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Life Expectancy and Mortality in Vienna and Austria An International Comparison

English

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Table of Contents

Introduction 3

Age Structure 4 Vienna´s Position among European Cities 4 Austria´s Position among European Countries 6

Life Expectancy 8 Vienna´s Position among European Cities 9 Austria´s Position among European Countries 10

Healthy Life Expectancy 18

Mortality 22 Infant Mortality 22

Vienna´s Position among European Cities 23

Austria´s Position among European Countries 24

Overall Mortality 26

Vienna´s Position among European Cities 27

Austria´s Position among European Countries 28

Causes of Death 33 Austria´s Position among European Countries 33

Avoidable Mortality and Lost Life Years 36 Austria´s Position among European Countries 37

Proposed bibliographical reference: City of Vienna (Stadt Wien; ed.), Life Expectancy and Mortality in Vienna and Austria – An International Comparison. Vienna, May 2003.

Imprint

Author Eleonore BACHINGER Translation Sylvi RENNERT Layout and Graphic Design Bernhard AMANSHAUSER Cover Design Robert SABOLOVIC Cover Photo Alexandra WERBA Publisher City of Vienna (Stadt Wien)

Healthcare Planning and Financial Management (BGF) – Health Reporting (Gesundheitsberichterstattung) Schottenring 24, A-1010 Vienna Production: Reumiller & Reumiller OEG, Vienna

http://www.wien.at/who/berichte/index.htm

LIFE EXPECTANCY AND MORTALITY – AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON 2

http://www.wien.at/who/berichte/index.htm


Introduction

Introduction Austria has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995. With just over 8 million inhabitants and a total area of 84,000 sq km, it has a population density of 96 persons per sq km. 21 percent of the population are aged 60 years or over, while 17.5 percent are under 15 years old.

Vienna (1.55 million inhabitants) is not only the federal capital, but also one of the nine federal provinces (Länder). Therefore, Vienna has its own public health care administration.

The Austrian public health care system is characterised by the interaction of public, private nonprofit, and private entities. The compulsory, income-dependent health and social insurance is based on the principle of solidarity (paid for half by the employees, half by the employers; coverage extends to dependants as well as to unemployed and retired persons) and covers 99 percent of the population. Free choice of medical practitioner and largely free choice of hospital, as well as a lack of waiting lists, are other features of the Austrian health care system.

Just as other Western European countries, Austria is facing the phenomenon of a marked increase in life expectancy – which is likely to continue – and decreasing mortality, especially among the older age groups. Together with the ageing of the post-war baby boom generation, this results in a considerable change in the demographic structure, as well as in a serious structural change in morbidity, as many of the most frequent diseases today are age-related.

This report is designed as a detailed summary of the more extensive report on “Life Expectancy and Mortality in Vienna”, placing particular emphasis on international benchmarking. To date, there are hardly any statistical comparisons of health data at the regional level. A large part of the statistical data on cities presented in this brochure was therefore collected directly in the individual countries, as were the updates on national data from international statistical comparisons (OECD, WHO). This publication is a contribution of the Vienna health reporting system to the regional comparison of public health data at the European level, which is of growing interest to all those concerned.

International reference values and the individual statistical data provide relevant additional information on the position of the own country or city within Europe. This provides inspiration and motivation for improving the national public health care policy and visualises past successes. The increasing globalisation and opening up of Europe entail new challenges and opportunities in the area of public health for all European governments. Common needs and the comparison of health statistics can therefore become a driving force for identifying common priorities in public health care policy.

Vienna has been a part of various European city networks for many years, such as the WHO Healthy Cities network since 1989, and the EU Megapoles network since 1997. Vienna will also participate actively in a number of planned EU projects on regional health reporting in Europe.



Age Structure

Age Structure

Population

The results of the last population census show that as of the reference date 15 May 2001, Austria had a total of 8.032.926 inhabitants. 1.550.123 persons had their main residence in Vienna. 16 percent of Vienna´s resident population are foreign citizens; their share is especially significant among the young population.

Female Share

51.6 percent of the Austrian and 52.8 percent of the Viennese population are women. In the age group 60 and over, however, the share of women is 59 percent for Austria and 62 percent for Vienna. In the age group 75 and over, the share of women is even higher: more than 69 percent for Austria, and more than 71 percent for Vienna.

