lecture (01) introduction to the microprocessor and...
TRANSCRIPT
By:
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١
Lecture (01)Introduction to the Microprocessor and
Computer
A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Microprocessor
• Called the CPU (central processing unit).
• The controlling element in a computer system.
• Controls memory and I/O through connections called buses.
• Memory and I/O controlled via instructions stored in memory, executed by the microprocessor.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢
The Microprocessor Age
• World’s first microprocessor the Intel 4004.
• A 4‐bit microprocessor‐programmable
• controller on a chip.
• 4‐bit‐wide memory locations.
– a bit is a binary digit with a value of one or zero
– 4‐bit‐wide memory location often called a nibble
• The 4004 instruction set contained 45 instructions.
• Fabricated with then P‐channel MOSFET technology.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣
• Executed instructions at slow rate 50 KIPs (kilo‐instructions per second).
• 4‐bit microprocessor debuted in early game systems and small control systems.
• Main problems with early microprocessor were speed, word width, and memory size.
• Evolution of 4‐bit microprocessor ended when Intel released the 4040, an updated 4004.
• operated at a higher speed; lacked improvements in word width and memory size.
• still survives in low‐end applications such as microwave ovens and small control systems
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٤
• Intel released 8008,it extended 8‐bit version of 4004 microprocessor
• Addressed expanded memory of 16K bytes.
• Contained additional instructions, 48 total.
• Somewhat small memory size, slow speed, and instruction set limited 8008 usefulness.
• Intel introduced 8080 microprocessor, first of the modern 8‐bit microprocessors .
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٥
What Was Special about the 8080?• 8080 addressed four times more memory.
– 64K bytes vs 16K bytes for 8008
• Executed additional instructions; 10x faster than 8008.
– addition taking 20 μs on an 8008‐based system, it required only 2.0 μs on an 8080‐based system
• TTL (transistor‐transistor logic) compatible, this made Interfacing much easier and less expensive.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٦
The 8085 Microprocessor
• Intel Corporation introduced an updated version of the 8080—the 8085.
• Last 8‐bit, general‐purpose microprocessor developed by Intel.
• Slightly more advanced than 8080; executed software at an even higher speed.
– 769,230 instructions per second vs 500,000 per second on the 8080.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٧
• Main advantages of 8085 were its internal clock generator, system controller, and higher clock frequency.
• Intel has sold over 100 million of the 8085.
– its most successful 8‐bit, general‐purpose microprocessor.
– also manufactured by many other companies, meaning over 200 million in existence
• Applications that contain the 8085 will likely continue to be popular.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٨
The Modern Microprocessor
• Intel released the 8086; a year or so later, it released the 8088.
• Both devices are 16‐bit microprocessors.
– executed instructions in as little as 400 ns (2.5 millions of instructions per second)
– major improvement over execution speed of 8085
• 8086 & 8088 addressed 1M byte of memory.
– 16 times more memory than the 8085.
• Higher speed and larger memory size allowed 8086 & 8088 to replace smaller minicomputers in many applications.
• Another feature was a 4 or 6‐byte instruction cache or queue that prefetched instructions before they were executed.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٩
• Improvements to the instruction set included multiply and divide instructions.
– missing on earlier microprocessors
• Number of instructions increased.
– from 45 on the 4004, to 246 on the 8085
– over 20,000 variations on the 8086 & 8088
• These microprocessors are called CISC (complex instruction set computers) because of the number and complexity of instructions.
– additional instructions eased task of developing efficient and sophisticated applications
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١٠
• 16‐bit microprocessor also provided more internal register storage space.
– additional registers allowed software to be written more efficiently.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١١
The 80286 Microprocessor
• Intel introduced the 80286 in 1983.
– an updated 8086
• Almost identical to the 8086/8088.
– addressed 16M‐byte memory system instead of a 1M‐byte system.
• Instruction set almost identical except for a few additional instructions.
– managed the extra 15M bytes of memory
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١٢
• 80286 clock speed increased in 8.0 Mhz version.
– executed some instructions in as little as 250 ns (4.0 MIPs)
• Some changes to internal execution of instructions led to 8X increase in speed for many instructions.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١٣
The 32‐Bit Microprocessor
• Applications demanded faster microprocessor speeds, more memory, and wider data paths.
• Led to the 80386 in 1986 by Intel.
– major overhaul of 16‐bit 8086–80286 architecture
• Intel’s first practical microprocessor to contain a 32‐bit data bus and 32‐bit memory address.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١٤
• Through 32‐bit buses, 80386 addressed up to 4G bytes of memory.
• 80386SX addressed 16M bytes of memory through a 16‐bit data and 24‐bit address bus.
• 80386SL/80386SLC addressed 32M bytes memory via 16‐bit data, 25‐bit address bus.
• 80386SLC contained an internal cache to process data at even higher rates.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١٥
• Intel released 80386EX in 1995.
• Called an embedded PC.
– contains all components of the AT class computer on a single integrated circuit.
• 24 lines for input/output data.
• 26‐bit address bus; 16‐bit data bus.
• DRAM refresh controller.
• Programmable chip selection logic
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١٦
The 80486 Microprocessor
• In 1989 Intel released the 80486.
• 80386‐like microprocessor.
• 8K‐byte cache memory system.
• Internal structure of 80486 modified so about half of its instructions executed in one clock instead of two clocks.
• Available in a 50 MHz version, about half of instructions executed in 25 ns (50 MIPs)
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١٧
The Pentium Microprocessor
• Introduced 1993, Pentium was similar to 80386 and 80486 microprocessors.
• Originally labeled the P5 or 80586.
• Introductory versions operated with a clocking frequency of 60 MHz & 66 MHz, and a speed of 110 MIPs.
• Cache size was increased to 16K bytes from the 8K cache found in 80486.
• 8K‐byte instruction cache and data cache.
• Memory system up to 4G bytes.
• Data bus width increased to a full 64 bits.
• Wider data bus width accommodated double precisionfloating‐point numbers used in high speed, vector‐generated graphical displays.Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١٨
•
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors١٩
Pentium Pro Processor
• A recent entry, formerly named the P6.
• 21 million transistors, integer units, floating point unit to increase the performance of software.
• Clock frequency 150 and 166 MHz
• Internal 16K level‐one (L1) cache.
– 8K data, 8K for instructions
– Pentium Pro contains 256K level‐two (L2) cache
• Pentium Pro uses three execution engines, to execute up to three instructions at a time.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢٠
Pentium II and Pentium XeonMicroprocessors• Pentium II, released 1997, represents new direction for Intel.
• Intel has placed Pentium II on a small circuit board, instead of being an integrated circuit.
• Newer Pentium II uses a 100 MHz bus speed.
• Higher speed memory bus requires 8 ns SDRAM.
• Intel announced new version of Pentium II called Xeon .
– Designed for high‐end workstation and server applications
• Xeon available with 32K L1 cache and L2 cache size of 512K, 1M, or 2M bytes.
• Newer product represents strategy change.
– Intel produces a professional and home/business version of the Pentium IIDr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢١
Pentium III Microprocessor
• Faster than Pentium II.
• Pentium III available with clock frequencies up to 1 GHz.
• Slot 1 version contains a 512K cache;
• flip‐chip version contains 256K cache.
• Flip‐chip cache runs at CPU clock speed;
• Slot 1 cache version runs at one‐half CPU clock speed.
• Both versions use 100 MHz memory bus.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢٢
Pentium 4 and Core2Microprocessors• Pentium 4 first made available in late 2000.
– most recent version of Pentium called Core2
– uses Intel P6 architecture.
• Pentium 4 available to 3.2 GHz and faster.
– supporting chip sets use DDR SDRAM in place of SDRAM technology.
• Core2 is available at speeds of up to 3 GHz.
• A likely change is a shift from aluminum to copper interconnections inside the microprocessor.
• Copper is a better conductor.
– should allow increased clock frequencies.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢٣
• Biggest advancement is inclusion of multiple cores.
– each core executes a separate task in a program
• Increases speed of execution if program is written to take advantage of multiple cores.
