Lecture 8 ATO 1

Lecture 8: Historical Developments 900-1303

(Middle Ages)

Ann T. OrlandoMarch 9, 2010

Lecture 8 ATO 2

Introduction

Review 600 – 900Theme 1: Internal European Political DevelopmentsTheme 2: Popes and KingsTheme 3: CrusadesTheme 4: East-West RelationsReview Readings: How to Read Summa Theologiae

Lecture 8 ATO 3

Review History 600 -

900

Muslim Arab armies conquer much of Eastern Empire, Southern Mediterranean, North Africa, Spain

Expansion into Europe stopped by Charles Martel (Charlemagne’s grandfather) and Pepin the Short (Charlemagne's father)

CharlemagneUnited Western EuropeCrowned by Pope Leo III in 800

After CharlemagneKingdom divided between his sonsInfighting among them led to fracturing of political unity in Europe

Papal claims to political control in WestEastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)

Lost its southern Mediterranean territory to Arab armiesIncreasingly unhappy with Western claims to be the ‘Roman’ Empire

Lecture 8 ATO 4

Four Themes in Political History

1. Internal European DevelopmentsVikings, NormansEnglandFranceHoly Roman Empire (Germany, Austria)

2. Pope-King relations summarized throughout this period as: ‘Who’s in charge, Pope or King?’3. Crusades4. Eastern and Western Christianity at odds

Lecture 8 ATO 5

Theme 1. Vikings in Europe

Viking invasions: Last barbarians in EuropeStarted during Charlemagne’s ruleTerrorized Ireland, England, Western Europe, and Russia for 150 years

Viking (aka Northman, Norman, Rus) settled some of territory they conquered

Western FranceSouthern EnglandSicily, southern ItalyWestern RussiaIceland, Greenland

Lecture 8 ATO 6

Theme 1. Routes of Viking Invasions

Lecture 8 ATO 7

Theme 1. Political Developments in England

Anglo Saxons initially able to fend off Viking raidersKing Alfred Great, d. 899 being most famous

William the Conqueror from Normandy 1066 defeated Anglo-Saxons at Battle of HastingsEstablished Norman rule in England

Because local barons were defeated, setup a strong national governing system in England

Set stage for sporadic battles and wars between England and France;

Normans in England claimed much of FranceCulminated in the Hundred Years War, 1339-1453

Lecture 8 ATO 8

Theme 1. Political Developments in France

France subdivided into numerous independent duchies (Normandy, Anjou, Aquitaine, Burgundy, etc.)Ruling families from these duchies vied with each other for powerThere was a king, but his power was based upon the land holdings of his duchy. Other duchies owed him troops and support for mutual defense

Lecture 8 ATO 9

Theme 1. Developments in Holy Roman Empire (Germany, Austria, Northern Italy)

Otto I, the Great, (912-973) established a strong kingdom in the center of Europe on the Carolingian model

Conquered northern Italy 951Defeated Magyar invasions 955Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII

Beginning of a concept last until 1806 (or maybe 1918)Henry III (ruled 1039-1056) powerful enough to control papacy

But his son, Henry IV was not

Lecture 8 ATO 10

Theme 1. Europe in 11th

C

www.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/1090map.htm

Lecture 8 ATO 11

Four Themes in Political History

1. Internal European DevelopmentsNormansEnglandFranceHoly Roman Empire (Germany)

2. Pope-King relations summarized throughout this period as: ‘Who’s in charge, Pope or King?’3. Western Christendom attempts to recapture Holy Land from the Muslims to guarantee safety of Christian pilgrimages (Crusades)4. Eastern and Western Christianity become increasingly at odds with each other

Lecture 8 ATO 12

Theme 2. Pope and Holy Roman Emperor

Otto the Great, King of East Franks (Germans), King/Emperor ruled 936-973Made bishops civil officials within his kingdom

Emperor gives the bishop the civil and religious symbols of his officeBeginning of ‘lay investiture’ controversy

Celibacy of bishops meant Otto did not have to worry about competing families to his ownOtto crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope, in return agreement that no Pope could be elected without consent of Holy Roman Emperor

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_17.190.229.jpg

Lecture 8 ATO 13

Theme 2. Pope and HRE (cont.)

