Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 133

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Stephen G. Evans · Reginald L. Hermanns ·Alexander Strom · Gabriele Scarascia-MugnozzaEditors

Natural and ArtificialRockslide Dams

123

EditorsStephen G. EvansUniversity of WaterlooDepartment of Earth and

Environmental SciencesLandslide Research ProgrammeUniversity Avenue W. 200N2L 3G1 Waterloo OntarioCanadasgevans@sciborg.uwaterloo.ca

Dr. Reginald L. HermannsInternational Centre for GeohazardsGeological Survey of NorwayLandslide DepartmentTrondheimNorwayreginald.hermanns@ngu.no

Alexander StromRussian Academy of SciencesInstitute of the Geospheres DynamicsLeninskiy Avenue 38119334 MoscowBldg. 1Russiaa.strom@g23.relcom.ru

Dr. Gabriele Scarascia-MugnozzaUniversity of Rome “La Sapienza”Department of Earth SciencesPiazzale Aldo Moro 500185 RomeItalygabriele.scarasciamugnozza@uniroma1.it

ISSN 0930-0317ISBN 978-3-642-04763-3 e-ISBN 978-3-642-04764-0DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04764-0Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

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Dedication

We wish to dedicate this volume to Dr. John Neville Hutchinson, Professor Emeritusat the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College,London. He is a leading scientist and a master practitioner in the field of engineeringgeomorphology and is internationally recognised as one of the foremost landslideresearchers of the last five decades.

After graduating in Civil Engineering in 1947, he began his professional careerworking in construction and structural design. In 1957 he joined the SwedishGeotechnical Institute where he mainly worked on road and airport foundationsbut also investigated the Gota quick clay landslide with Sven Odenstad. In 1958 hemoved to the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute where he initially worked on settle-ments and friction piles in soft clays as a research engineer under the guidance ofL. Bjerrum and O. Eide. In 1959 he led the investigation of two large-scale quickclay landslides in Central Norway at Vibstad and Furre [2]. He published the resultsof his work on the Furre landslide in Geotechnique in 1961 [5]. In doing so he begana 50 year research career in engineering geomorphology with a specific focus on themechanisms and behaviour of landslides.

In 1961, John returned to England joining the Building Research Station.Concurrently, he studied for a PhD at Cambridge University completing his disser-tation on the stability of coastal cliffs in south–east England under the supervisionof the noted coastal geomorphologist, Professor J.A. Steers. In 1965 he joined theSoil Mechanics Section at the Department of Civil Engineering, Imperial CollegeLondon, becoming Professor of Engineering Geomorphology in 1977. At ImperialCollege he was both a gifted teacher and successful research mentor and he became

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Professor Emeritus in 1992. In his early years at Imperial College he made impor-tant contributions to the understanding of landslide mechanisms [6] and to thesubject of landslide classification culminating in the State-of-the-Art report at the1969 ISSMFE Conference co-authored with Professor A.W. Skempton [19]. Thethemes of landslide mechanisms, the role of geology in instability and aspects oflandslide classification were further developed in later State-of-The-Art lecturesat International Symposia on Landslides in 1988 [10] and 1992 [12], and in amulti-authored paper on landslides of the flow-type published in 2001 [4].

Amongst other achievements in landslide research, we recall six major contribu-tions. His research on undrained loading together with R. K. Bhandari published in1971 [16] represents a milestone in the investigation of mudslide processes. Theundrained loading mechanism, discovered by Hutchinson and Bhandari throughdetailed field measurements of pore pressure, is not only fundamental in mudslidebehavior but is now recognised as an important mechanism in some long run-outlandslides. His work on the re-examination of the Folkestone Warren landslidesproduced a benchmark paper published in 1969 [6] as did his work on the geomor-phological evolution of London Clay cliffs published in 1973 [8]. Fourthly, JohnHutchinson’s work on the stability of Chalk cliffs led to a greater understanding oflandslide mechanisms in actively-eroding steep rock slopes [14]; his study of theJoss Bay Chalk fall [7] remains a classic in rock slope failure analysis. In addi-tion, work on the Senise Landslide, Italy, with M. Del Prete, published in 1988 [3]documented an important mechanism of brittleness in landslide initiation. Lastly, inthe early 1990s, his studies of a suite of coastal landslides in the Isle of WightUndercliff showed the importance of careful geomorphological survey and geo-logical interpretation in understanding the mechanisms and development of deepcompound retrogressive landslides [11].

