lecture 3 history criminology

8/13/2019 Lecture 3 History Criminology

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Brief History of Criminology

1. Criminology

2. Brief History of Criminology3. Quiz # 1


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Criminology

Not too long ago, criminology separated

from its mother discipline, sociology

It has since developed habits and methods

of thinking about crime and criminal

behavior that are uniquely its own


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Criminology is

The scientific approach to studying

criminal behavior (individual vs social

group)

Interdisciplinary discipline: political

science, psychology, economics, natural

sciences, human development, andbiology


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Edwin Sutherland and Donald

GresseyScope of criminology includes:

1. Processes of making laws

2. Processes of breaking laws

3. Processes of reacting toward the breaking

the laws


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The main question

CAUSE CRIME


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Brief History of Criminology

Demonic Perspective (Middle Ages, 1200-1600)

Classical School (the late 1700s and the early

1800s )

Neo-classical school (emerged between 1880 and

1920 and is still with us today)

Positivism (the mid 1800s and early 1900s)Sociological Criminology(mid 1800s till now)


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Demonic Perspective

It is not surprising that any discussion of the

existence of evil behavior in the world

would begin with religious explanations


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Demonic Perspective

Temptation Model

Possession Model
http://clipart.crossmap.com/showimage.htm?id=1399161610


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Temptation Model

Mat 26:41 (NIV) "Watch and pray so that

you will not fall into temptation. The spirit

is willing, but the body is weak."
http://search.netscape.com/ns/img.jsp?img=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littledevilbuttons.com%2Fimages%2Fenter.jpg&query=devil&page=1&filter=&site=&h=796&siteUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littledevilbuttons.com%2F&thumbUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fimages-partners.google.com%2Fimages%3Fq%3Dtbn%3AIU_hqUUrN-cJ%3Awww.littledevilbuttons.com%2Fimages%2Fenter.jpg


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Temptation Model

People are weak

Temptations to sin are impossible to avoid.

(Matt. 18:7)
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Temptation Model

No matter how tempting the devil's offers

might be, the individual always retains the

ability to refuse to sin

Good force" offers rewards and frequently

promises spiritual aid to help the

beleaguered individual resist the devil'stemptations


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Temptation Model

This model has a deterrent

component

The threat of hellfire or other eternal

punishment for those who chose to do evil

Those who have sinned more will suffermore. For them, there is no end to suffering

and despair.


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Temptation Model-how to treat

criminals?Public humiliationand banishmentwere

frequently used by religious societies as ways

of controlling their deviant populations

For serious deviants,

capital punishmentwould

be a final solution


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Temptation Model-how to treat

criminals?Cutting of Hands and Feet is a

punishment given to people who steal

"As to the thief, Male or female,cut off

his or her hands: a punishment by way

of example, from Allah, for their crime:and Allah is Exalted in power." - Quran

5:38


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Possession Model

Once possessed by an evil spirit the person

is no longer responsible for his/her actions

The devil now has taken control of theindividual's mind and body resulting in evil

behavior


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Possession Model

One question that is frequently raised

concerning the possession model is whether

good or moral persons can be possessed


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Possession Model-how to treat

criminals?One way of "curing" the individual is

through exorcism-a religious ritual aimed at

jettisoning the unclean spirit from the body
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Saintfrancisborgia_exorcism.jpg


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Exorcism today

Mario Garcia ended up in jail on

charges of puncturing his mother-

in-law's esophagus with a pair ofcrucifixes

Prior to the incident, the mother-

in-law displayed erratic behavior.

The hospital had suggested

psychiatric treatment for her


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Exorcism today

Garcia had the woman lie down on a bed, whilethe woman's son, her husband, Garcia's wife, andthree young children contributed prayers for

support Garcia shoved not one but two 8-inch steelcrucifixes into his mother-in-law's mouth

The crosses went deep enough down her throat topierce her esophagus

Police who were called to the scene found thewoman bleeding profusely from the mouth onGarcia's front porch, with Garcia shouting, "Thedevil is inside her!"


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Exorcism today

Garcia was arrested for assault with a

dangerous weapon and taken under

psychiatric observation.

Police are in agreement with Garcia's family

that he did not act with intent to harm

I've seen suspects who thought they hadpsychic powers, but never one that had a

family who believed it, too.


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The origin of classical school

Started in Europe (the late 1700s and the early

1800s)

Criminal justice needed to be updated

Throughout Europe the use of torture to secure

confessions and force self-incriminating

testimony had been widespread

Classical school was against tortures


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Classical School

The Classical "School" of Criminology is a broadlabel for a group of thinkers of crime and

punishment in the 18th and early 19th centuries

Two famous writers during this classical periodwere Cesare Beccaria(1738-1794) and JeremyBentham(1748-1832)
http://www.crimetheory.com/gallery.htmhttp://search.netscape.com/ns/img.jsp?img=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noelcollection.org%2Fnoel%2FJerdan%2Fbentham.jpg&query=Jeremy+Bentham&page=1&filter=&site=&h=592&siteUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noelcollection.org%2Fnoel%2FJerdan%2Fbentham.html&thumbUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fimages-partners.google.com%2Fimages%3Fq%3Dtbn%3A2zRAvHvkqdAJ%3Awww.noelcollection.org%2Fnoel%2FJerdan%2Fbentham.jpg


