lec 3. ch.2p1 tp and decision making
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Lec 3. Ch.2P1 TP and Decision Making. Part 1: Topics. 2.1 Institutional framework for transportation DM 2.2 Evolving perspective of the planning and DM process 2.3 Conceptual models of DM 2.4 The elements of DM: Development of a transportation planning process Part 2 covers: 2.5 and 2.6. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Lec 3. Ch.2P1 TP and Decision Making
2.1 Institutional framework for transportation DM 2.2 Evolving perspective of the planning and DM process 2.3 Conceptual models of DM 2.4 The elements of DM: Development of a transportation
planning process
Part 2 covers: 2.5 and 2.6
Part 1: Topics
2.1 Institutional framework for TP DM
Organizations created to provide and manage transportation services
Formal process of interaction among, and production from, these organizations, that is often mandated by other levels of government
Informal personal and group dynamic relationships that make the process work
Political, legal, and fiscal constraints Positive or negative roles of specific individuals
or groups
A common characteristic of all transportation decision making is that it occurs within an institutional framework that is often similar from one metropolitan area to another.
2.1 Institutional framework for TP DM (Example – Utah Commuter Link by UDOT)
SLC
SL Co
WFRC
Div. Of Public Safety
Multiple organizations
Formal process
Informal personal & group dynamic relationship
Political, legal, fiscal constraints
See Fig 2.1 Institutional barriers.
2.2 An evolving perspective on the planning and DM process
A concise history describing how the characteristics of transportation planning process evolved. Read and get a feel of how it evolved, or it was forced to evolve in the past few decades.
* TP process evolved from the rational approach to participatory approach
Public involvement
Consensusbuilding
Ameliorationproject impacts
The paradigm has changed: from simply accommodating demands for increased personal mobility to more sustainable transportation system planning.
The rational approach – typical steps
Define goals and objectives
Identify problems
Generate alternatives
Evaluate alternatives
Select optimal alternatives
Note that these steps still must exist. The differences between the rational approach as used in 60’s and the participatory approach in later years are, in the original “rational” approach:
More concern on the personal mobility or lowest travel cost, not much concern on its impacts on the society and environment
Process itself was the goal
Not much involvement by the public
“Comprehensive” “large scale”
(Often a lowest cost alternative)
2.3 Conceptual models of decision making
Trans. planningTDM-type planning
Region-wide rail networkA wide variety of decision makings takes place in
transportation planning. And the DM process is affected by many factors Make it difficult to categorize DM types.
Here the authors try to categorize DM approaches. They apply not just transportation planning but to any DM situations. Find a DM situation that involves multiple agencies and people and analyze which approach best describes its DM process.
Type, frequency, structure, complexity
of the decisions
Characteristics, capabilities, needs
of the DMs
Organizationaland political
context
5 DM approachesThe rational actor approach
Assumes a rational, completely informed set of decision makers whose criterion of decision is maximizing the attainment of an explicit set of goals and objectives. (comprehensive knowledge assumed)
The satisficing approach
Although still based on the concept of rational choice, suggests that DM choose alternatives that satisfy some minimum level of acceptability or induce the least harm or disturbance.
The Incremental approach
Decision makers focus only on those policies that differ incrementally from existing policies.
The organizational process approach
Places decision making within an organizational context and identifies the organizational characteristics that limit or constrain decision-maker choice.
The political bargaining approach
Decisions result from bargaining and the approach searches for consensus among the many participants in a decision process.
2.4 Major characteristics of the DM process
1. Pluralistic
3. Consensus-seeking
Or constituency-building
5. Uncertainty-avoiding
2. Resourceallocative
4. Problem-simplifying
Compromise,
Negotiation,
Bargaining
Special interest
groups, short-term issues
Hence, providing DMs with the knowledge necessary to make informed decisions is the duty of the planner.
Examples
Pluralistic: Referendum on transportation sales tax (like, commuter train ¼ cent/$1 tax)
Resource-allocative: Adoption of a transportation budget (lack of state budget, cancellation of a highway project connecting Alpine and Draper)
Consensus-seeking: Use of market research to gauge the attitudes and opinions of voters facing a referendum; advisory committees to develop plans
Problem-simplifying: Defining transportation problems as being too many cars
Uncertainty-avoiding: Use of scenarios in community visions; staged implementation of transportation projects to develop more certain portions first
In summary… (for ch2 part 1)
UTP process evolved from the concept of rational choice to the participatory or advocacy planning approach
The characteristics of a decision-oriented planning process depend on the type of decision-making approach assumed. 5 processes were presented: the rational actor approach, the satisficing approach, incremental approach, organizational process, and political bargaining approach.
The major characteristics of the DM process identified in this book are: pluralistic, resource-allocative, consensus-seeking, problem-simplifying, and uncertainty-avoiding.