John Hutchinson took part in the investigation of the 1966 Aberfan disaster [1],one of the most significant geotechnical events of the late twentieth century, as partof a team led by Professor A.W. Bishop. Partly based on this work, his highly-citedsliding-consolidation model [9] has provided insight into catastrophic flowslidesand other flow-type slides both in the subaerial and submarine environment. Hiswork (with E. Kojan) on the 1974 Mayunmarca rock avalanche [13, 17, 18] in thePeruvian Andes provided key data on a giant catastrophic landslide and the behaviorof one of the major rockslide dams that formed and failed in the twentieth century.He was also involved in field and laboratory research on other catastrophic rockslope failures, such as the Vaiont rockslide [20].

In 2001 he gave the 4th Glossop Lecture entitled “Reading the ground: mor-phology and geology in site appraisal ”. His lecture [13] painted a vast canvas andincluded a strong message on the importance of integrating Quaternary geology andgeomorphology into engineering geology to enhance site assessment for engineer-ing works. John was awarded the Varnes Medal of the International Consortium ofLandslides in 2004.

In 2002 we invited Professor Hutchinson to present a State-of-the-Art reviewof landslides from massive rock slope failures at the NATO Advanced Research

Dedication vii

Workshop convened in Celano, Italy. There, he identified some of the criticalresearch issues in the understanding of catastrophic rock slope failures and identi-fied new directions for future research activities in this field [15]. On that occasion,as always, he participated with his usual enthusiastic curiosity, thirst for knowledge,and a strong direct desire to discuss new data and fresh views related to catastrophiclandslides. Once again he showed the breadth of his research mind, his open andsupportive personality, and his modest character.

These qualities make him a true “maestro” to all of us and it is a pleasure todedicate this volume to Professor J.N. Hutchinson.

Waterloo, ON, Canada Stephen G. EvansTrondheim, Norway Reginald L. HermannsMoscow, Russia Alexander StromRome, Italy Gabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza

References

1. Bishop, A.W., Hutchinson, J.N., Penman, A.D.M. and Evans, H.E. (1969) Geotechnical inves-tigation into the causes and circumstances of the disaster of 21st October, 1966: A selectionof Technical Reports submitted to the Aberfan Tribunal, London, Welsh Office.

2. Bjerrum, L. and Hutchinson, J.N. (1962): Skredet ved Furre i Namdalen. NorwegianGeotechnical Institute. Publication No. 49, 11 pp.

3. Del Prete, M. and Hutchinson, J.N. (1988) La frana di Senise del 26-7-1986 nel quadro mor-fologico del versante meridionale della collina Timpone, Rivista Italiana di Geotecnica 22,7–33.

4. Hungr, O., Evans, S.G., Bovis, M.J. and Hutchinson, J.N. (2001) A review of the classificationof landslides of the flow type, Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 7, 221–238.

5. Hutchinson, J.N. (1961) A landslide on a thin layer of quick clay at Furre, Central Norway,Geotechnique 11, 69–94.

6. Hutchinson, J.N. (1969) A reconsideration of the coastal landslides at Folkestone Warren,Kent, Geotechnique 19, 6–38.

7. Hutchinson, J.N. (1972) Field and laboratory studies of a fall in Upper Chalk cliffs at Joss Bay,Isle of Thanet, Roscoe Memorial Symp., G.T. Foulis & Co. Ltd., Cambridge, pp. 692–706.

8. Hutchinson, J.N. (1973) The response of London Clay cliffs to differing rates of toe erosion,Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia 8, 221–239.

9. Hutchinson, J.N. (1986) A sliding consolidation model for flow slides, CanadianGeotechnical Journal 23, 115–126.

10. Hutchinson, J.N. (1988) General Report: Morphological and geotechnical parameters of land-slides in relation to geology and hydrogeology. Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Landslides, Lausanne,Vol. 1, pp. 3–35

11. Hutchinson, J.N. (1991) The landslides forming the South Wight Undercliff, Proc. Int. Conf.Slope Stability Engineering – Developments and Applications, Thomas Telford, London,pp. 157–168.

