lecture 2 - ac
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 2
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CS 5120 -Commercial Nursery Management
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Lecture 2
Planning and Selection of a Nursery Site
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Commercial
Nursery Industry
• Horticulture Nursery Industry is a vibrant and growing component of local and global agriculture
Success in the nursery industry requires
• a well-defined market,
• a good location,
• a well-planned production system
and experience
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Key Questions
• Why is proper nursery site selection important?
• What are the environmental factors considered in nursery site selection?
• What are the economic factors involved in selecting a nursery site?
• Explain the layout of container and field nurseries
• What are the different types of nursery structures?
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Horticulture Nursery ..
Nursery plants can grow in
• open fields,
• containers in open fields
and
• containers in tunnels or greenhouses
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Selecting a Specific Nursery Site
• Site selection and layout are very important at the early stages of the planning process
• Your choice/decision will directly affect the success in growing and selling plants
• Supply of healthy plants of desired varieties at proper time is of utmost importance in nursery business
• Both environmental and economic factors need to be considered when selecting a site for a nursery
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Why Proper Nursery Site Selection Important?
Factors to consider…..
• History of The Site
• Climate
• Soil and topography
• Available water resources
• Available capital and labor
• Market potential
• Type of plant material grown
• Production method
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1. The History of The Site
• If a crop land, what crop was grown?
• If non-crop land, for which purpose the land used for previously?
• Has the land been contaminated by pesticide
or
other toxic chemicals?
• If so, what chemicals and what reclamation efforts were employed?
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1. The History of the Site cont’d..
• Are there underground structures on the property?
(e.g. storage tanks, irrigation lines, rock outcrops etc.)?
• If so, where are they located and
sizes and directions?
• Does the land drain poorly or flood?
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Nursery Site cont’d…
In selecting a location you should consider
proximity to
– other nurseries,
– to major cities,
and
– to highways
• Your nursery should be accessible to both
customers and employees10
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Nursery Site cont’d…
• Other factors to consider include
– availability of transportation facilities,
– distance to market,
– competition,
– availability of reliable labor
(full-time, part-time, and seasonal), and
– availability of inexpensive land for future expansion
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land Resources
• Are you going to buy land?
–What are the soil characteristics?
– Is the soil pH good for growing crops or are adjustments going to have to be made?
– Is the soil depth adequate for field production?
–Will a large expense be incurred if grade changes are needed for proper drainage and water recycling ?
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Environmental factors to be considered in nursery site selection
1. Temperature
– How hot or cold
• Determines the length of growing season
• The production calendar
tropical countries - determined by the rainy season,
temperate regions - rising temperatures
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2. Light
• Right amount of light is critical for healthy development of seedlings
• Too much shade,
leads to etiolated and elongated growth of the seedlings
and
- makes them weak
- prone to fungal diseases
flowering plants, foliage plants, fruit and vegetable nurseries, plantation nurseries, forestry nursery, etc.
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2. Light cont’d..
– Too much light leads to sun scorching and drying out tender tissue
–Use good-quality durable shade cloth
to provide
uniform shade to the seedlings
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3. Wind– High winds carrying soil particles can deposit on
plants- Damage/desiccate seedlings/mulches can blow
awayWindbreaks/saw tooth structures
• Act as a filter• Better plant growth• Reduced transpiration• Reduced evaporation• More efficient spraying• Improves irrigation efficiency• Sequesters carbon • Effective 3 to 6 times its
height
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4. Soil– Desired soil type
• sandy or loam soils, does not crust over, drains quickly,
• less damage when plants are removed
– Consider the following soil factors:
• Organic matter content- 2 to 5%
• pH - varies by plants grown (Most nursery stock grows well between pH 5.0 and pH 7.2)
• Medium fertility
• At least 18’’ depth and free from rock outcrops
– Drainage
• Removal of surface or ground water
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Soil cont’d…..
Good soil –
Benefits:
Uniform soil moisture,
↓ level of pathogens,
↓ soil erosion,
↑ operation efficiency
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Topography
Surface features of an area
• Relatively level- slope of 1-2 %
• Ideally, the nursery should be on a gentle slope sufficient to allow excess water to run off without causing soil erosion
• Where necessary, a proper drainage system must be built to avoid water logging and damage during periods of heavy rainfall
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Soil type and Characteristics
• Soil testing and soil survey
help to determine
soil quality and characteristics,
- useful in determining
nursery layout
and
production areas
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How to make Nursery soil fertile?