– called multithreaded applications (A multithreaded process with two threads executing in time clearly showing that the threads execute separately and execute mutually exclusively in time.)
• Intel manufactures dual and quad core versions; number of cores will likely increase to eight or even sixteen.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢٤
• In 2002, Intel released a new architecture 64 bits in width with a 128‐bit data bus.
• Named Itanium.
• The Itanium architecture allows greater parallelism than traditional architectures.
• 128 general‐purpose integer and 128 floating point registers; 64 predicate registers.
• Many execution units to ensure enough hardware resources for software.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢٥
THE MICROPROCESSORBASEDPERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM• Computers have undergone many changes recently.
• Machines that once filled large areas reduced to small desktop computer systems because of the microprocessor.
• Figure shows block diagram of the personal computer.
• Diagram composed of three blocks interconnected by buses.
• bus is the set of common connections that carry the same type of information.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢٦
•
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢٧
The Memory and I/O System
• Memory structure of all Intel‐based personal computers similar.
• Figure illustrates memory map of a personal computer system.
• This map applies to any IBM personal computer.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢٨
•
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٢٩
transient program area
• The memory system is divided into three main
• parts:
1. TPA (transient program area).
2. System area.
3. XMS (extended memory system), the type of microprocessor in your computer determines whether an extended memory system exists.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣٠
The TPA (conventional memory)
• The transient program area (TPA) holds the DOS (disk operating system) operating system; other programs that control the computer system.
– Stores any currently active or inactive DOS application programs.
– Length of the TPA is 640K bytes.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣١
The System Area (upper memory area)
• Smaller than the TPA; just as important.
• The system area contains programs on read only (ROM), and areas of read/write (RAM) memory for data storage.
• upper memory area (UMA) refers to memory between the addresses of 640 KB and 1024 KB (0xA0000–0xFFFFF) in an IBM PC or compatible.
• IBM reserved the uppermost 384 KB of the 8088 CPU's 1024 KB address space for ROM, RAM on peripherals, and memory‐mapped input/output.
• For example, the monochrome video memory area runs from 704 to 736 KB (0xB0000–B7FFF).
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣٢
I/O Space
• I/O devices allow the microprocessor to communicate with the outside world.
• I/O port address is similar to a memory address, except that instead of addressing memory, it addresses an I/O device.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣٣
The Microprocessor
• Called the CPU (central processing unit).
• The controlling element in a computer system.
• Controls memory and I/O through connections called buses.
• Memory and I/O controlled via instructions stored in memory, executed by the microprocessor.
• Microprocessor performs three main tasks:
– data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems.
– simple arithmetic and logic operations.
– program flow via simple decisions.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣٤
• Power of the microprocessor is capability to execute billions of millions of instructions per second from a program or software (group of instructions) stored in the memory system.
• Another powerful feature is the ability to make simple decisions based upon numerical facts.
– a microprocessor can decide if a number is zero, positive, and so forth
• These decisions allow the microprocessor to modify the program flow, so programs appear to think through these simple decisions.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣٥
Buses
• A common group of wires that interconnect components in a computer system.
• Transfer address, data, & control information between microprocessor, memory and I/O.
• Three buses exist for this transfer of information: address, data, and control.
• Figure shows how these buses interconnect various system components.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣٦
•
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣٧
• The address bus requests a memory location from the memory or an I/O location from the I/O devices.
• The data bus transfers information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O address space.
• Data transfers vary in size, from 8 bits wide to 64 bits wide in various members of the Intel microprocessor family.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣٨
• Control bus lines select and cause memory or I/O to perform a read or write operation.
• In most computer systems, there are four control bus connections:
• MRDC (memory read control)
• MWTC (memory write control)
• IORC (I/O read control)
• IOWC (I/O write control).
• overbar indicates the control signal is activelow.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٣٩
• These control signal names are slightly different in various versions of the microprocessor.
• The microprocessor reads a memory location by sending the memory an address through the address bus.
• Next, it sends a memory read control signal to cause the memory to read data.
• Finally data read from memory are passed to the microprocessor through the data bus.
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٤٠
Thanks,..
See you next week (ISA),…
Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Spring 2017, Microprocessors٤١