12. Hutchinson, J.N. (1995) Keynote paper: Landslide hazard assessment, Proc. 6th Int. Symp.Landslides, Christchurch, Vol. 3, pp. 1805–1841

13. Hutchinson, J.N. (2001) Reading the ground: morphology and geology in site appraisal (TheFourth Glossop Lecture), Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 34,7–50.

viii Dedication

14. Hutchinson, J.N. (2002) Chalk flows from the coastal cliffs of North West Europe, inS.G. Evans and J.V. DeGraff (eds.) Catastrophic Landslides: Effects, Occurrence, AndMechanisms, Reviews in Engineering Geology, Geological Society of America, Vol. XV,pp. 257–302.

15. Hutchinson, J.N. (2006) Massive rock slope failure: perspectives and retrospectives onState-of-the-Art, in S.G. Evans, G. Scarascia-Mugnozza, A. Strom and R. Hermanns(eds.), Landslides from Massive Rock Slope Failure. NATO Science Series IV, Earth andEnvironmental Sciences Vol. 49, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 619–662.

16. Hutchinson, J.N. and Bhandari, R.K. (1971) Undrained loading, a fundamental mechanism ofmudflows and other mass movements, Geotechnique 21, 353–358.

17. Hutchinson, J.N. and Kojan, E. (1975) The Mayunmarca landslide of 25th April, 1974, Peru,UNESCO Report Serial No. 3124, UNESCO.

18. Kojan, E. and Hutchinson, J.N. (1978) Mayunmarca rockslide and debris flow, Peru, in B.Voight (ed.), Rockslides and Avalanches 1, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering 14A,Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 315–361

19. Skempton, A.W. and Hutchinson, J.N. (1969) State-of-the-Art Report: Stability of naturalslopes and embankment foundations, Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Soil Mech.& Foundn Engrg, Mexico,State-of-the-Art Volume, 291–340.

20. Tika, T. and Hutchinson, J.N. (1999) Ring shear tests on soil from the Vaiont landslide slipsurface, Geotechnique 49, 59–74.

Preface

In the last 100 years, a number of catastrophic events associated with rockslide damformation and failure have occurred in the mountain regions of the world includingthe European Alps, the Himalayas, the mountains of Central Asia, the mountain-ous margin of the Tibetan Plateau in China, and the Andes of South America.These events illustrate the global importance of the process as a natural hazardand highlight the need for scientific and engineering knowledge concerning thecharacteristics and behaviour of rockslide dams and the hazards that they pose.The global importance of the formation of rockslide dams and their behaviour hasbeen highlighted by the creation of many impoundments in the 2008 WenchuanEarthquake, the most critical of which were successfully mitigated by Chineseauthorities, and the formation of a massive rockslide-dammed lake in the Hunzavalley (Northern Pakistan) in 2010. As of July 25, 2010 (200 days after impound-ment) the Hunza Lake continues its stable overflow through an excavated spillwayas Pakistan authorities consider engineering options to reduce the lake level.

Rockslide dams are a type of natural dam, and are created in bedrock landscapeswhen landslides resulting from rock slope failure block drainage leading to the for-mation of rockslide-dammed lakes upstream from the landslide site. As dramaticallyillustrated in the case of the 2010 Hunza rockslide-dammed lake, rising impoundedwaters flood areas upstream and form landslide-dammed lakes that vary in volumefrom <1 Mm3 to >10 Gm3. Lake Sarez, Tajikistan, formed in 1911 by the block-age of the Murgab River by the massive earthquake-triggered Usoi rockslide, has avolume of 17 km3 and is the largest landslide-dammed lake presently in existence.Landslide-dammed lakes can be stable elements of the landscape that may persistfor millennia. They can also fail within days, months, or years after their forma-tion leaving remnant debris in the bottom of river valleys. If they breach suddenlythe resulting outburst flood may devastate valley floors downstream. Thus outburstfloods from rockslide-dammed lakes are a significant element of landslide hazardin mountain terrain and extend the area of potential damage by a rockslide (whichwe use in this book in a general sense to describe any mass movement involving asignificant initial volume of rock) to beyond the debris of the landslide itself.