Vienna´s Position among European Cities An inter-city comparison of European cities places Vienna, with its share of children of approx. 15 percent, near the European average, together with Copenhagen, Budapest, Warsaw and Bratislava. Paris and London have the highest shares of children – both cities also have a high share of young immigrant families. The Italian industrial cities Genoa and Milan have the lowest percentage of children, and Barcelona and Zurich also have significantly lower values than other European cities (cf. fig. 1).

Age Structure

21 percent of the Austrian population are 60 years old or over, some 7 percent are aged 75 or over, and just under 17 percent are children, i.e. under 15 years old.

In Vienna, just under 22 percent of the resident population are aged 60 or over, placing Vienna near the Austrian average. 58 percent are under 45 years old. The share of children (under 15 years old) of only 15 percent, however, places Vienna at the bottom of the national table together with Burgenland.

With a proportion of elderly people of approximately 21 percent, Vienna ranks relatively high, together with Warsaw and Budapest. Genoa, Milan and Barcelona have the highest proportions of elderly people, while Paris has the lowest share by far. Madrid, Copenhagen, London and Bratislava are below average, as well (cf. fig. 2).

4 LIFE EXPECTANCY AND MORTALITY – AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON


Fig. 1: Proportion of the population aged under 15. Vienna compared to other European cities 1)

1) Cities with available data only. Data for 1999 or 2000.

Source: City of Vienna Pocket Statistics, edition 2002.

Fig. 2: Proportion of the population aged over 60. Vienna compared to other European cities1)

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

Perc

enta

ge o

f pop

ulat

ion

> 60

yea

rs

Perc

enta

ge o

f pop

ulat

ion

< 15

yea

rs 20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

Paris

Mad

rid

Cope

nhag

en

Lond

on

Brat

isla

va

Hels

inki

Oslo

Gene

va

Stoc

khol

m

Berli

n

Prag

ue

Colo

gne

Brus

sels

War

saw

Vien

na

Buda

pest

Fran

kfur

t/M.

Zuric

h

Mun

ich

Ham

burg

Barc

elon

a

Mila

n

Geno

a

11.6

15.

0 16.5

16.6

16.6 17

.9

18.2 19

.2 20.0 20

.820

.9

21.1

21.2

21.4

21.4

21.6

22.1 22

.7

22.9

23.4

27.5 28.3

32

.3

Geno

a

Mila

n

Barc

elon

a

Zuric

h

Colo

gne

Fran

kfur

t/M

Mun

ich

Ham

burg

Prag

ue

Berli

n

Buda

pest

Cope

nhag

en

Vien

na

War

saw

Brat

isla

va

Mad

rid

Stoc

khol

m

Hels

inki

Gene

va

Oslo

Brus

sels

Lond

on

Paris

10.2 10.6 11

.6

12.0 12

.7

12.8

13.0 13.5

13.5

13.8

14.0

14.2 14.7

14.9

15.2 15

.8

16.0 16

.8 1

9.3 20.1

14.6

17.8

16.7

25.0

Age Structure

1) Cities with available data only. Data for 1999 or 2000.




Age Structure

Austria´s Position among European Countries Compared to the other European countries, Austria ranks percent) is among the highest in Europe. The following two low regarding the proportion of children (not quite 17 per- maps of Europe illustrate the ranking of the individual Eucent), while the proportion of persons aged 60 or over (21 ropean countries.

Table 1: Europe: Proportion of children and elderly people as percent of total population

Country Percentage of total population

under 15 years 65 years an over

Austria 16.6 21.0 Belarus 18.3 19.1 Belgium 17.6 21.9 Bosnia and Herzegovina 23.6 11.1 Bulgaria 15.5 21.8 Croatia 19.8 18.6 Czech Republic 16.2 18.5 Denmark 18.6 19.8 Estonia 17.7 21.2 Finland 18.1 20.0 France 18.8 20.6 FYR of Macedonia 22.0 14.5 Germany 15.5 23.6 Greece 15.2 23.1 Hungary 17.1 19.7 Iceland 23.2 15.0 Ireland 21.5 15.0 Italy 14.4 24.3 Latvia 17.3 21.5 Lithuania 19.1 18.8 Luxembourg 19.0 19.1 Malta 19,9 16,9 Moldova 23.8 13.6 Netherlands 18.6 18.2 Norway 20.0 19.3 Poland 18.8 16.7 Portugal 16.6 20.7 Romania 18.0 18.9 Russian Federation 17.6 18.7 Slovakia 19.2 15.5 Slovenia 15.7 19.3 Spain 14.7 21.6 Sweden 18.4 22.2 Switzerland 17.3 20.3 Ukraine 18.5 20.1 United Kingdom 18.9 20.4 Yugoslavia 19.8 19.0

Source: Statistics Austria – Statistical Yearbook 2003, pp. 502 (UN, Council of Europe, EUROSTAT, national statistical publications).