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Criminal Justice

(in the early 1800s)Infliction of bodily pain to extort evidence or

confession

Torture employed devices such as the rack (tostretch the victim's joints to breaking point), the

thumbscrew, the boot (which crushed the foot),

heavy weights that crushed the whole body, the

iron maiden (cage shaped like a human being with

interior spikes to spear the occupant)


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Classical School

Crime was committed out of total free will

and that individuals weighed the

consequences of their actions

Punishment is made in order to deter people

from committing crime and it should be

greater than the pleasure of criminal gains


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Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

People should be presumed innocent untilproven guilty (no torture)

The law should be codified (written) withpunishments prescribed in advance

Punishment should be limited (less harsher)to only that necessary to deter people fromever committing it again (no capitalpunishment)
http://www.crimetheory.com/gallery.htm


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Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

Punishment should be severe, certain, andswift

Severityis the least important, certaintythe next in importance, and celerity, orswiftness, is about as equal in importanceas certainty)

The criminal justice system should beorganized around crime prevention


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Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

Believed that individuals weigh the

probabilities of present and future pleasures

against those of present and future pain

People act as human calculators, they put all

factors into a sort of mathematical

equation to decide whether or not

to commit an illegal act


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Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

Punishment should be just a bit in excess of

the pleasures derived from an act and not

any higher than thatSince punishment creates unhappiness it can

be justified if it prevents greater

evil than it produces


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The Neo-classical School

A revision of classical school

Neo-classical criminologists recognized that

the free will approach had a number ofshortcomings

Leading proponents were Gabriel Tarde

(1843-1904) and his student RaymondSaleilles (1898)


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Some behaviors are very irrational

Self-defense or mistake of fact
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.self-defender.net/wsd1-2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.self-defender.net/article19.htm&usg=__bsBVWlkQOOse-P0P-h2mvvU8CII=&h=320&w=350&sz=46&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=gmxGAX6TOGqDlM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dself-defense%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLG%26sa%3DN


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Mistake of fact

If a defendant goes into a supermarket and places eight itemsin a basket which is presented to the cashier

Both honestly believe that all eight items have been scanned,

and the defendant pays the sum shown on the bill

A store detective, however, notices that a mistake was madeby the cashier so that only seven items were actually priced

This detective arrests the defendant after leaving the store

The defendant honestly believes that he has become theowner of goods in a sale transaction (not a thief)


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So, not all persons were completely

responsible for their own actions

Positive treatment toward "mental illness"

type explanations


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Categorization of Motives

Understanding homicide

The accurate determination of motive in any

crime is highly subjective

Social scientists have used several

approaches to categorize motives

One strategy is to distinguish b/w

instrumentaland expressivemotivation


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Instrumental Motivation

Violent acts with instrumentalmotivations are directed at somevalued goal beyond the act itself(Menendez brothers may have killedtheir parents for the instrumentalgoal of protecting themselves orcollecting the insurance payment)


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Instrumental Motivation

Eric and Lyle Menendez were convicted of first-

degree murder for the brutal shotgun slaying of theirparents in Beverly Hills. Their defense was based on

the abuse excuse

The apparent motives ranged from the brothers fear

of their fathers abuse to their desire to collect $11

million in insurance


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Expressive Motivation

Expressive actions are those motivated

exclusively by rage, anger, frustration, or

more generally, the heat of passion (self-defense, accidental homicides)


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UCR Supplementary Homicide

Reports classification of motivesArguments (53%)

Participation in other felony crimes, especiallyrobbery and drug offenses (32%)

Youth gang activity (8%)

Brawls under the influence of drugs or alcohol(4%)

Miscellaneous situations such as killings bybabysitters, gangland slaying, and sniper attacks(1%)


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The Victim-Offender Relationship

Three types of relationships are often identified:

A. Familial (especially spouses and siblings)(22%)

B. Acquaintances (including friends, girlfriends,boyfriends, neighbors, and coworkers)(57%)

C. Strangers (21%)


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Positivist School in Criminology

The demand for facts, for scientific proof(determinism)

There are body and mind differences between peoplePunishment should fit the individual criminal, notthe crime (indeterminate sentencing, disparatesentencing, parole)

Criminals can be treated, rehabilitated, or corrected(if not, then they are incurable and should be put todeath)


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Fundamental assumptions

The basic determinants of human

behavior are genetically based

Observed gender and racial differences in

rates and types of criminality may be at

least partially the result of biological

differences b/w the sexes and raciallydistinct groups


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Positivist School in Criminology

Most people believe the leading figure of

positivist criminology (often called the

father of criminology) was Lombroso(1835-1909).

On Criminal Man, was first put together in

1861, and made the following points:


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The Underlying Logic

Defective

genes

AtavismMental and

Physical

Inferiority

Criminal

Behavior

Inability toLearn and

Follow legal

rules


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Sociological Theories of Crime

Search for factors outsidethe individual -

socialization, subcultural membership,

social class

Explains crime by reference to the

institutional structure of society


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Sociological Theories of Crime

Society

Neighborhood

Parents

School

PeersRole models

lecture 3 history criminology

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