Rida Wahyuningrum

English DepartmentWijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

ADEQUATE

TRANSLATION

By the end of this lecture, you will be able to answer questions about:

1. Adequate translation2. Techniques of translation

Adequate translation is a translation performed in the need of content level of SL in accordance with the rules and norms in TL.

What is an Adequate Translation?

ADEQUATE TRANSLATION

EQUIVALENCE ANALOGUE TECHNIQUES

In translating source language text into target language text, the translator has to find the closest natural equivalent.

But, some translations have a very close formal and semantic correspondence by providing notes and comment, and some others are not so much concerned with it and not giving information (Nida in Venuti (2000: 127)

(Nida in Venuti (2000: 127)

TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE

FORMAL DYNAMIC

Note: Equivalence is the condition of being equal or equivalent in value, worth, function, etc.

Formal equivalence is oriented towards the transfer of the message from SL to TL. This orientation is to reproduce as closely and meaningfully as possible the message in the TL with different elements in the SL. By applying this orientation, the translator tends to translate the form and the content of the source language text literally and meaningfully.

Socit des Nations in French is translated into League of Nations in English and Liga Bangsa-Bangsa in Bahasa Indonesia.

Dynamic equivalence is not so focused in matching the SL message with the TL message. It is oriented to make a natural expression by relating the receptor within the context of his own culture. It focuses in conveying the message from the SL into the TL as naturally as possible.

He lived in a small flat away from his family. in English is translated asIa tinggal di sebuah rumah susun yang lokasinya jauh dari rumah dan keluarga. in Bahasa Indonesia.

Analogue is a translation which refers to an analogy (similarities) that is selected through a sequence of several probabilities. Analogue differs from equivalent in the way it represents a context.

Note: Analogue is a person or thing seen as comparable to another.

ill tidak sehat, busuk, kotor, and jelek.

ill famed reputasijelek.

Technique is a term used instead of

method or procedure.

GLOBAL TRANSLATION

STRATEGY

Translation Method is the overall strategy you apply to a text as a whole the primary choice you have to make here is how close to the source text you want your target text to be.

LOCAL TRANSLATION

STRATEGY

Translation Procedure is strategies you apply in the translation of individual expressions in the source text, such as words, grammatical constructions,idioms etc.)

Molina and Albir (2002: 508) describe translationtechniques as procedures to analyze and classify

how translation equivalenceworks.

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

Molina and Albir (2002: 509)

18 TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

1. Adaptation2. Amplification3. Borrowing4. Calque5. Compensation6. Description7. Discursive Creation8. Establish Equivalent9. Generalization

10. Linguistic Amplification11. Linguistic Compression12. Literal Translation13. Modulation14. Particularization15. Reduction16. Substitution17. Transposition18. Variation

replacing the cultural element in SL with one from the target

culture

An expression as white as snow is translated into seputih kapas not seputih salju since snow is not known in Indonesia.

ADAPTATION

introducing details that are not formulated in the SL: information,explicative paraphrasing. It is further explain that footnotes are a type ofamplification.

The example is in the translation from Arabic to Spanish to add the Muslim month of fasting to the noun of Ramadan.

AMPLIFICATION

when the word or expression in other language (SL) is taken straightly into another language (TL), the technique is stated as borrowing.

Types of Borrowing:

(1) borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords). For examples: email > email, internet > internet

BORROWING

(2) borrowing with changes in form but without changes the meaning (naturalized). For examples: account akun, compensation kompensasi

(3) borrowing when part of the terms is native and another is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends). For examples: internet provider > penyedia layanan internet.

BORROWING

literal translation of a foreign word or phrase which can belexical or structural.

The example of this technique is photo studio in English is still translated as foto studio in Bahasa Indonesia.

So is sekretaris jendral from secretariat general

CALQUE

introducing the element of SL text (information, stylistic effect) in another place in the TL text because it cannot be represented in the same place as in the SL text.

For example, Never did she visit her severely sick aunt. is translated into Bahasa Indonesia as Wanita itu benar-benar tega tidak berniat menjenguk bibinya yang sakit parah.

COMPENSATION

replace a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function

For example: to translate the Italian panettone as traditional Italian cake eaten on New Years Eve.

DESCRIPTION

establishing a temporary equivalence that is totallyunpredictable out of context. Usually it happens to the translation of the title of films and books.

For example, Si Malin Kundang is translated into The Betrayed Son, Malin Kundang.

DISCURSIVE CREATION

ESTABLISH EQUIVALENT

Using a term or expression recognized (bydictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in the TL

For example, the translation of effective and efficient is preferable efektif dan efisien to sangkil dan mangkus.

It can also be found in some expressions of frozen style.

GENERALIZATION

Using a more general and neutral term. This technique is the opposite of particularization.

For example the translation of guichet, fenetre or devanture in French into window in English.

In Bahasa Indonesia, penthouse is translated to tempat tinggal and becak to vehicle.

LINGUISTIC AMPLIFICATION

Adding linguistic element, e.g., to translate the English expression no way into Spanish as de ninguna de las maneras instead of using an expression with the same number of words, en absoluto.

This type of translation is commonly used in the dubbing system to films.

It is in opposition to linguistic compression.

LINGUISTIC COMPRESION

Synthesizing the linguistic element in the TL text.This is in opposition to linguistic amplification and usually used in simultaneous interpreting and sub-titling.

LITERAL TRANSLATION

This technique means translating word for word.

This technique corresponds to Nidasconcept of formal equivalent, when form and meaning coincides with function and meaning.

MODULATION

Changing the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the SL text. It can be lexical or structural.

For example, Youre going to have a child is translated into Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak or I cut my finger into Jariku tersayat.

Using a more precise or concrete term, like in theexample of translating window in English as guichet in French.Another example, air transportation is translated into helikopter.

This technique is in opposition to generalization.

PARTICULARIZATION

A technique in which the translator suppress the information of SL text when it is translated into TL.

For example, the Muslim fasting month is translated into Ramadan.

This technique is in opposition to amplification.

REDUCTION

SUBSTITUTION

Changing the linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa.

It is used in interpreting, for example, to translate the Arab gesture of putting your hand on your heart as thank you.

TRANSPOSITION

Changing the grammatical category. It involves replacing a grammatical structure in the SL with one of a different type in the TL in order to achieve the same effect.

Example:I would have come if I had known is translated to Tentunya saya akan datang kalau tahu.

VARIATION

Changing linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguitic variation: change of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect.

The example of this technique is when translating for the theaters, the translator introduces or changes dialectal indicators for the character, or changes in tone when adapting novels for children. Also, this technique is common in translating drama texts.

Rida Wahyuningrum

English DepartmentWijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya