OCCUPATIONALSAFETYPrepared By :

Rosli Bin Abdul Rahman

Course Syllabus forFASH 3033

Concept of Hazard Avoidance Enforcement Approach Psychological Approach Engineering Approach Analytical Approach Hazards ClassificationImpact of Safety and Health Laws Standards Enforcement NIOSH Future TrendsSafety Communication and Promotion Reporting and documentation Record Keeping and Retention Medical Surveillance Permit-to-Work Material Safety Data Sheets

Process Safety Process Information Process Analysis Operating Procedures Personnel TrainingBuilding and Facilities Working and Walking Surface Exits Illumination Sanitation Miscellaneous FacilitiesMaterial Handling and Storage Material Storage Industrial Trucks Cranes Slings Conveyors Lifting

Course Syllabus forFASH 3033

Machine Guarding General Machine Guarding Safeguarding the Point of Operation Power Presses Grinding Machines Saws Belts and Pulleys

Welding Process Terminology Gas Welding Hazards Arc Welding Hazards Resistance Welding Hazards Fire and Explosions Eye Protection Protective Clothing Gas and Fumes

Electrical Hazards Electrocution Hazards Fire Hazards Test Equipment Frequent Violations

Construction General Facilities Personal Protective Equipment Fire Protection Tools Electrical Ladders and Scaffolds Floors and Stairways Cranes and Hoists Heavy Vehicles and Equipment Trenching and Excavations Concrete Work Steel Erection Demolition Explosive Blasting Electrical Utilities

Student AssessmentConventional teaching and continuous assessment:

Coursework: 50% ( quizzes / tests /oral classdiscussion, projects and presentation in group/individual, etc)

TWO (2) Assignment 30% (Individual /Group)

Mid Term 20 %

Final Examination: 50% (written / take home,MCQ/ structures/ essay, e.t.c)

Main references supporting the course

Reese, C. D. (2008). Occupational Health and SafetyManagement: A Practical Approach, 2nd edition. New York: CRCGoetsh, D. L. (2013). Occupational Safety and Health ForTechnologists, Engineers and Managers, 7th edition. New Jersey:Pearson Prentice Hall.

Asfahl, C. R. (Industrial Safety and Health Mangement, 4thedition). 2000. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Grimaldi and Simons, (Safety Management, 4th edition) 1984

http//: www.dosh.gov.my

IntroductionSafety is FOUR-LETTER Word

FEAR is a survival function. You needto survive. Fear makes you take note.

Walking in the middle white lane of theroad, FEAR tells you not to do it.

-Stephen King, 2007

Enforcement Approach

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICY (DOSH)It is the policy of the Department of Occupational Safety and Health to provide asafe and healthy work environment for all its employees and protect others who maybe affected by its activities. The management and staff will work together to achievethe aims and objectives of this policy through discussion / negotiation (conference)and cooperation.

Specifically, the department policy comprises the following objectives:

To prepare and preserve a workplace with a safe and healthy working system;

To ensure that all staff are provided with the relevant information, instruction,training and supervision regarding methods to carry out their duties in a safemanner and without causing any risk to health;

To investigate all accidents, diseases, poisonous and/or dangerous occurrences, andto have action to ensure that these occurrences will not be repeated;

To comply with all requirements of legislations related to safety and health asstated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, as well as regulations andcodes of practice which have been approved;

To provide basic welfare facilities to all workers; and

To revise and improve on this policy whenever necessary.

The department is without any doubt certain that safety and health must be anintegral part of our daily activities, and that the proper practice of safe and healthyworking procedures would be the main factor in achieving the success of our mission.

STATISTICS

STATISTICS

Enforcement ApproachFor all industries

If >5 Employees -Safety & Health Policy

40 Employees (S30)- Safety & HealthPolicy + Safety &Health Committee

For high risk industries(i.e. construction, shipbuilding, gas etc.)

>100 Employees - Safety & HealthPolicy + Safety & (Order 1997)

Health Committee + a Certified

Safety & Health Officer

For low risk industries (other thanthe above mentioned industries)

>500 Employees - Safety &Health Policy + Safety & (Order1997) Health Committee + a

Certified Safety & Health Officer

Duties of an Employer

Duties of an Employer

To ensure the safety, health and welfareat work of all his employees and visitors.

To formulate safety and health policy.

Extra protection for the disabled etc

PENALTY UNDER SECTION 15-19(OSHA 1994)

Penalty For Non Compliance

i. A fine not exceeding RM50,000 or

ii. Imprisonment not exceeding 2 years

iii. Or both

Other Penalty / Fine

Common Law:

Affected person (employee or public) may take

legal action against the organization under the

Civil Law (Common Law).

PENALTY UNDER SECTION20-23 (OSHA 1994)

Duties of third party (suppliers /contractors)

To provide sufficient information.

To eliminate or reduce hazard.

To build and fix the equipment with safety Feature.