Age Structure

Fig. 3: Europe: Proportion of the population aged under 15

B NL

DK

CZ

CH

L

UK

F

E

SK

SLO

FIN

D

IRL

A

PL

S N

H MD

BiH

MK

YU

HR

LT

LV

EST

UA

BY

RO

RUS

BG

IS

TR GR

I

P

Countries Proportion of children

Moldova, Bosnia and 20 % and over Herzegovina, Iceland, FYR of Macedonia, Ireland, Norway

Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovakia, 18.0–19.9 % Lithuania, Luxembourg, France, United Kingdom, Poland, Denmark, Netherlands, Ukraine, Sweden, Belarus, Finland, Romania

Estonia, Belgium, Russian Federation, Latvia, Switzerland, 16.0–17.9 % Hungary, Austria, Portugal, Czech Republic

Slovenia, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Spain, Italy

less than 16 %

Source: Statistics Austria – Statistical Yearbook 2003.

Fig. 4: Europe: Proportion of the population aged 60 or over


B NL

DK

CZ

CH

L

UK

F

E

SK

SLO

FIN

D

IRL

A

PL

S N

H MD

BiH

MK

YU

HR

LT

LV

EST

UA

BY

RO

RUS

BG

IS

TR GR

I

P

Countries Proportion of elderly people

Italy, Germany, Greece, Sweden 22 % and over

Belgium, Bulgaria, Spain, Latvia, 20.0–21.9 % Estonia, Austria, Portugal, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Ukraine, Finland

Denmark, Hungary, Norway, 18.0–19.9 % Slovenia, Luxembourg, Belarus, Yugoslavia, Romania, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Croatia, Czech Republic, Netherlands

Poland 16.0–17.9 %

Slovakia, Ireland, Iceland, FYR less than 16.0% of Macedonia, Moldova, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Source: Statistics Austria – Statistical Yearbook 2003.


females

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

(yea

rs)

Austria Vienna Burgenland

Styria Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Tyrol Vorarlberg

Lower Austria

males

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

(yea

rs)

2000

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

Austria Vienna Burgenland

Styria Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Tyrol Vorarlberg

Lower Austria

1982

1982

Life Expectancy

Life Expectancy The development of life expectancy in the individual federal approximately equalled it until 1981. Since 1978, however, states differs greatly. Until 1964, Vienna had the highest fe- Vienna ranks lowest regarding female life expectancy, and male life expectancy along with Vorarlberg, and male life life expectancy for men dropped markedly below Austrian expectancy was above the national average until 1975 and average in the early 1980s.

Fig. 5: Life expectancy at birth by federal provinces, 1961–2001 (different scaling)

Source: Statistics Austria – Health Statistics Yearbook 2000.

West-East Gap

Eastern Austria (federal provinces of Vienna, Lower Austria parts of the country are roughly equal. For women, the difand Burgenland) presents the lowest values for life expect ferences are less marked. ancy – especially male –, while the western and southern



Life Expectancy

Vienna´s Position among European Cities There is currently no statistical comparison of European level as Hamburg, Cologne and London for women, while cities concerning life expectancy available. A comparison of for men, it is in the middle range, together with Hamburg, life expectancies for individual cities (where available) pla- Cologne, Rome, Milan and London. ces Vienna in the upper range at approximately the same

Fig. 6: Life expectancy in Vienna compared to other European cities, gender-differentiated, 1998–20001)

females 84

78

76

74

72

70

68

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

at b

irth

(yea

rs)

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

at b

irth

(yea

rs)

Bonn

Stoc

khol

m

Lond

on

Mila

n

Rom

e

Vien

na

Ham

burg

Colo

gne

Oslo

Berli

n

Düss

eldo

rf

Prag

ue

War

saw

Cope

nhag

en

76.9 76.2

75.5 75.4 75.2 75.1 74.9 74.9 74.5 74.2 74.1 73.3

71.4 70.5

males 84

82

80

Bonn

Mila

n

Stoc

khol

m

Rom

e

Vien

na

Ham

burg

Colo

gne

Lond

on

82

80

78

76

74

72

70

68

82.0 82.0 81.7 81.5 81.0 80.8 80.7 80.6 80.4 80.2 80.1

79.0 78.8

77.0

Düss

eldo

rf

Oslo

Berli

n

Prag

ue

War

saw

Cope

nhag

en

1) Unification depending on availability of data. – Vienna, Cologne, Bonn, Düsseldorf, London, Stockholm: average 1998–2000; Oslo and Copenhagen: average 1996–2000; Warsaw: average 1999–2001; Hamburg and Berlin: average 1998–1999. Milan and Rome: last available data from 1998. For some cities (e. g. Milan, Rome, Hamburg), the figures refer to the administrative district or region.