As the historical record shows, outburst floods from the failure of rockslide damscan cause destruction of linear infrastructure (roads, pipelines, railways, bridges)

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and communities in populated areas along the flood path causing a high loss of life.In fact, outbursts from rockslide dams have caused some of the most destructive(in terms of life loss) landslide-related natural disasters in recent history. In 1786,for example, an earthquake-triggered rockslide dammed the Dadu River in Sichuan,China. 10 days later, the dam breached releasing a flood of waters downstream;100,000 people perished in the outburst flood and the eighteenth century Dadu eventremains the most destructive single-event landslide disaster in history. Other notablerockslide dam outbursts occurred in 1841 on the Indus River, Pakistan and in 1933on the Minjiang River, again in Sichuan, China. Together, these outburst floods tookthe lives of over 6,000 people. It is also noted that upstream flooding by rising watersduring lake filling may submerge communities, infrastructure, and agricultural landsadjacent to river channels.

The formation of potentially unstable rockslide-dammed lakes may be an impor-tant secondary effect of major earthquakes and are a major component of the hazardassociated with earthquake-triggered landslides. Because of this, lakes formed byearthquake-triggered rockslides are sometimes called “Quake Lakes”. In 1959, forexample, a large rockslide triggered by the M7.1 Hegben Lake earthquake, blockedthe Madison River in Montana, USA, to form an extensive rockslide-dammedlake. The lake was stabilised by engineering works and today it is officially calledEarthquake Lake. In 2008 the devastating M7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake struck east-ern Sichuan Province, China resulting in over 85,000 fatalities. The major secondaryeffect of the earthquake was the formation of over two hundred “Quake Lakes”which blocked the narrow, deep valleys of rivers draining southeast off the TibetanPlateau. Fortunately, the effective mitigation of these lakes resulted in controlleddrainage or partial drainage of the impoundments and no catastrophic outburstensued.

Generally, the failure of rockslide dams is initiated by overtopping which leadsrapidly to the formation and enlargement of a breach in the debris dam leadingto the catastrophic release of impounded lake waters. The engineering mitiga-tion of rockslide-dammed lakes mainly consists of controlled overtopping, usuallyachieved by the excavation of a spillway across the debris dam. However, casehistories show that this is not always successful and may result in triggering acatastrophic breach by initiating uncontrolled erosion of the debris dam. In otherexamples, however, controlled overflow has been successfully achieved through aconstructed spillway, thus reducing the volume of impounded waters. Other engi-neering solutions include the construction of by-pass tunnels and high-capacitypumping. Where mitigation is not possible, and outburst is considered to be immi-nent, downstream warning and evacuation measures may be implemented to reducelife loss.

Rockslide debris has similar geotechnical properties to engineered rockfill usedto construct conventional dams. As a result, stable rockslide dams have been utilisedas foundations for conventional artificial dams in mountainous areas of the worldincluding Canada, USA, New Zealand, at several locations in the European Alps, theHimalayas, and in the Andes. Constructed artificial dams increase the storage capac-ity of a landslide-dammed lake by increasing the natural dam height. In addition,

Preface xi

the emplacement of artificial valley-blocking rockslides by the explosive initiationof massive rock slope failure has been utilised to form stable rockfill dams (so-called blast-fill dams) for water storage and debris flow defence. The technologywas developed in the former Soviet Union and its most recent utilisation was inKyrgyzstan in late 2009.

