lecture 1 distillation (introduction)

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Lecture(1):Introduction

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Design Of Distillation Processes

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Course Description2 hours lecture, 2 hour tutorial per week, 3 credit hours.

Textbooks• Applied Process Design for chemical and Petrochemical

plants, Ernest E.ludvig, Volume2, Third Edition, 1997

Course Description & Textbooks

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Course Objective

• Provide information on the operation principles of distillation process.

• Introduce the student to phase equilibrium

• Provide information on the design procedure of distillation column• Provide methods of evaluation of distillation columns.

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• Introduction• Design of binary distillation column using

McCabe- Thiele method.• Design of binary distillation column using

Ponchon Savarit method.• Design of multi-components distillation

column .• Mechanical Design of distillation column .

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Course Outline

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• Attendance 10%

• Tutorials % 10

• Test 10%

• Final Exam %70

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Course work

Full mark: 100

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ATTENDANCE

COMPULSORY TO ATTEND ALL

LECTURES

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Cell phones

Silent mode

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Switch it off

Should be in

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Learning outcomes

By the end of the course the student will be able to :

• Understanding vapor liquid equilibrium .

• Design distillation Column

• Analysis the distillation processes.

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1st Lecture Content:

Distillation: Introduction. Types of Distillation. Advantage Of Distillation. Limitation of Distillation.

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Method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture.

The function of Distillation is to separate, by vaporization, a liquid mixture of miscible and volatile substances into individual/group components.

Distillation: Introduction


Distillation: Introduction

• Examples:a) The separation of a mixture of alcohol and

water into its componentb) The separation of crude petroleum into

gasoline, kerosene and fuel oil


separation of crude


Types of Distillation

• 2 types of operations:a) Batch distillationb) Continuous distillation

• 2 types of continuous distillation process:a) Flash distillation (without reflux)b) Rectification distillation (with reflux)


Batch Distillation• It is a simple distillation where the liquid is charged to a reboiler (still), is boiled slowly and the vapors are taken directly from the condenser.• Batch Distillation is used in some small plant to recover volatile products from liquid solution


Batch Distillation


Batch Distillation with Reflux• Batch distillation with a simple still does not give a good

separation unless the relative volatility is high.• Reflux is used to improve the performance of the batch still


Continuous Operation: Flash Distillation• Figure 21 .1 shows the elements of a flash distillation plant.

Continuous operation: Rectification Distillation

Continuous multi-stage columns consist of Vertical shell, internal trays/plates, a reboiler

to boil the liquid exiting the bottom of the column (thus return vapor to the column), a condenser to cool and condense the vapor leaving the top, and a reflux drum to hold the condensed vapor (and thus return liquid to the top of the column).

Definitions1.Enriching section or rectifying section of the

column are the stages (and condenser) above the feed stage.

2.Stripping section of the column are the stages (and reboiler) below the feed stage

3.Reflux stream is a stream that essentially recycles a portion of the vapor product stream back to the upper stage.

4. Boil up stream is a stream that essentially recycles a portion of the liquid product stream back to the lowest stage.


Advantage Of Distillation

• Ability to handle a wide range of throughput.• Ability to handle wide range of feed concentrations.• Ability to produce high product purity.


Limitation of DistillationDistillation of low molecular weight materials• Requires high pressure• Increasing condensing temperature• Refrigeration with high pressure is required for condensation• Very expensiveHigh molecular weight heat-sensitive materials*Distilled under vacuum to reduce boiling temperature* Use crystallization and liquid-liquid extraction Components with a low concentration : *Adsorption and absorption are both effective alternatives

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lecture 1 distillation (introduction)

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