lecture 8 12 protists 2

Fig. 27-15

1 µ

m

Biofilms – metabolic cooperation

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Rhizobia and nitrogen fixation

Rhizobium (arrows) inside a Root cell of a legume (TEM)


Pseudomonas syringae – industrial uses

What temperature does water freeze at?

Some P. syringae strains makes a protein that causes ice to form at a higher temperature -frost damage-rain and snow?

This protein is used in snow-making machines at ski resorts.


natto

Bacteria as food


Which of these causes the most food borne illness?

A. Solmonella endotoxin

B. Listeria exotoxin

C. Shigella shiga toxin - exotoxin

D. Campylobactor exotoxin

E. E. Coli O157:H7 horizontal gene transferendotoxin


Salmonella

Symptoms of Salmonella gastroenteritis include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and/or vomiting. In mild cases diarrhea may be non-bloody, occur several times per day, and not be very voluminous; in severe cases it may be frequent, bloody and/or mucoid, and of high volume


FDA warns of salmonella in sprouts April 27,2009

FDA warning: Don't eat pistachio products due to salmonella April 2, 2009

Peanut Butter Makers Hurting from Salmonella Outbreak February 8, 2009Bagged spinach recalled over salmonella fearsAugust 22, 2007

Del Monte cantaloupes grown in Guatemala recalled after Salmonella outbreak Mar 21, 2011

Salmonella-linked Peanut Butter Plant Shut by FDA November 29, 2012


Fig. 27-18j

2.5

µm

Chlamydia (arrows) inside ananimal cell (colorized TEM)

Obligate intracellular parasites/leading STD/blindness/Two body forms/T3SS


Fig. 27-18n

1 µ

m

Hundreds of mycoplasmascovering a human fibroblastcell (colorized SEM)

Obligate parasites/vertebrate hosts/smallest cells/sterols/16 S ribosomal RNA basis for gram +

Phytoplasma Aster Yellows

Floral parts are replaced by vegetative structures

Free branching due to phytoplasma

Fig. 27-17

ThermophilesHalophiles

Methanogens

Archaea

Figure 28.3aDiplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Oomycetes

Cercozoans

Forams

Radiolarians

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Land plants

Slime molds

Gymnamoebas

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Alv

eola

tes

Stram

eno

piles

Gre

en

alg

ae

Am

oeb

ozo

ans

Op

istho

kon

ts

Exc

av

ata

Ch

rom

alv

eo

lata

Rh

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Arc

ha

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las

tida

Un

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Excavata Diplomonad – Giardia Euglenazoa - Trypanosoma


Fig. 28-03g

5 µm Diplomonad Giardia intestinalis

Modified mitochondriaAnaerobic metabolismTwo nuclei per cellMany flagella


Fig. 28-06

9 µm

Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness) a kinetoplastid

Single large mitochondrion


Cell surface coated with single protein that changes to avoid host immune system

Nomeiosis


Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Oomycetes

Cercozoans

Forams

Radiolarians

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Land plants

Slime molds

Gymnamoebas

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Alv

eola

tes

Stram

eno

piles

Gre

en

alg

ae

Am

oeb

ozo

ans

Op

istho

kon

ts

Exc

av

ata

Ch

rom

alv

eo

lata

Rh

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Arc

ha

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Un

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Excavata Diplomonad – Giardia Euglenazoa - TrypanosomaAlveolates dinoflagallates apicomplexins Plasmodium Cryptosporidium Toxoplasma

chromalveolata


Fig. 28-08

Flagellum Alveoli

Alveolate

0.2

µm

membrane bound sacs


Fig. 28-10-3

0.5 µm

Inside human

Liver

Liver cell

Merozoite(n)

Red bloodcells

Gametocytes(n)

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Key

Merozoite

Apex

Red bloodcell

Zygote(2n)

FERTILIZATION

Gametes

Inside mosquito

MEIOSIS

Oocyst

Sporozoites(n)