This book examines the subjects noted above, investigates the characteris-tics and behaviour of natural and artificial rockslide dams, presents a detailedverified database of major rockslide dams that have formed and/or failed since1840, reports new data on important rockslide dam case histories (including the2010 Hunza event), examines mitigation strategies, and reviews the impact ofrockslide-damming on the landscape. To begin, Evans et al. present a comprehensivestate-of-the-art review of our global understanding of the formation, characteristics,and behaviour of natural and artificial rockslide dams up to July 2010 (including ashort review of the rockslide dams emplaced by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan, China, and the 2010 Hunza rockslide dam noted above). Evans et al.also examine the mitigation of rockslide-dammed lakes. Davies and McSaveneyexplore ideas of hazard assessment whilst overviews of approaches to rockslide damrisk mitigation, illustrated with case histories from around the world, are providedin two papers by Schuster and Evans, and Bonnard. The book contains detailedregional studies of rockslide dams in India, Nepal and China (Weidinger), the UpperIndus region of Pakistan (Hewitt), the northwest Himalayas and adjacent Pamirs(Delaney and Evans), Southern Alps of New Zealand (Korup), and the southernAndes of Argentina (Hermanns et al.). Capra reviews the occurrence and behaviourof rockslide dams associated with large-scale instability of volcanoes in the vol-canic belts of the world. The formation and behaviour of rockslide-dammed lakes(“Quake Lakes”) formed during the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake (East Sichuan,China) are summarised in an extensive paper by Cui et al. Detailed case histo-ries of well-known historic and prehistoric rockslide dams provide examples ofinvestigations of rockslide dam behaviour, stability, and characteristics; these formchapters on the Scanno, Italy (Bianchi-Fasani et al.), Val Pola, Italy (Crosta et al.),Usoi, Tajikistan (Ischuk), Dadu, China (Lee and Dai), La Josefina, Ecuador (Plazaet al.), Tsao-Ling, Taiwan (Chang et al.) and Flims, Switzerland (Poschinger) rock-slide dams. The formation and stability of rockslide dams is examined in analyticalpapers by Hungr, Eberhardt and Stead, and Dunning and Armitage. Dunning andArmitage also investigate the sedimentology of dam-forming rockslide debris asdo Davies and McSaveney. Manville and Hodgson analyse break-out floods fromvolcanogenic lakes and review hydrological methods of estimating break-out floodmagnitude and behaviour from natural dams. Several papers illustrate the use ofremote sensing data (including satellite imagery and digital data from the ShuttleRadar Topography Mission (SRTM)) in the characterisation of rockslide-dammedlakes. This is examined with specific reference to the 2000 Yigong Zangbo rock-slide dam (Tibet, China) in a paper by Evans and Delaney and a new approach to theclassification of rockslide dams is introduced by Hermanns et al. Finally, a uniquesection of the book summarises Russian and Kyrgyz experience with blast-fill damconstruction in two papers by leading authorities on the technology (Adushkin andKorchevskiy et al.).

xii Preface

This book is the first published on the general topic of rockslide dams and isthe first book in English that encompasses a treatment of both natural and artificialrockslide dams. The volume contains 26 papers by 56 authors from 17 countriesincluding most of the recognised world authorities on the subject. The volumewill be of interest to geologists, geographers, geomorphologists, hydrologists, andengineers involved in the hazard assessment and mitigation of rockslide dams, toemergency preparedness personnel in the management of rockslide dam emergen-cies, to natural disaster specialists, and to earth scientists in general who require adetailed outline of the occurrence and behaviour of natural and artificial rockslidedams.

Waterloo, ON, Canada Stephen G. EvansJuly 25, 2010 Reginald L. Hermanns

Alexander StromGabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza

Contents

1 The Formation and Behaviour of Natural and ArtificialRockslide Dams; Implications for Engineering Performanceand Hazard Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Stephen G. Evans, Keith B. Delaney, Reginald L. Hermanns,Alexander Strom, and Gabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza

2 Engineering Measures for the Hazard Reductionof Landslide Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Robert L. Schuster and Stephen G. Evans

3 Technical and Human Aspects of HistoricRockslide-Dammed Lakes and Landslide Dam Breaches . . . . . . 101C. Bonnard

4 Rockslide and Rock Avalanche Dams in the Southern Alps,New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123O. Korup

5 Landslide Dams in the Central Andes of Argentina(Northern Patagonia and the Argentine Northwest) . . . . . . . . . 147Reginald L. Hermanns, Andres Folguera, Ivanna Penna,Luis Fauqué, and Samuel Niedermann

6 Rock Avalanche Dams on the Trans Himalayan UpperIndus Streams: A Survey of Late Quaternary Eventsand Hazard-Related Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Kenneth Hewitt

7 Rockslide Dams in the Northwest Himalayas (Pakistan,India) and the Adjacent Pamir Mountains (Afghanistan,Tajikistan), Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Keith B. Delaney and Stephen G. Evans

8 Stability and Life Span of Landslide Dams in the Himalayas(India, Nepal) and the Qin Ling Mountains (China) . . . . . . . . . 243J.T. Weidinger

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9 Volcanic Natural Dams Associated with Sector Collapses:Textural and Sedimentological Constraints on Their Stability . . . 279Lucia Capra

10 Formation and Treatment of Landslide Dams EmplacedDuring the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, Sichuan, China . . . . . . 295Peng Cui, Yongshun Han, Dang Chao, and Xiaoqing Chen

11 The Importance of Geological Models in Understandingand Predicting the Life Span of Rockslide Dams: The Caseof Scanno Lake, Central Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323G. Bianchi-Fasani, C. Esposito, M. Petitta,G. Scarascia-Mugnozza, M. Barbieri, E. Cardarelli,M. Cercato, and G. Di Filippo

