in all developed countries. Important peculiarity of the radio broadcasting as opposed to telegraph and telephone communications systems is the utilization of the one-sided (simplex) channels for the information transmission.

Classification of the radio broadcasting systems

Sound broadcasting

By radio channels By wire communication channels

Analogous

Digital

Single-program

Multiprogram

Mono

Stereo

Ultra-short waves

Long and medium waves

Short waves

Structures of the wire broadcastingAmplifier SL

SL

Subscriber line (SL), 30 V

subscriber's units

One-level network of wire

broadcasting

Two-level network of wire

broadcasting

Amplifier FD

FD

Feeder line (FD), 240 V

subscriber's units

transformer

subscriber's units

transformer

Channels for the radio broadcasting

In Russia, three types of broadcasting channels are used:

•from 30 to 15000 Hz,

•from 50 to 10000 Hz,

•from 100 to 6000 Hz.

For stereophonic broadcasting two channels (“A” and “B”) are used.

In some broadcasting systems, there is reverse channel. This channel is used for the management and measurement of the QoS parameters.

Typical structure of the radio and television broadcasting networks

Served area

Main Center

Regional Center

Regional Center

Regional Center

Local Centers

Main path Main path

Main path

Standby path

Ear structure

Eye structure

1. Sclera

2. Cornea

3. Anterior chamber

4. Iris

5. Pupil

6. Crystalline lens

7. Optic nerve

8. Retina

Classification of the television broadcasting systems

Television broadcasting

On-air broadcasting

Analoguechannels

Digital channels

Standard quality television

High definition television

Cable television Satellite television Combined system

One-way broadcasting

Interactive television

Video signal spectrum

f, MHz

Picture channel

8.0

0.5

Accompanying sound

7.5

Operational units of the television broadcast

TT

TBU CG

VA Tr Rc

CC TBU

PT

Communication channel

TT – television tube, TBU – time-base unit, CG – clock generator, VA – videoamplifier, Tr – transmitter, Rc – receiver, CC – clock channel, PT – picture tube.

Methods of the television broadcast

SPC

SPC

SPC

.

.

.

CRW

RTE

BMN

WBCN

.

.

.

ETB

BTE

MLE

.

.

.

SPC – sound-production complex, CWR – central switch room, RTE – radio transmitting equipment, BMN – broadcasting main node, WBCN – wire broadcasting central node, ETB – Earth terminal for broadcasting, BTE – broadcasting trunk exchange, MLE – microwave-link equipment.

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Digital television (1)

Digital television (DTV) supports many different picture formats defined by the combination of size, aspect ratio (width to height ratio) and interlacing. The range of formats can be broadly divided into two categories: HDTV and SDTV. These terms by themselves are not very precise, and many subtle intermediate cases exist.

The pixel is the smallest addressable screen element; it is the smallest unit of picture that can be controlled. Each pixel has its own address. The address of a pixel corresponds to its coordinates. Pixels are normally arranged in a two-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color image systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.

Digital television (2)

Standard definition TV (SDTV), by comparison, may use one of several different formats taking the form of various aspect ratios depending on the technology used in the country of broadcast. For 4:3 aspect-ratio broadcasts, the 640 × 480 format is used in NTSC countries, while 720 × 576 format is used in PAL countries.

High-definition television (HDTV), one of several different formats that can be transmitted over DTV, uses different formats, amongst which: 1280 × 720 pixels or 1920 × 1080 pixels. Each of these utilizes a 16:9 aspect ratio. HDTV cannot be transmitted over current analog channels.

Evolution of the interactive services

Time

Level of interactive

PpV

SoD

VoD

Videogames

NVoD

PpC

TV broadcasting

PpC – Pay per ChannelPpV – Pay per ViewNVoD – Near Video on DemandVoD – Video on DemandSoD – Services on Demand

Prospects of the radio and television broadcasting development

Among variety of development trends of radio and television broadcasting systems, three important directions should be noted. The first direction is generated by the processes of integration and convergence in the infocommunication system. Consequence of this process is provision of sound and television broadcasting based on the NGN concept. Transfer to the IP broadcasting can be considered as the demonstration of this tendency.The second direction is related to interactivity support, which was absent in radio and television broadcasting systems. Interactivity allows a user to receive, in full measure, the needed services. Already utilized Video on Demand service can serve as an example of such capability.The third direction reflects tendencies to quality. Such tendencies are expressed in the growing sales share of the high-quality television and radio equipment for use in households and in cars. Also requirements to handheld terminals are rising. The same reasons have stimulated HDTV standard development.

Some important aspects of the TV (1)

IPTV:

•additional income ~ 50% of all respondents,

•growth of the customer’s number ~ 30% of all respondents,

•growth of the broadband access market ~ 16% of all respondents,

•retention of the customers ~ 11% of all respondents.Source: K. Wieland. What role for IPTV. – Telecommunications International, September, 2006.

Some important aspects of the TV (2)

Mobile TV:

Types of the content:•24% – documentary, sport, and similar programs, •30% – serials,•46% – news.

Place of viewing: •36% – at home,•23% – at work,•21% – in a bus,•7% – in a car,•3% – at bus station.

Some important aspects of the TV (3)

Some important aspects of the TV (4)

Some important aspects of the TV (5)

Some important aspects of the TV (6)

Some important aspects of the TV (7)

Some important aspects of the TV (8)

Some important aspects of the TV (9)

Source: http://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/audiovideo/3d-in-the-home

3-D in the Home:

Instructor: Prof. Nikolay Sokolov, e-mail: sokolov@niits.ru

Questions?

Mobile networks. Broadcasting networks