Apicomplexans

Plasmodium

Oocysts

Sporozoites

Sexual reproduction

Oocysts


Cryptosporidium and illness in Milwaukee 1993


Cryptosporidium and turbidity of water from Milwaukee treatment plants

“The median duration of illness was 9 days (range, 1 to 55). The median maximal number of stools per day was 12 (range, 1 to 90). Among 285 people surveyed who had laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis, the clinical manifestations included watery diarrhea (in 93 percent), abdominal cramps (in 84 percent), fever (in 57 percent), and vomiting (in 48 percent). We estimate that 403,000 people had watery diarrhea attributable to this outbreak.” N Engl J Med 1994; 331:161-167

Largest water borne disease outbreak in US history. 104 deaths (elderly and immunocomperimised), 4400 hospitalized, $31 million in direct medical costs, $96 million total cost, $2 million CDC etc costs.


Toxoplasma gondii and rat behaviour


Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Oomycetes

Cercozoans

Forams

Radiolarians

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Land plants

Slime molds

Gymnamoebas

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Alv

eola

tes

Stram

eno

piles

Gre

en

alg

ae

Am

oeb

ozo

ans

Op

istho

kon

ts

Exc

av

ata

Rh

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Arc

ha

ep

las

tida

Un

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nta

chromalveolataStramenopiles Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Oomycetes Phytophthora infestans


Fig. 28-12

Smoothflagellum

Hairyflagellum

5 µm

Stramenopile flagella


Late blight of Potatoes (Phytophthora infestans)

(Image courtesy of The American Phytopathological Society)

oospores

sporangium

zoospores

oomycetes


Disease Management

Plot experiment illustrating importance of fungicide application

SprayNo-spray


Late blighted potato tubers

Potato Cull Pile

Tubers infected with P. infestans


Where do potato growers get their potato seed?A. Specialized growers produce seed by harvesting seedsThat result from pollination by beesB. Specialized growers produce potato tubers that are certified as disease freeC. Potato growers save their own seed from the previous year by collecting the fruit which look like greentomatoesD. Potatoes are transplanted from seedlings like tomatoesE. Both A and C are correct

Irish Potato Famine – beginning in 1845

Families with less than 5 acres rented

Destruction of homes insured evictions

Famine reach its peak in 1847


Exports in “black ‘47”

• Almost 4,000 vessels carried food from Ireland

• 1.3 million gallons of grain derived ale

• Peas, beans, other vegetables, rabbits, fish, honey, grain, etc.

• Most shocking may be butter – 0.82 million gallons

Exports from Ireland in 1847


Cork Society of Friends’ Soup Kitchen


RB plant resistance gene discovered at UW-Madison

Somatic protoplast fusion betweenS. bulbacastum and S. tuberosum


Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Oomycetes

Cercozoans

Forams

Radiolarians

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Land plants

Slime molds

Gymnamoebas

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Alv

eola

tes

Stram

eno

piles

Gre

en

alg

ae

Am

oeb

ozo

ans

Op

istho

kon

ts

Exc

av

ata

Ch

rom

alv

eo

lata

Rh

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Arc

ha

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Un

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Archaeplastida Green algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Plants!

Figure 28.27

Herbivorousplankton

Otherconsumers

Carnivorousplankton

Protistanproducers

Prokaryoticproducers

30% of world photosynthate is produced by protists


Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Oomycetes

Cercozoans

Forams

Radiolarians

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Land plants

Slime molds

Gymnamoebas

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Alv

eola

tes

Stram

eno

piles

Gre

en

alg

ae

Am

oeb

ozo

ans

Op

istho

kon

ts

Exc

av

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Ch

rom

alv

eo

lata

Rh

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Arc

ha

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tida

Un

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Unikonts

Slime moldsEntamoebaeChoanoflagallates Fungi and animals

lecture 8 12 protists 2

Documents

diplomonads

pearson benjamin

cercozoans

green algae

abdominal

amoebozoans

illness

protein