12 Formation, Characterisation and Modeling of the Val PolaRock-Avalanche Dam (Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347G.B. Crosta, P. Frattini, N. Fusi, and R. Sosio

13 The 1786 Dadu River Landslide Dam, Sichuan, China . . . . . . . 369C.F. Lee and F.C. Dai

14 La Josefina Landslide Dam and Its Catastrophic Breachingin the Andean Region of Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Galo Plaza, Othon Zevallos, and Éric Cadier

15 The Flims Rockslide Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Andreas von Poschinger

16 Usoi Rockslide Dam and Lake Sarez, Pamir Mountains,Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423A.R. Ischuk

17 Rock-Avalanche Size and Runout – Implications forLandslide Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441T.R. Davies and M.J. McSaveney

18 Prospects for Prediction of Landslide Dam Geometry UsingEmpirical and Dynamic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463O. Hungr

19 The Grain-Size Distribution of Rock-Avalanche Deposits:Implications for Natural Dam Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Stuart A. Dunning and P.J. Armitage

20 Incorporating the Effects of Groundwater and CoupledHydro-Mechanical Processes in Slope Stability Analysis . . . . . . 499E. Eberhardt and D. Stead

21 Paleohydrology of Volcanogenic Lake Break-Out Floodsin the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519V. Manville and K.A. Hodgson

Contents xv

22 Characterization of the 2000 Yigong Zangbo River (Tibet)Landslide Dam and Impoundment by Remote Sensing . . . . . . . 543Stephen G. Evans and Keith B. Delaney

23 The 1999 Tsao-Ling Rockslide: Source Area, Debris,and Life Cycle of Associated Rockslide-Dammed Lake(Central Taiwan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561Kuo-Jen Chang, Rou-Fei Chen, Hou-Yen Lee, Yu-Chang Chan,and Alfredo Taboada

24 The Classification of Rockslide Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581Reginald L. Hermanns, Kenneth Hewitt, Alexander Strom,Stephen G. Evans, Stuart A. Dunning, andGabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza

25 Russian Experience with Blast-Fill Dam Construction . . . . . . . 595V.V. Adushkin

26 Utilisation of Data Derived from Large-Scale Experimentsand Study of Natural Blockages for Blast-Fill Dam Design . . . . . 617V.F. Korchevskiy, A.V. Kolichko, A.L. Strom,L.M. Pernik, and K.E. Abdrakhmatov

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

Contributors

K.E. Abdrakhmatov Institute of Seismology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan,kanab53@yandex.ru

V.V. Adushkin Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Academy ofSciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia, adushkin@idg.chph.ras.ru

P.J. Armitage Department of Earth and Ocean Science, University of Liverpool,Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK, peter.armitage@liverpool.ac.uk

M. Barbieri Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Roma“La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy, maurizio.barbieri@uniroma1.it

G. Bianchi-Fasani Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi diRoma “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy, gianluca.bianchifasani@uniroma1.it

C. Bonnard Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,Lausanne, Switzerland, christophe.bonnard@epfl.ch

Éric Cadier Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Quito, Ecuador,higeodes@server.epn.edu.ec

Lucia Capra Centro de Geociencias, UNAM, Queretaro, México,lcapra@dragon.geociencias.unam.mx

E. Cardarelli Dipartimento di Idraulica, Trasporti e Strade, Università degliStudi di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00184 Rome, Italy, ettore.cardarelli@uniroma1.it

M. Cercato Dipartimento di Idraulica, Trasporti e Strade, Università degli Studidi Roma “La Sapienza”, 00184 Rome, Italy, michele.cercato@uniroma1.it

Yu-Chang Chan Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan,Republic of China, epidote@ntut.edu.tw

Kuo-Jen Chang Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei Universityof Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, epidote@ntut.edu.tw

Dang Chao Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges ReservoirArea, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China, dangchao1982@126.com

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xviii Contributors

Rou-Fei Chen Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan,Republic of China; Department of Geology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei,Taiwan, Republic of China, epidote@ntut.edu.tw

Xiaoqing Chen The CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and EarthSurface Process, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chengdu, China,xqchen@imde.ac.cn

G.B. Crosta Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche e Geotecnologie, Universitàdegli Studi di Milano – Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy, giovannib.crosta@unimib.it

Peng Cui The CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth SurfaceProcess, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chengdu, China,pengcui@mde.ac.cn

F.C. Dai Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029, China, daifc@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