Pontificate of Gregory VII (1073-1085)Church reform; Gregory had been a monk at ClunyOpposed simony (sale of religious offices)

Assertion of Papal primacy, DictatusPapae;

Emperor cannot invest bishops with symbols of office, or participate in election of Pope

Henry IV refuses to accept Dictatus PapaePope Gregory VII excommunicated Emperor Henry IV; Henry repents at Canossa and is forgiven

Lecture 8 ATO 14

Theme 2: Pope and HRE (cont.)

Concordat of Worms (1122)Compromise resolves (temporarily) issues between Pope and Holy Roman Emperor

Agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Henry VPope selects bishops and abbots, and invests them with symbols of spiritual officeEmperor can invest bishops and abbots with lay responsibilities and be present at installation

Lecture 8 ATO 15

Theme 2. Pope and English King

Thomas Becket murdered by Henry II in 1170; Henry forced to do penance by Pope Alexander IIINote Becket’s body destroyed in 1538

Pontificate of Innocent III (1198-1216)Maintained that all kings were vassals of Pope

Challenged by King John in England; Innocent placed an interdicton England, saying that people were not obliged to acknowledge John as King

Note: John younger brother of Richard Lionhearted, on Crusade during this timeJohn repents and acknowledges his position as vassal to PopeJohn, in a now weakened position, is forced by his barons to sign the Magna Carta (1215)

Lecture 8 ATO 16

Theme 2. Pope and French King

Pontificate of Boniface VIII (1294-1303)Philip the Fair of France refuses to acknowledge ultimate Papal authorityBoniface responds with ‘The two swords of religious and political power belong to Pope’ Unam SanctamPhilip burns the encyclicalBoniface prepares to excommunicate Philip, when Philip’s supporters capture Boniface VIII; parade him sitting backward on a horseBoniface dies shortly thereafter

French select next Pope, Clement V. This begins the ‘Avignon Papacy”; under French control

Lecture 8 ATO 17

Four Themes in Political History

1. Internal European DevelopmentsNormansEnglandFranceHoly Roman Empire (Germany)

2. Pope-King relations summarized throughout this period as: ‘Who’s in charge, Pope or King?’

3. Western Christendom attempts to recapture Holy Land from the Muslims to guarantee safety of Christian pilgrimages (Crusades)4. Eastern and Western Christianity become increasingly at odds with each other

Lecture 8 ATO 18

Theme 3. The Crusades

Initially driven by desire to secure places of pilgrimage in Holy Land

Pilgrimage was important from time of ConstantineUndertaken as an act of penancePopular places of pilgrimage: Santiago, Tours, Canterbury, Rome, Holy Land; anyplace where saints were buried

Also fear of Seljuk Turks (Moslems)Invaders from Russian steppesDefeat Fatimids for control of most of Arabic EmpireDefeat Byzantines at Manzikert in 1071 for control of much of what is now Turkey

Lecture 8 ATO 19

Theme 3. Major Crusading Movements

First Crusade called by Urban II in 1095, Jerusalem captured in 1099Second Crusade preached by Bernard of Clairvaux in 1146; military disaster for Europeans; Jerusalem recaptured by Muslim armiesThird Crusade 1189-1192, inconclusive militarilyFourth Crusade, 1204, proclaimed by Innocent III, stopped with sack of Constantinople, never reached PalestineChildren’s Crusade of 1212; pre-teenage children went to Holy Land and were slaughtered or taken as slaves; led by 10 year oldsFifth Crusade, 1228-1229, led by Emperor Fredrick II; briefly retook JerusalemSixth and last Crusade, 1248-1254, led by King Louis IX of France (later proclaimed saint) who was taken captive and eventually ransomed

Lecture 8 ATO 20

Theme 3. European Route and Conquests During First Crusade

http://www2.div.ed.ac.uk/courses/Animated_Maps/Divinity2/images/C1still.gif

Lecture 8 ATO 21

Theme 3. The Internal Crusade: The Inquisition

Starts as Church opposition to Albingensian (Cathars) in Southern France

Similar to (a type of?) ManichaeismSpread with Muslim invasions through Spain

1208 Innocent III declares ‘crusade’ against AlbingensiansBarons and bishops of northern France mount bloody and successful conquest of Southern FranceAsks St. Dominic

1233 Inquisition established to find hereticsBoth a religious and a political institutionRemember: political and religious unity not distinguishedExample: St. Jean D’Arc executed by English Inquisition (1431)

