lec.23.pptx dislocations

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11/14/11 1 23. Disloca/ons I Main Topics A Disloca/ons and other defects in solids B Significance of disloca/ons C Planar disloca/ons D Displacement and stress fields for a screw disloca/on (mode III) 11/14/11 GG303 1 23. Disloca/ons 11/14/11 GG303 2 hHp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Photoglossary/fissure4_large.JPG

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A Dislocations and other defects in solidsB Significance of dislocationsC Planar dislocationsD Displacement and stress fields for a screw dislocation (mode III)

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Page 1: Lec.23.pptx Dislocations

11/14/11  

1  

23.  Disloca/ons  

I  Main  Topics    

A  Disloca/ons  and  other  defects  in  solids    B  Significance  of  disloca/ons    C  Planar  disloca/ons    

D  Displacement  and  stress  fields  for  a  screw  disloca/on  (mode  III)  

11/14/11   GG303   1  

23.  Disloca/ons  

11/14/11   GG303   2  

hHp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Photoglossary/fissure4_large.JPG  

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23.  Disloca/ons  

11/14/11   GG303   3  

hHp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Mackenzie_dike_swarm.png  

23.  Disloca/ons  

II  Disloca/ons  and  other  defects  in  solids    A  Disloca/ons  

1    Originally,  extra  (or  missing)  planes  or  par/al  planes  of  material  (e.g.,  atoms)  

11/14/11   GG303   4  

hHp://www.T.uni-­‐kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_ge/kap_5/backbone/r5_2_2.html  

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23.  Disloca/ons  

II  Disloca/ons  and  other  defects  in  solids    A  Disloca/ons  (cont.)  

2    Evidence  for  disloca/ons  from  electron  microscopy  

11/14/11   GG303   5  

hHp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disloca/on  

Transmission  Electron  Micrograph  Of  Disloca/ons  

23.  Disloca/ons  

II  Disloca/ons  and  other  defects  in  solids    A  Disloca/ons  (cont.)  

3    Con/nuum  mechanics  usage:  surfaces  across  which  displacements  are  discon/nuous  

11/14/11   GG303   6  

hHp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Photoglossary/fault2_large.jpg  

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23.  Disloca/ons  

II  Disloca/ons  and  other  defects  in  solids  (cont.)    B  Point  defects  1  Originally,  extra  (or  missing)  volumes  (e.g.,  atoms)  

2    Displacements  are  discon/nuous  across  point  defects  

11/14/11   GG303   7  

hHp://www.ndt-­‐ed.org/Educa/onResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Chrystal-­‐Defects.jpg  

23.  Disloca/ons  

III  Significance  of  disloca/ons  

A    Account  for  permanent  plas/c  deforma/on  in  crystals    

B    Account  for  the  low  observed  strength  of  crystals  rela/ve  to  theore/cal  predic/ons    

11/14/11   GG303   8  

hHp://www.ndt-­‐ed.org/Educa/onResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Chrystal-­‐Defects.jpg  

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23.  Disloca/ons  

III  Significance  of  disloca/ons  C  They  provide  useful  

quan/ta/ve  descrip/on  of  rela/ve  mo/ons  across  surfaces  across  a  broad  range  of  scale  (crystals  [10-­‐6  m]  to  plate  boundaries  [106  m])  –  ~12  orders  of  magnitude!  

11/14/11   GG303   9  

hHp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disloca/on  

Disloca/on  model  of  subduc/on  zone  

From  Bevis  and  Martel,  2001  

Transmission  Electron  Micrograph  

23.  Disloca/ons  

III  Significance  of  disloca/ons  D  Disloca/ons  induce  tremendous  stress  concentra/ons  and  account  for  “large”  deforma/ons  under  small  “average”  stresses  

11/14/11   GG303   10  

hHp://pangea.stanford.edu/research/geomech/Faculty/crack.html  

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23.  Disloca/ons  

IV  Planar  disloca/ons    A  Represented  

mathema/cally  as  infinitely  long  cut  with  a  straight  edge    

B  Rela/ve  displacement  (of  one  side  of  the  disloca/on  rela/ve  to  the  other)  across  a  disloca/on  is  called  the  Burger’s  vector  b.  

11/14/11   GG303   11  

23.  Disloca/ons  

D  Edge  disloca/on    1  Accommodate  opening  

or  sliding  mo/ons    2  Displacement  is  

exclusively  perpendicular  to  the  disloca/on  edge    

3  Displacement  can  be  parallel  or  perpendicular  to  the  disloca/on  plane    

11/14/11   GG303   12  

hHp://www.T.uni-­‐kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_ge/kap_5/backbone/r5_2_2.html  

View  along  edge  of  edge  disloca/on  

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23.  Disloca/ons  

11/14/11   GG303   13  

blog.faTreevegan.com  hHp://www.T.uni-­‐kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_ge/kap_5/backbone/r5_2_2.html  

Extra  half-­‐plane  of  atoms  in  lajce  

Extra  row  of  kernels  in  an  ear  of  corn  D  Edge  disloca/on  (cont.)    4  Analogy:  an  extra  row  of  corn  kernels  on  

a  cob  of  corn    

23.  Disloca/ons  

D  Edge  disloca/on  (cont.)    

