lecture 3 - friday, august 29, 2008. 1. finish lampreys and fossil forms of jawless fishes 2. ...
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Lecture 3 - Friday, August 29, 2008. 1. Finish lampreys and fossil forms of jawless fishes 2. Evolution of jaws and paired fins 3. Other Fossil Fishes 4. Distinguishing characters of Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes a. explanation traits (fin rays, scales, claspers, teeth in rows) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 3 - Friday, August 29, 2008.1. Finish lampreys and fossil forms of jawless fishes2. Evolution of jaws and paired fins3. Other Fossil Fishes4. Distinguishing characters of Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes
a. explanation traits (fin rays, scales, claspers, teeth in rows)5. Other characters of Chondrichthyes (show shark video)6. Distinguishing Characters of Elasmobranchii & Holocephali
Myxini
formes
Petrom
yzon
tiform
es
Chondri
chthy
es
Osteich
thyes
Gnathostomata
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We are going out in the field next Tuesday. Please meet at the Shelford Vivarium. Corner of Healey & Wright Street. We will leave at 1pm.
Be there or be square.
I will send out an e-mail next Monday/Tuesday morning to remind all of you.
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Petromyzontiformes – Lampreys
(Lampetra fluviatilis)
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Lamprey Distribution
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Eggs hatch in 12-14 days
Am
moc oe te s ta ge
Parasitic Lamprey life cycle
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Eggs hatch in 12-14 days
Am
moc oe te s ta ge
Free living species metamorph into adults and immediatelyreturn to spawning site to mate and then die
Nonparasitic Lamprey life cycle
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Chestnut Lamprey (Ichthyomyzon castaneus)
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European Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri)
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lamprey video1
lamprey video2
funny lamprey video
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Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
• Anadromous species native to both sides of the North Atlantic
• Large parasitic species (up to 3’), can kill up to 40 lbs. of prey in lifetime
• Classic example of the deleterious effects of an exotic species initiated by man-made habitat alterations
• But also one of the few examples of successful control of exotic species
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Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
First reported in 1890but may be native
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Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
First reported in 1890but may be native
Niagara Falls served as barrier to dispersal
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Welland Canal was built to allow ships to getaround Niagara Falls
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Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
First reported in 1890but may be native
Niagara Falls served as barrier to dispersal
19211936
1946
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Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinusControl measures
•Physical barriers to spawning streams
•Releasing sterilized males
•Application of a lampricide (TFM) - poured into streams known to harbor ammocoetes, specific to ammocoetes
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Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
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Ostracoderm from Ordovician(450 MYA)
Maisey, J. G. 1996. Discovering fossil fishes. HenryHolt and Co., New York.
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Ostracoderms
paraphyletic group (actually two groups)• No jaws • The first vertebrates- cartilaginous internal skeleton• Bony exoskeleton armor-1st true bone (dermal) • First ones were small (< 15 cm)• No paired fins• Bottom dwellers• Lots of Diverse forms
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?
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Where did the jaws come from?
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Many different arrangementsevolved in different groups.
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Placoderms - many families, very abundant- armored fishes with jaws that had paired fins- probably first jawed vertebrate
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Nuchal joint = ‘craniovertebral joint’
- could open their mouths VERY wideto eat prey
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Acanthodii - “Spiny sharks”
- thought to be sister group to Osteichthyes
- important for “folded fin theory”
- also appeared early & were abundant
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Order and Abundance
Jawless fishes came first.
BUT placoderms, Acanthodians, & Sharks & Co. show up at a very similar time.Makes it difficult to work out ancestor - descendant relationships.
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Chondrichthyes synapomorphies
1. Pelvic claspers • Derived from the margin of the pelvic fin
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Mating Sharks Video 1
Mating Sharks Video 2
Cool Shark Videos to Checkout
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Chondrichthyes synapomorphies
Teeth not fused to jaws
• Replaced serially in whorls
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Chondrichthyes synapomorphies
3. Skull (chondrocranium) lacks sutures
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Elasmoid
GanoidPlacoid
Cosmoid9
bonedentindentinee
enamel
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heterocercal abbreviate
d heterocercal
homocercal
isocercal
8
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Bull Shark with heterocercal tail
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Major living gnathostome lineages
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Subclass HolocephaliRatfishes, rabbitfishes, or chimeras
Order Chimaeriformes (58 species)
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Subclass HolocephaliRatfishes, rabbitfishes, or chimeras
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Subclass Holocephali
• lacking gill slits - a single gill covering over 4 gill openings
• Upper jaw fused to cranium
• skin is naked in adults
• Some males have cephalic claspers in addition to pelvic ones
Differ from sharks and rays by:
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Order Chimaeriformes
Ecology, Life History
• Reproduction, oviparous (egg-laying), internal fertilization
• Benthic, deep sea (80 to 2600 m), around the world
• Nocturnal
• Feed mainly on benthic invertebrates
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Review Questions1. Which structures did jaws evolve from? Which structures did paired fins evolve from? What is the importance of Acanthodii in relationship to the “folded fin theory”? Why is the evolution of jaws considered to be a major innovation of vertebrates? What were the ecological consequences of the evolution of jaws? What were the ecological consequences of the evolution of paired fins?
2. Who were the placoderms and what advantages did they have over the Ostracoderms? What two traits did they lack that might have placed them at a disadvantage in terms of feeding?
3. To what extent does the fossil record give us a complete picture of the history of the evolution of fishes? What are some of the difficulties of working with fossils? Did you read pages 175-176?
4. On page 194, your book shows a picture of skin thickness of male and female blue sharks. Which sex has thicker skin? What is the proposed reason for this?
5. Draw out the phylogenetic tree for Myxiniformes, Petromyzontiformes, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes. Indicate which groups are Gnathostomata. Draw the synapomorphies onto the branches of the tree. Describe lepidotrichia vs. ceratotrichia, claspers, and placoid scales. Also list the type of skeleton, presence/absence of swimbladder or lungs, solid cranium, and teeth replaced as rows.
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Review Questions (Cont’d.)
6. What traits distinguish the Elasmobranchii from the Holocephali? Who are the Holocephali? Where do they live? How do they reproduce? How many species are there?