Lecture 8 ATO 22

Theme 3. The Church Reflects on Inquisition

Tertio Milennio Advente 35Another painful chapter of history to which the sons and daughters of the Church must return with a spirit of repentance is that of the acquiescence given, especially in certain centuries, to intolerance and even the use of violence in the service of truth.It is true that an accurate historical judgment cannot prescind from careful study of the cultural conditioning of the times…

Lecture 8 ATO 23

Four Themes in Political History

1. Internal European DevelopmentsNormansEnglandFranceHoly Roman Empire (Germany)

2. Pope-King relations summarized throughout this period as: ‘Who’s in charge, Pope or King?’3. Western Christendom attempts to recapture Holy Land from the Muslims to guarantee safety of Christian pilgrimages (Crusades)

4. Eastern and Western Christianity become increasingly at odds with each other

Lecture 8 ATO 24

Theme 4. Political Relations between Eastern and Western Christendom

Back to Charlemagne (800)In East, an Empress, Irene, takes control of ConstantinoplePope Leo refuses to recognize her ascendancy to throne; strikes her name from prayers at Mass; last Eastern Emperor to be included in liturgyCharlemagne and Irene consider marrying, but falls through

Throughout this period, East insists that there is only one Roman Emperor: the one in Constantinople

Lecture 8 ATO 25

Theme 4. Relations East and West (cont.)

Mutual excommunication of Pope Leo IX and Patriarch in 1054

Lifted by Pope Paul IV and Patriarch of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1964

Fourth Crusade, 1204, invades and sacks Constantinople (Istanbul); rule until 1294

Many art works and relics are taken to Venice and RomePope John Paul II returned the relics of St. John Chrysostom and St. Gregory Nazianzus to Patriarch of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 2004

Lecture 8 ATO 26

Reading: St. Thomas Aquinas and Theory of Law

St. Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274)DominicanStudent and professor at University of Paris

InfluencesChurch FathersAristotle

WorksCommentaries SummasHymns and poems, especially Eucharistic poetry

Lecture 8 ATO 27

Readings: Aquinas ST Ia

IIae

Q90 –

97

Summa Theologiae (ST) highly structuredDivided into Three Parts; the Second Part further divided Part I and Part IIEach Part divided into QuestionsEach Question divided into ArticlesEach Article included a Statement, Objections and Replies

Read the “ On the contrary” and “I answer that” sections carefully

Lecture 8 ATO 28

Ia

IIae

Q90 a1

(in English: First Part of Second Part, Question 90, Article 1)

Whether law is something pertaining to reason?Objection 1. It would seem that law is not something pertaining to reason. For the Apostle says (Rm. 7:23)…Objection 2. Further, in the reason there is nothing else but power, habit, and act. But law is not the power itself of reason…Objection 3. Further, the law moves those who are subject to it to act aright But it belongs properly to the will to move to act…

Lecture 8 ATO 29

Ia

IIae

Q90 a1

(cont.)

On the contrary, It belongs to the law to command and to forbid. But it belongs to reason to command, as stated above (17, 1). Therefore law is something pertaining to reason. I answer that, Law is a rule and measure of acts, whereby man is induced to act or is restrained from acting: for "lex" [law] is derived from "ligare" [to bind], because it binds one to act. Now the rule and measure of human acts is the reason, which is the first principle of human acts, as is evident from what has been stated above (1, 1, ad 3); since it belongs to the reason to direct to the end, which is the first principle in all matters of action, according to the Philosopher(Phys. ii). Now that which is the principle in any genus, is the rule and measure of that genus: for instance, unity in the genus of numbers, and the first movement in the genus of movements. Consequently it follows that law is something pertaining to reason.

Lecture 8 ATO 30

Ia

IIae

Q90 a1

(cont.)

Reply to Objection 1. Since law is a kind of rule and measure, it may be in something in two ways…. Reply to Objection 2. Just as, in external action, we may consider the work and the work done, for instance the work of building and the house built; so in the acts of reason, we may consider the act itself of reason, i.e. to understand and to reason, and something produced by this act…Reply to Objection 3. Reason has its power of moving from the will, as stated above (17, 1): for it is due to the fact that one wills the end, that the reason issues its commands as regards things ordained to the end…

Lecture 8 ATO 31

Remaining Readings

Primary SourcesAquinas Ia IIae Q90 – 97Gregory VII

Dictatus PapaeAgainst Lay Investiture

Concordat of WormsBoniface VIII Unam Sanctam

Secondary SourcesVidmar, 111-154McManners Ch.5 (170-195) Jeremy JohnsCCC 2244-2246; 1954-1960