• Nitrogen-fixing species can be planted
as a cover crop
when beds are not in use,
as hedges or as shade trees
• Green manure or compost could be added
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Avoid soils..
• Very stony soils
as a lot of effort would be needed to make them suitable.
• Very heavy soils,
with a lot of clay, which make nursery work much more difficult
• Extremely acid or alkaline soils, with very low or with high pH which would need special treatment to grow all but a few tolerant species
• Highly degraded land, requiring a lot of soil improvement
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5. Rainfall
– high and low rainfall (distribution)
– Problems with heavy rainfall:
• Inability to get machinery in the fields
• Delays in lifting trees and seedlings
• Flooding
• Erosion
• Increased pathogen activity
• Decreased efficiency of pesticides
• Stimulation of weed growth
• Excessive leaching of soil nutrients
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Water
• Is there an adequate, clean, pest-free water source for the type and size òf nursery you are planning?
• An adequate supply of good quality water is essential for a nursery
– Consider current and future use
– Irrigation often necessary
– Ideal water should be slightly acidic and
soluble levels below 500 ppm24
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• Irrigation
– Most important aspects:
• Reliable year-round source
• Sufficient pumping and pressurizing capacity
• Uniform distribution of water to plants
• Contain all runoff in holding ponds for reuse
– Land drainage Removal of surface or ground water
– Benefits: Uniform availability of soil moisture, ↓ level of pathogens, ↓ soil erosion, ↑ operation efficiency
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• Water drawn from wells is probably one of the best irrigation sources for most locations
• Water originating from any open source (lake, stream, or ditch) is subject to contamination by weed seeds or pathogens
• High concentrations of weed seeds can lead to unwanted vegetation
- a major problem
• Water-borne diseases can infect root systems and foliage
• The volume of water required will change with weather, irrigation method and the container medium
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6. Air pollution
–Harmful or degrading materials in the air
–Common compounds in air:
• Chlorides
• Fluorides
• Ozone
• Sulfur dioxide
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7. Pests
– Survey the area to determine which pests are present
–Consider:
• Insects
• Wild animals
• Root rot disease
• Previous land usage and cropping
• If the soil infested with Nematode could severely limit plant growth
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What economic factors are involved in
selecting a nursery site?
• Land cost and availability
– Best sites = High priced
– Consider purchase and preparation costs
• Labor
– Labor intensive industry with seasonal demands
– Field nursery needs 4-5 permanent employee per 7 to 8 acres
– Container nursery needs 3-4 employee per acre
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• Transportation and Markets– Consider the markets to which plants will be
transported
– Location near highways is desirable
– May hire truck or own vehicle
• Utilities and services– Availability of telephone and electricity and
other utilities required for nursery operation must be already available or easily secured
• Competition– Location becomes more important with
competition (not in SL ???)
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Horticulture Nursery Management
A successful nursery producer needs knowledge of plants,
• soils, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation,
• machinery,
• pruning, harvesting methods,
• packing and shipping practices,
• plumbing, electricity, etc.
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• Starting a field nursery requires large amounts of capital
• A manager as well as several laborers will be required on large nurseries
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Cont’d..
• It is not just casting seed to the wind and watching the trees and profits grow
• With proper planning, plant selection, management and marketing; nursery field production can be highly profitable and rewarding.
• The market is there for the innovative marketer of high quality stock
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If new to the industryBefore deciding to invest money starting a nursery business …..
– invest time studying books, extension publications
– Visit experienced successful nursery producers and observe their layout and inventory
– regardless how much you may love plants or think you know
– Marketing is an extremely important part of the nursery business and should be given equal status and attention to production
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Summery
The following are the factors in selecting an ideal nursery site:– Water should be available throughout the year
– Area should be large enough to accommodate the required seedlings and facilities
– Area could be flat or slightly inclined to allow sufficient drainage
– Area must be accessible or close to the road
– Area must have good soil condition,
i.e. dry sandy loam or loam,
topsoil of about 30 cm,
5.5 to 6.5 pH and
high quantity of organic matter
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Summery
– Area must have good exposure to sunlight
– Area must be protected from strong winds with temporary windbreakers using local materials
For permanent windbreakers, establish a green belt (trees that can withstand strong winds) around the nursery
– For forest plantations, the area should be near the planting site to minimize damage to seedlings and transport cost