Lecture #19 Date________

• Chapter 44 ~ Regulating the Internal Environment

Homeostasis: regulation of internal environment

• Thermoregulation internal temperature

• Osmoregulation solute and water balance

• Excretion nitrogen containing waste

Regulation of body temperature• Thermoregulation• 4 physical processes:

• Conduction~transfer of heat between molecules of body and environment

• Convection~transfer of heat as water/air move across body surface

• Radiation~transfer of heat produced by organisms

• Evaporation~loss of heat from liquid to gas

• Sources of body heat:• Ectothermic: determined by

environment

• Endothermic: high metabolic rate generates high body heat

Regulation during environmental extremes

• Torpor ~ low activity; decrease in metabolic rate

• 1- Hibernation long term or winter torpor (winter cold and food scarcity); bears, squirrels

• 2- Estivation short term or summer torpor (high temperatures and water scarcity); fish, amphibians, reptiles

• Both often triggered by length of daylight

Water balance and waste disposal• Osmoregulation:

management of the body’s water content and solute composition

• Nitrogenous wastes: breakdown products of proteins and nucleic acids; ammonia-very toxic

• Deamination~• Ammonia: most aquatic animals,

many fish• Urea: mammals, most amphibians,

sharks, bony fish (in liver; combo of NH3 and CO2)

• Uric acid: birds, insects, many reptiles, land snails

Osmoregulators• Osmoconformer: no active adjustment of internal osmolarity (marine

animals); isoosmotic to environment

• Osmoregulator: adjust internal osmolarity (freshwater, marine, terrestrial)

• Freshwater fishes (hyperosmotic)- gains water, loses; excretes large amounts of urine salt vs. marine fishes (hypoosmotic)- loses water, gains salt; drinks large amount of saltwater

Water Loss in Land Animals• Terrestrial organisms must also

regulate their water levels• Adaptations include:

– Waxy cuticle in plants– Shells of land snails– Waxy layers of insect

exoskeleton– Layers of dead skin– Being nocturnal

• Most loose water from moist surface areas of gas exchange, urine, feces, and skin

• Must gain water from diet or through metabolism

Excretory Systems• Production of urine by 2 steps: Filtration (nonselective) and Selective

Reabsorption (secretion of solutes)

• Protonephridia ~ flatworms (“flame-bulb” systems)

• Metanephridia ~ annelids (ciliated funnel system)

• Malpighian tubules ~ insects (tubes in digestive tract)

• Kidneys ~ vertebrates

Kidney Functional Units

• Renal artery/vein: kidney blood flow• Ureter: urine excretory duct• Urinary bladder: urine storage• Urethra: urine elimination tube• Renal cortex (outer region)• Renal medulla (inner region)• Nephron: functional unit of kidney,

approx. 1 million per kidney)• Cortical nephrons (confined to renal

cortex; 80%)• Juxtamedullary nephrons (extend into

renal medulla; 20%; only in mammals and birds, important in water conservation – hyperosmotic urine)

Nephron Structure• Afferent arteriole: supplies blood to

nephron from renal artery

• Glomerulus: ball of capillaries

• Efferent arteriole: blood from glomerulus

• Bowman’s capsule: surrounds glomerulus

• Proximal tubule: secretion & reabsorption

• Peritubular capillaries: from efferent arteriole; surround proximal & distal tubules

• Loop of Henle: water & salt balance

• Distal tubule: secretion & reabsorption

• Collecting duct: carries filtrate to renal pelvis

Basic Nephron Function

Proximal Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule

• PT – reabsorb HCO3-, NaCl,

water, nutrients, and K+ ions; secrete H+ and NH3

• Decending L of H – reabsorb water

• Ascending L of H – reabsorb NaCl

• DT – reabsorb NaCl, water, and HCO3

-; secrete K + and H +

Collecting Duct

• Carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis

• Reabsorbs NaCl, urea, and water

Water Conservation in Kidney

• Creates hyperosmotic urine

• Conserves water through both active and passive processes

Kidney regulation: hormones• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ~ secretion

increases permeability of distal tubules and collecting ducts to water (H2O back to body); inhibited by alcohol and coffee

• Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) ~ reduced salt intake--->enzyme renin initiates conversion of angiotensin (plasma protein) to angiotensin II (peptide); increase blood pressure and blood volume by constricting capillaries

• Angiotensin II also stimulates adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone; acts on distal tubules to reabsorb more sodium, thereby increasing blood pressure (renin-angiotension-aldosterone system; RAAS)

• Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) ~ walls of atria; inhibits release of renin, salt reabsorption, and aldosterone release