lecture 1 background on the montreal protocol · the montreal protocol is an international treaty...
TRANSCRIPT
LECTURE 1
BACKGROUND ON THE
MONTREAL PROTOCOL CFC PHASE OUT ACTIVITIES
Noel Brown
March 2013
Slide 1 of 22
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
National Ozone Unit, Jamaica
National Environment and Planning Agency
Jane Gartshore, Cool Concerns Ltd
Slide 2 of 22
OVERVIEW
Montreal Protocol
Ozone Depletion
Climate Change
Greenhouse Effects
Slide 3 of 22
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty
design to protect the ozone layer by phasing out
the production and consumption of a number of
substances that are believed to be responsible for
the depletion of the ozone layer.
Slide 4 of 22
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
The treaty was opened for signature in September 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989.
Initially, the protocol was signed by 27 countries when it opened in September 1987, and subsequently ratified by 100 countries.
Jamaica ratified the treaty at the 1993 Vienna Convention.
As of September 16, 2009, all countries in the United Nations have ratified the original Montreal Protocol.
Slide 5 of 22
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Since the inception meeting, signatories to the
protocol have met on several occasions to discuss
the progress of the treaty.
Armed with further scientific evidence, they have
agreed to more stringent control.
It is believed that if the agreement is adhered to
in its strictest sense, the ozone layer is expected
to heal itself by 2050.
Slide 6 of 22
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
The treaty is structured around several
groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that
have been shown to play a significant role
in ozone depletion.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
Halons, (Halon 1211 and Halon1301)
Methyl Bromide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Methyl chloroform
Hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
Slide 7 of 22
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
The treaty also protects global climate since these ozone depleting substances are also potential greenhouse gases.
A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range: water vapour
carbon dioxide
methane
nitrous oxide
ozone
Slide 8 of 22
OZONE DEPLETION
The Ozone Layer act
as a filter to harmful
UV-B radiation
Slide 9 of 22
THE OZONE LAYER
Ozone is a form of oxygen
3 atoms (O3), unstable
The ozone layer is a fragile
layer 6 to 30 miles above the
surface of the earth.
Slide 10 of 22
OZONE DEPLETION
1 chlorine atom can destroy
100,000 ozone molecule before it
is removed from the
stratosphere.
Slide 11 of 22
TOO MUCH UV ….
Causes eye cataracts
Causes skin cancer
Reduces crop yields
Kills basic life forms
Slide 12 of 22
TOO MUCH UV ….
USA, 3% reduction in ozone
> 6% increase in UV
> extra 12 million cancer cases over
next 50 years
Australia has already recorded a 3 x increase in non melanoma skin cancers
Slide 13 of 22
OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL
Refrigerant Type ODP
R12 CFC 1.0
R22 HCFC 0.05
R502 CFC 0.35
R134a HFC 0
R290 HC 0
Slide 14 of 22
CLIMATE CHANGE
Slide 15 of 22
CLIMATE CHANGE
Slide 16 of 22
AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMP CHANGE
Slide 17 of 22
Slide 18 of 22
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS
Refrigerant Type GWP
R12 CFC 7300
R22 HCFC 1500
R408A HCFC 1300
R406A HCFC 1900
R141b HCFC 713
Slide 19 of 22
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS
Refrigerant Type GWP
R410A HFC 1725
R134a HFC 1300
R407C HFC 1600
R717 Ammonia 0
R290 HC 0
Slide 20 of 22
RESULTS SO FAR – A SUCCESS STORY
Without the Montreal Protocol ozone depletion would
have been about 10 times worse by 2050
19,000,000 more cases of non-melanoma cancer
1,500,000 more cases of melanoma cancer
130,000,000 more cases of eye cataracts
Slide 21 of 22
THE END
Slide 22 of 22