lect 7 behavioristic and cognitive behavioral perspective - copy.ppt

7/30/2019 lect 7 Behavioristic and Cognitive Behavioral perspective - Copy.ppt

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1 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e

The Behavioral Model

Behavioral theorists believe that ouractions are determined largely by ourexperiences in life

Concentrates wholly on behaviors andenvironmental factors

Bases explanations and treatments on

principles of learning


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The Behavioral Model

The model began in laboratories whereconditioning studies were conducted

Several forms of conditioning:

Operant conditioning

Modeling

Classical conditioningAll may produce normal or abnormal

behavior


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How Do Behaviorists Explain Abnormal

Functioning?

Operant conditioning

Humans and animals learn to behave

in certain ways as a result of receivingrewards whenever they do so

Operant conditioning also known as

instrumental conditioningLearning based on reinforcements and

punishments.


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Reinforcements can be positive(pleasurable) or negative (the removal ofsomething unpleasurable and alwaysincrease the probability that a behaviorwill be repeated.

Punishments, or aversive consequencesdecrease the likelihood that behaviorswill be repeated.

Edward Thorndike pioneer in study ofoperant conditioning


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Operant Conditioning Cont

Law of effect-Thorndikes principle that

behaviors followed by pleasurableconsequences are likely to be repeatedwhile behaviors followed by aversive

consequences are not. When applying operant conditioning

explanation, abnormal behavior is learned

when it has been reinforced in some way orwhen normal behavior has been punished.(e.g., a child who only receives attentionfrom parents when he/she acts out.)


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Modeling/Social Learning

3rd form of learning described by

behaviorists also referred to as vicarious

conditioning

Learning based on observing and imitatingthe behavior of others. (e.g., children who

watched an adult act aggressively toward a

large doll later acted aggressively toward thedoll themselves, while other children who

watched an adult play calmly with the same

doll imitated the calm adults behavior.


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Classical conditioning

Learning by temporal association

When two events repeatedly occur closetogether in time, they become fused in apersons mind; before long, the person

responds in the same way to both eventsFather of classical conditioning: Ivan Pavlov

(1849 1936)

Classic study using dogs and meat powderExplains many familiar behaviors (both

normal and abnormal)


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During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UCR(salivation)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)


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Behavioral Therapies

Aim to identify the behaviors that arecausing problems and replace them

with more appropriate ones

May use classical conditioning,

operant conditioning, or modeling

Therapist is teacher rather thanhealer


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Behavioral Therapies

Classical conditioning treatments may beused to change abnormal reactions toparticular stimuli

Example: systematic desensitization forphobia

Step-by-step procedure

Learn relaxation skills

Construct a fear hierarchy

Confront feared situations


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Assessing the Behavioral Model

Strengths:

Powerful force in the field

Can be tested in the laboratory

Significant research support forbehavioral therapies


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Weaknesses:Too simplistic

Behavior therapy is limited

Downplays role of cognition

New focus onself-efficacy, social cognition, and

cognitive-behavioral theories

Abnormal Psychology 1 12


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The Cognitive Model

Seeks to account for behavior by studyingthe ways in which the person attends to,

interprets, and uses available information

Argues that clinicians must ask questionsabout assumptions, attitudes, and

thoughts of a client

Concerned with internal processes

Present-focused


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How Do Cognitive Theorists Explain

Abnormal Functioning?

Maladaptive thinking is the cause of

maladaptive behavior

Several kinds of faulty thinking:

Faulty assumptions and attitudes

Illogical thinking processesExample: overgeneralization


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Cognitive Therapies

People can develop a new way of thinking toprevent maladaptive behavior

Main model: Becks Cognitive Therapy

The goal of therapy is to help clientsrecognize and restructure their thinking

Therapists also guide clients to challenge

their dysfunctional thoughts, try out newinterpretations, and apply new ways of

thinking in their daily lives

Widely used in treating depression


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Assessing the Cognitive Model

Strengths:

Very broad appeal

Clinically useful and effectiveFocuses on a uniquely human process

Theories lend themselves to research

Therapies effective in treating several

disorders


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Weaknesses:Precise role of cognition in

abnormality has yet to be

determined

Singular, narrow focus

Overemphasis on the presentLimited effectiveness

Abnormal Psychology 1 17


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COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES

Over the past 20 years, the cognitive and

behavioural theories have become more inter-connected, emphasizing both behaviour and

thinking

Bandura social learning theory

self-control

self-efficacy

Cognitive-behavioural therapy is becoming the

dominant aradi m in clinical s cholo


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AND COGNITIVE- BEHAVIOURAL

TREATMENTS

Problem-solving trainingDZurilla &

Goldfried

Self-instructional training - Meichenbaum

Cognitive-behavioural therapy is becoming

the dominant paradigm in clinical psychology


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lect 7 behavioristic and cognitive behavioral perspective - copy.ppt

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