5  Macroscopic  geologic  use:  modeling  dikes  or  faults  

11/14/11   GG303   14  

hHp://www.experimentalstress.com/topic/reflect.jpg  hHp://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/24ds182_cap/on.html  

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23.  Disloca/ons  

11/14/11   GG303   15  

C  Screw  disloca/on  

1  Accommodate  a  tearing  mo/on    

2  Displacement  is  exclusively  parallel  to  the  disloca/on  edge    

3  Analogy:  a  lock  washer  or  a  360°  spiral  staircase    

Disloca/on  edge  

hHp://www.T.uni-­‐kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_ge/kap_5/backbone/r5_2_2.html  

hHp:///www.boltsplus.com  

23.  Disloca/ons  

11/14/11   GG303   16  

hHp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Photoglossary/fault2_large.jpg  

hHp://www.T.uni-­‐kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_ge/kap_5/backbone/r5_2_2.html  

C  Screw  disloca/on  4  Macroscopic  geologic  use:  modeling  faults  

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23.  Disloca/ons  V  Displacement  and  stress  fields  for  a  

screw  disloca/on  (mode  III)    A    Displacement  parallel  to  the  

disloca/on  edge  (w)  increases  uniformly  along  a  spiral-­‐like  circuit  from  one  side  of  the  disloca/on  to  the  other  (for  a  right-­‐handed  screw  disloca/on,  point  your  right  thumb  along  the  disloca/on  edge;  displacement  parallel  to  the  edge  increases  in  the  direc/on  your  fingers  curl.  

B    Angular  posi/on:  θ  =  tan-­‐1(y/x)  C  w  =  bθ/2π  D  An/-­‐plane  strain  (u,v  =  0)  

11/14/11   GG303   17  

23.  Disloca/ons  

11/14/11   GG303   18  

Normal  Strains  

Shear    Strains  

Cylindrical  Reference  Frame  ur  =  0,  uθ  =  0,  w  =  bθ/2π  

εrr =12

∂ur∂r

+∂ur∂r

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

εrr = 0

εrθ =121r∂ur∂θ

+∂uθ∂r

−uθr

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

εrθ = εθr = 0

εθθ =urr+1r∂uθ∂θ

εθθ = 0

εθz =12

∂uθ∂z

+1r∂w∂θ

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

εθz = ε zθ =b4πr

ε zz =12

∂w∂z

+∂w∂z

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

ε zz = 0

ε zr =12

∂w∂r

+∂ur∂z

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

ε zr = εrz = 0

*  The  deriva/ves  are  very  easy  to  do.    Check  them  to  verify  the  solu/ons.  

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23.  Disloca/ons  

11/14/11   GG303   19  

Normal  Strains  

Shear    Strains  

Cartesian  Reference  Frame  u  =  0,  v  =  0,  w  =  b[tan-­‐1(y/x)]/2π  

ε xx =12

∂u∂x

+∂u∂x

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

ε xx = 0

ε xy =12

∂u∂y

+∂v∂x

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

ε xy = 0

ε yy =12

∂v∂y

+∂y∂y

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

ε yy = 0

ε yz =12

∂v∂z

+∂w∂y

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

ε yz =b4π

xx2 + y2

ε yz =b4π

xr2

ε zz =12

∂w∂z

+∂w∂z

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

ε zz = 0

ε xz =12

∂u∂z

+∂w∂x

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

ε xz =−b4π

yx2 + y2

ε xz =−b4π

yr2

*  The  deriva/ves  are  s/ll  rather  easy  to  do.    Check  them  to  verify  the  solu/ons.  

23.  Disloca/ons  

11/14/11   GG303   20  

σ rθ = σθr = 2Gεrθ = 0

σθz = σ zθ = 2Gεθz =Gb2πr

σ rθ = σθr = 2Gεrθ = 0εrr = 0εθθ = 0ε zz = 0

Strains   Stresses  

σ rr = 0σθθ = 0σ zz = 0

εrθ = εθr = 0

εθz = ε zθ =Gb4πr

εrθ = εθr = 0

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23.  Disloca/ons  

11/14/11   GG303   21  

ε xy = ε yx = 0 σ xy = σ yx = 2Gε xy = 0

ε yz =b4π

xx2 + y2

σ yz = σ zy = 2Gε yz =Gb2π

xx2 + y2

=Gb2π

xr2

ε xz =−b4π

yx2 + y2

σ xz = σ zx = 2Gε xz =−Gb2π

yx2 + y2

=−Gb2π

yr2

ε xx = 0 σ xx = 0

ε yy = 0 σ yy = 0

ε zz = 0 σ zz = 0

Strains   Stresses  

23.  Disloca/ons  Key  points  a  Only  the  shear  stresses  

ac/ng  on  a  plane  normal  to  the  z-­‐direc/on  or  in  the  z-­‐  direc/on  are  non-­‐zero  

b  The  stresses  are  singular  (i.e.,  go  to  infinity)  near  the  disloca/on  edge:  a  powerful  stress  concentra/on  exists  there.  

c  This  theore/cal  singular  stress  concentra/on  exists  no  maHer  how  small  G  or  the  rela/ve  displacement  b  is,  provided  G  >  0  and  b  >  0.  

11/14/11   GG303   22  

σθz = σ zθ =Gb2πr

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23.  Disloca/ons  SUPERPOSTION  OF  TWO  (INFINITE)  SCREW  DISLOCATIONS  (A,B)    

TO  FORM  A  FINITE  DISPLACEMENT  DISCONTINTUITY  (C)  

11/14/11   GG303   23