Penalty for non compliance.

i. A fine not exceeding RM20,000 or maximum

ii. 2 years imprisonment

iii. or both

PENALTY UNDER SECTION24-27 (OSHA 1994)

Duties of an Employee

To take reasonable safety and health measure for

himself and other persons;

To co-operate with his employer or any other

persons in the discharge of any duty;

To use and wear at all times, any protective

equipment or clothing provided by employer;

To comply with any instruction or measure on

occupational safety and health instituted by his employer

CONTPenalty for non compliance

i. A fine not exceeding RM1,000 or

ii. Imprisonment not exceeding 3 months

iii. Or both

Offences in relation to inspection Sec. 47A person who

(a) refuses access to a place of work to an officer or a person assisting him;

(b) obstructs the officer in the exercise of his powers under

this Act or any regulation made thereunder, or induces

or attempts to induce any other person to do so;

(c) fails to produce any document required under this Act by the officer;

(d) conceals the location or existence of any other person or any plant orsubstance from the officer;

(e) prevents or attempts to prevent any other person from assisting theofficer; or

(f) in any other way, hinders, impedes or opposes the officer in the exerciseof his powers under this Act or any regulation made thereunder,

shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to

a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit (RM 10,000.00) or toimprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to both

A person who without reasonable excuse fails tocomply with any improvement or prohibition noticeissued under section 48 shall be guilty of an offenceand shall, on conviction, be liable

i. to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit (RM50,000.00) or to imprisonment

ii. for a term not exceeding five years or to both, andto a further fine

iii. of five hundred ringgit (RM 500.00) for each dayduring which the offence continues

General penalty, Sec 51

A person who by any act or omission contravenes anyprovision of this Act or any regulation made thereundershall be guilty of an offence, and if no penalty isexpressly provided shall, on conviction,

i. be liable to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit(RM 10,000.00) or to

ii. imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or toboth and,

iii. in the case of a continuing offence, to a fine notexceeding one thousand ringgit (RM 1000.00) forevery day or part of a day during which the offencecontinues after conviction.

Psychological ApproachIn almost all the group studieda smallnumber of workers contributed morethan their share of accidents. This couldbe attributed both to individualdifferences in conditions of work and topersonal tendencies

E.M. Newbold, AccidentResearch,ed.W.Haddon,Jr (New York: Harper&Row, 1964)

CONTVision Investigations indicate a significant

difference in the injury experience between thegroups of workers who have eye defects andothers who do not.

Reaction time-Fletcher, as reported by Gray,found a difference in reaction time between goodand poor driving was considered staticallysignificant

- Relationship between perception and muscular responses andinjuries (person who tend to react more quickly than theyperceive are more likely to have accidents than are those whoperceive faster than they react)

- Relationship between intelligence and injury experience (Lauer,reported that automobile driver whose IQs are less than 75 aremore likely to have accidents)

CONTHearing In a study of physically handicappedit was reported that hearing defects appearedto have a greater influence on individual injuryexperience than any other physical impairment.

Age Age would seem to have somerelationship to accident experience. Schulzinger,reported a declining accident rate, for thegroups of persons studied, as the age-groupyears increased.

CONTExperience Fishers reported as anindividuals year of work experienceaccumulated, his or her injury potentialdecreased.

Emotional Instability Based on a clinicalstudy of 400 minor injury cases, it wasfound that more than half occurred when theworker was worried, apprehensive or in someother low emotional state. - It was estimatethat because of job and home difficulties, lossof sleep and fatigue.

Marital Status Shaffai-Sahrai found thatthe average number of married employeeswas higher in the firm with the bettersafety records than those with poorerrecords.

- Married workers were more settled and hadgreater responsibilities, which make themmore concerned about the possibleconsequences of an injury

Engineering ApproachNeed analysis - Include criteria for safe design by

understanding the hazards associated with theoperation of the system.

Feasibility studies

i. Identify the principles constraints-including safetyconstraints

ii. Generating possible solution

iii. Selecting possible solution based on physical andeconomic feasibility.

Trade studies Determine the relative desirability ofeach safeguard (effectiveness, cost, weight, size)

CONTSystem architecture development andanalysis breakdown the system intosubsystems to study safety constraint

Interface analysis define boundaries ofthe system components and optimizevisibility and control

Analytical AnalysisThere are several ways to identify hazard atworkplace such as :

i. Workplace inspection

ii. Management/worker discussion

iii. Independence audits

iv. Job Safety Analysis

v. Hazard and Operability Studies

vi. Accident statistics

Hazard ClassificationThe term "hazard classification is used to indicate thatonly the intrinsic hazardous properties of substancesand mixtures are considered and involves the following 3steps:

a) Identification of relevant data regarding the hazardsof a substance or mixture;

b) Subsequent review of those data to ascertain thehazards associated with the substance or mixture; and

c) A decision on whether the substance or mixture willbe classified as a hazardous substance or mixture andthe degree of hazard, where appropriate, by comparisonof the data with agreed hazard classification criteria.

Classification is the starting point for hazardcommunication. It involves the identificationof the hazard(s) of a chemical or mixture byassigning a category of hazard/danger usingdefined criteria.

The GHS is designed to be consistent andtransparent. It draws a clear distinctionbetween classes and categories in order toallow for "self classification".

http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/ghs.html

DISCUSSIs safety more a psychologicalproblem or more an engineeringproblem?, Discuss.

Questions& Comments