Lecture 15: Summary

Ann T. Orlando

3 May 2011

Final Exam Structure

2 hours allotted to exam (7:30 – 9:30) May 15 Closed book, closed notes Identification (20 pts) Match events with dates(20 pts) Matching people with descriptions; more people than

descriptions (20 pts) Match quotes from readings to authors; more authors than

quotes (20 pts)

Essay take home (20 pts): Due Day of Exam, May 10

Final Exam: Identification

You will be asked to give a one or two sentence definition or translation of the following terms: Fides quaerens intellectum Lay Investiture Simony Nepotism Avignon Papacy Conciliarism Sola scriptura, sola gratia, sola fides Cujus regio, ejus religio Justification Gallicanism

Matching Dates

910, 1095, 1122, 1204, 1303, 1453, 1517, 1545, 1648, 1776, 1891, 1962, 2005

Matching People and Descriptions Otto I Pope Gregory VII St. Dominic St. Francis of Assisi St. Thomas Aquinas St. Catherine of Siena John Hus Martin Luther John Calvin Charles V St. Francis Xavier de las Casas Napoleon Pope Piux IX John Locke Voltaire Pope John XXIII

Quotes

Just like midterm Quotes taken from

Thomas Aquinas Gregory VII Martin Luther Ignatius Loyola Francis de Sales Bartolome de las Casas Thomas Jefferson Pascal Leo XIII

Final Essay Question

Write an essay on how your understanding of Church History helps you to critically evaluate the Commonweal article by Charles Taylor “Religion is not the Problem,” February 25, 2011

Answers must be very specific, with many names, dates (centuries), places, and thought as to how they relate

Due Day of Exam, May 10

Review: 10th C

Otto I, the Great, (912-973) established a strong kingdom in the center of Europe on the Carolingian model

Otto I began practice of appointing and installing bishops, known as lay investiture

Normans (aka Northmen, aka Vikings) settled some of the places they conquered in 9th C Western France Southern England Sicily, southern Italy

Charter for Foundation of Cluny, 910

Review: 11th C

Pontificate of Gregory VII (1073-1085) Church reform; Gregory had been a monk at Cluny Assertion of Papal primacy, Dictatus Papae; Emperor cannot

invest bishops with symbols of office, or participate in election of Pope

Opposed simony (sale of religious offices) Excommunicated Emperor Henry IV; Henry repents at Canossa

Mutual excommunication of Pope Leo IX and Patriarch in 1054 (lifted by Pope Paul IV and Patriarch in 1964)

William the Conqueror from Normandy 1066 defeated Anglo-Saxons at Battle of Hastings

First Crusade called by Urban II in 1095, Jerusalem captured in 1099

Reform of Cluny: Cistercians; Founded by Robert Molesme at Citeaux 1099

Review: 12th C

Concordat of Worms 1122 resolved lay investiture, agreed to by Pope Calixtus II and Henry V

Second Crusade preached by Bernard of Clairvaux in 1146; military disaster for Europeans; Jerusalem recaptured by Moslem armies

Pontificate of Innocent III (1198-1216) Maintained that all kings were vassals of Pope Approved Rule of St. Francis

Review: 13th C

Fourth Crusade, 1204, proclaimed by Innocent III, stopped with sack of Constantinople, never reached Palestine

1208 Innocent III declares ‘crusade’ against Albingensians 1233 Inquisition established to find heretics

Both a religious and a political institution Remember: political and religious unity not distinguished

St. Dominic, 1170-1221, Dominican; founded Order of Preachers St. Francis, 1182-1226, Franciscan; stigmata, founded Franciscans St. Bonaventure, 1221-1274, Franciscan; Itinerarium St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274, Dominican; Summa Theologiae;

transubstantiation

Review: 14th C

Plague started in Asia; Spread to Europe in 1347

Pope Boniface VIII Unam Sanctam Philip IV ignores Encyclical; Captures Boniface and humiliates him Boniface dies 1303

Avignon Papacy, (1309-1377), Catherine of Sienna; convinces Gregory XI to return

to Rome

Review: 15th C

In 1394 theologians at University of Paris suggest a council to elect Pope and end Great Schism; instead winds up with 3 Popes: Rome, Avignon, Pisa

Another Council at Constance in 1414-1418 Haec Sancta: Council of Bishops pre-eminent over Pope Elect Martin V, end of Great Schism Burnt at stake John Hus as a heretic

Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople in 1453 Hundred’s Year War Between England and France 1339-1453

Continuation of dispute over who is proper successor to French throne Joan of Arc, 1412-1431

Pius II (1458-1464) issues Execrabilis, that no council is over the Pope, repudiates Council of Constance

Queen Isabel of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon succeed in expelling Muslims from Spain in 1492; Columbus

Review: 16th C

How the house of cards fell down: 1517, Albrecht of Mainz wants to be Archbishop Albrecht buys his archbishopric from Rome (Leo X); Rome needs the money in part to help pay for rebuilding

of St. Peters Rome authorizes the preaching of a special indulgence in Germany, with the money to go to Albrecht to

repay him Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Responds to this situation with 95 Thesis in 1517 Go far beyond denouncing sin of simony and corruption; fundamentally calls into question Rome’s primacy

and theology of indulgences; denounces scholasticism German princes, especially Fredrick the Wise of Saxony, support Luther against Rome and against HRE

Charles V Emperor Charles V (HRE and Spain); headed Diet of Worms that condemned Luther Peace of Augsburg, 1555:Between German Catholics and Lutherans Cuius regio, eius

religio, “whose reign, his religion” Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536)

Augustinian monk Humanist who encouraged return to Bible and early Fathers of Church as a way to reform Scripture as the philosophy of Christ Optimistic about man’s ability to know and understand; ancient maxim that if one knows what

is right, one will do it

Lutheran Theology: Three Solas Sola Scriptura

Rejection of philosophical developments; Scripture is all that one needs Scripture should be available to everyone, unmediated; Luther translates

Bible into German, although with his own interpretation built into it Return to original Biblical languages for Biblical study; reject any OT

books not written in Hebrew (deutrocanonical books; i.e., most philosophical books)

Very important that everyone can read Sola Fides

Faith in Jesus Christ is necessary and sufficient for salvation Universal priesthood of all believers

Sola Gratia Only God’s grace can save you Only two sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist Accepts Real Presence, but not transubstantiation as a way to describe

it

Review: 16th C (cont.)

Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) A priest, Zwingli becomes member of Zurich city council

Calvin (1509 - 1564) born in France, studied law Theological heir of Zwingli; Moves to Switzerland to be away from Catholic France Established a ‘holy’ city in Geneva Very influential on development of Huguenots in France, Puritanism in England

and Presbyterianism in Scotland Accepted Luther’s maxim “Sola Scriptura, Sola Fides, Sola Gratia) and

extended it Accepted double predestination (as defined by Augustine) Rejected real presence in Eucharist

Henry VIII of England married Catherine of Spain in 1509 (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, aunt of Charles V) marriage yields no male heir; Pope Clement VII refuses to annul marriage Henry declares himself head of Church in England 1532 Thomas More and other executed 1535

Review: 16th C Catholicism

Jesuits (Society of Jesus) founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) Rule

Council of Trent Called by Pope Paul III Lengthy, intermittent (1545-1563) Pope initially reluctant to call council because of bad experiences with councils (especially Council of

Constance) in 15th C Purpose was both to address reform of practice and to uphold Catholic doctrine Developed in several sessions

Jesuits play a major theological role at Trent; encouraged explicit statement of Catholic doctrine in opposition to Protestant views

Teresa of Avila 1515-1582 Pioneered major reforms of monastic orders (male and female) Special relationship with John of Cross Encouraged renewed devotion of Catholics in opposition to Protestants First woman declared a doctor of Church (1970)

Francis de Sales 1567-1622 Educated by Jesuits Argued against Calvinists; bishop in absentia of Geneva Wrote popular devotional works; On Devout Life very influential

Early Church Missions St. Francis Xavier in Orient, died in Japan 1522 Bartholome de las Casas

Review: 17th C

Thirty Years War, 1618-1648, continued armed struggles in Europe along political and religious lines (France and Sweden against Protestant German duchies) Peace of Westphalia, 1648, confirmed Peace of Augsburg, but

now included Calvinists Louis XIV (Sun King) reigns 1643-1715

Becomes King at age 5; real power was Cardinal Richelieu Reduced power of nobility, increased power of throne Encouraged Gallicanism

Absolute Monarch, period of stability and strength Revives (invents) French culture; Versailles center of France French Church sees itself as a national Church aligned with

throne

Review: 17th and 18th C development of philosophy of Enlightenment Science (as we now define it) as the basis for knowledge;

Human reason can figure it (anything, everything) out; is always making progress

Devalue history, tradition Toleration as the basis for political-religious relationship;

Separation of Church and State Individual rights, not duty, as basis for political systems and

society; Social contract not natural law as basis of legal system

Becomes an alternative to established religions Key figures: John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Voltaire

Review: 18th C

American Revolution (1776-1781), based on philosophy of John Locke (1632-1704), especially Two Treatises of Government Champion of individual rights Religious toleration Not clear (still isn’t) what is relation between religion and politics in America

Louis XVI reigns 1774-1792 Paris center of France Initially encourages Enlightenment ideas Supports American Revolution Economic depression, leading to Revolution Executed during Revolution

French Revolution Driven by economic depression in 1789 Revolt against ‘Church and Throne’ Church considered part of old regime Establishes new church of nature Becomes very violent Anyone not considered part of new ‘democratic’ regime executed; including many

religious and clergy (Robespierre) Eventually leads to anarchy, which leads to Napoleon

Review: 19th Century

Napoleon manages to conquer much of Europe: from Spain to Egypt to Russia Gains control 1799 Restores Catholicism (sort of) Sells Louisiana to United States (Jefferson) 1803 Crowns himself emperor in front of Pope 1804 Finally defeated at Waterloo by English 1814

France after Napoleon Brief restoration of monarchy Revolution 1848 French Republics Powerful group of Catholics in France want strong Papacy to help rebuild French unity and culture (Ultamontane)

Pope Pius IX, pope 1846-1878 Considered a liberal, but shocked by revolutions of 1848 Negotiates Church rights with many European governments (concordats) Issues Syllabus of Errors condemning much enlightenment thought Promotes Thomism as ‘official’ theology of Church Declares Immaculate Conception as Church dogma as infallible Convenes V I in 1869 Loses Papal States in 1870 Beatified along with John XXIII in 2000

Germany: Revolution of 1848 followed by rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859 King as figure head

Pope Leo XIII Rerum Novarum; basis for Church’s modern stance on social justice, 1891

Review: 20th C

Pius XII Vatican diplomat assigned to Germany before WWII Thought he could negotiate with Nazis, but also thought that

direct confrontation would irreparably harm the Church Encourage quiet protection of Jews by Church, but did not speak

out forcefully Pontifical Biblical Commission: return to study of ancient

languages and support for historical critical method Declared Assumption of Mary to be infallibly true

Vatican II Called by John XXIII in 1962; closed by Paul VI in 1965 Liturgical changes; use of vernacular; RCIA Renewed emphasis on importance of actions of Catholic laity in

world No change in doctrine

A Final Word…

THANK YOU For your suggestions For your papers and discussions For your interest and attention And remember…Essay Due Day of Exam, May 10