T.R. Davies Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury,Christchurch, New Zealand, tim.davies@canterbury.ac.nz

Keith B. Delaney Landslide Research Programme, Department of Earth andEnvironmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1,kbdelane@uwaterloo.ca

G. Di Filippo Dipartimento di Idraulica, Trasporti e Strade, Università degliStudi di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00184 Rome, Italy, gerarda.difilippo@uniroma1.it

Stuart A. Dunning Discipline of Geography and Environment, NorthumbriaUniversity, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; Department of Geography,University of Durham, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK, stuart.dunning@northumbria.ac.uk

E. Eberhardt Geological Engineering/Earth and Ocean Sciences, University ofBritish Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4, eeberhar@eos.ubc.ca

C. Esposito Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Roma“La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy, carlo.esposito@uniroma1.it

Stephen G. Evans Landslide Research Programme, Department of Earth andEnvironmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1,sgevans@sciborg.uwaterloo.ca

Luis Fauqué Servicio Geológico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina,fauqueluis@yahoo.com.ar

Andres Folguera Laboratorio de Tectónica Andina, Universidad Buenos Aires,Buenos Aires, Argentina, andresfolguera2@yahoo.com.ar

P. Frattini Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche e Geotecnologie, Universitàdegli Studi di Milano – Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy, paolo.frattini@unimib.it

Contributors xix

N. Fusi Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche e Geotecnologie, Università degliStudi di Milano – Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy, nicoletta.fusi@unimib.it

Yongshun Han Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China,yongshunhan@yahoo.com.cn

Reginald L. Hermanns International Centre for Geohazards, Geological Surveyof Norway, Trondheim, Norway, reginald.hermanns@ngu.no

Kenneth Hewitt Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, ColdRegions Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, CanadaN2L 3C5, khewitt@wlu.ca

K.A. Hodgson Western Heights High School, Rotorua, New Zealand,khodgson@whhs.school.nz

O. Hungr Earth and Ocean Sciences Department, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4, ohungr@eos.ubc.ca

A.R. Ischuk Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Academyof Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan,a_ischuk@yahoo.com

A.V. Kolichko LLC Hydrospecproject, 10917 Moscow, Russia,avkolichko@rambler.ru

V.F. Korchevskiy LLC Hydrospecproject, 10917 Moscow, Russia,korchevskiy@yandex.ru

O. Korup Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam,D-14776 Potsdam, Germany, oliver.korup@geo.uni-potsdam.de

C.F. Lee Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong, China, leecf@hkucc.hku.hk

Hou-Yen Lee Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University ofTechnology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, epidote@ntut.edu.tw

V. Manville Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Wairakei ResearchCentre, Taupo, New Zealand, v.r.manville@leeds.ac.uk

M.J. McSaveney Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt,New Zealand, mcsaveney@gns.cri.nz

Samuel Niedermann GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam,Germany, nied@gfz-potsdam.de

Ivanna Penna Laboratorio de Tectónica Andina, Universidad Buenos Aires,Buenos Aires, Argentina, ivannapenna@hotmail.com

L.M. Pernik Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Moscow, Russia,Pernik@idg.chph.ras.ru

xx Contributors

M. Petitta Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Roma“La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy, marco.petitta@uniroma1.it

Galo Plaza Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador,higeodes@server.epn.edu.ec

Andreas von Poschinger Bavarian Environment Agency, D-80696 München,Germany, Andreas.Poschinger@lfu.bayern.de

Gabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza Department of Earth Sciences,University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy,gabriele.scarasciamugnozza@uniroma1.it

Robert L. Schuster U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225, USA,rschuster@usgs.gov

R. Sosio Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche e Geotecnologie, Università degliStudi di Milano – Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy, rosanna.sosio@unimib.it

D. Stead Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC,Canada V5A 1S6, dstead@sfu.ca

A.L. Strom Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences,119334 Moscow, Russia, a.strom@g23.relcom.ru

Alfredo Taboada Laboratoire Géosciences Montpellier, UniversitéMontpellier 2, Montpellier, France, epidote@ntut.edu.tw

J.T. Weidinger Department of Geography and Geology, Erkudok© Institute inthe K-Hof Museums Gmunden, Salzburg University, Gmunden, Austria,j_weidinger@hotmail.com

Othon Zevallos Empresa Metropolitana de Alcantarillado y Agua Potable deQuito, Quito, Ecuador, higeodes@server.epn.edu.ec