Source: National statistics institutes – Austria: Statistics Austria; Italy: ISTAT–Istituto Nazionale di Statistica; Germany: Statistisches Bundesamt, Robert Koch-Institut, Landesinstitut für den Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst NRW; Czech Republic: UZIS–Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic; Poland: GUS–Central Statistical Office of Poland; Norway: Statistics Norway; Sweden: SCB–Statistics Sweden; Denmark: Statistics Denmark.



Life Expectancy

Austria´s Position among European Countries Compared with its neighbouring countries, Austria is tria´s seven neighbouring countries, Switzerland has by far markedly in the upper range regarding life expectancy, the highest life expectancy, while Hungary has the lowest by comparable to Germany, Italy and Switzerland. Of Aus- far. This reflects the west-east gap visible within Austria.

Fig. 7: Gender-differentiated life expectancy in Austria and the neighbouring countries, 20011)

females

CZ

Burgenland 75.3

Carinthia 76.2

Lower Austria 76.1Upper Austria 76.1

Salzburg76.6 Styria75.9

Tyrol76.9

Vorarlberg76.3

Vienna 75.0

Burgenland 82.0

Carinthia 82.5

Lower Austria 81.4

Upper Austria 82.1

Salzburg 81.7 Styria 82.1

Tyrol 82.5

Vorarlberg 82.7

Vienna 80.7

CH 77.3

D 75.1

CZ 71.9

SK 69.3

H 67.3

SLO 72.1

I 76.2

CH 82.8

D 81.1

78.8

SK 77.4

H 76.1

SLO 79.5

I 82.2

Austria 75.9

Austria 81.7

males

1) Without Principality of Liechtenstein.

Source: Statistics Austria; WHO – World Health Report 2002.



Life Expectancy

In a comparison of life expectancy in Europe, Austria male life expectancy it has in the last years advanced to ranks relatively high. In terms of female life expectancy, rank 5, approximately equal to Italy, Norway, the Nether-Austria ranks sixth together with Luxembourg; in terms of lands and France.

Fig. 8: Life expectancy in Austria compared to other European countries 2001, by gender

females

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

(yea

rs)

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

(yea

rs)

80.0

78.0

76.0

74.0

72.0

70.0

68.0

66.0

64.0

Swed

en

Switz

erla

nd

Italy

Norw

ay

Aust

ria

Neth

erla

nds

Fran

ce

Gree

ce

Spai

n

Germ

any

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

Luxe

mbo

urg

Belg

ium

Denm

ark

Finl

and

Irela

nd

Portu

gal

Slov

enia

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Pola

nd

Slov

akia

Hung

ary

77.7

77.3

76.2

76.1

75.8

75.6

75.5

75.3

75.1

75.1

74.9

74.8

74.8

74.5

73.8

72.7

72.1

71.9

69.9

69.3

67.3

75.9

males

84.0

82.0

Fran

ce

Switz

erla

nd

Spai

n

Swed

en

Italy

Aust

ria

Luxe

mbo

urg

Norw

ay

Finl

and

Belg

ium

Germ

any

Gree

ce

84.0

82.0

80.0

78.0

76.0

74.0

72.0

70.0

68.0

66.0

64.0

82.9

82.8

82.6

82.3

82.2

81.8

81.4

81.2

81.2

81.1

80.8

80.7

80.1

79.9

79.5

79.5

79.2

78.8

78.1

77.4

76.1

81.8

Neth

erla

nds

Portu

gal

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

Denm

ark

Slov

enia

Irela

nd

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Pola

nd

Slov

akia

Hung

ary

Source: WHO – The World Health Report 2002.



Life Expectancy

The following maps of Europe illustrate the regional distribution of life expectancy in the individual countries by gen-der. (Due to gender-specific differences in the ranking of the individual countries, a gender-differentiated representation was chosen.)

Switzerland, Sweden and Italy present a particularly high life expectancy for both genders. In terms of female life expectancy, France and Spain (82 years and over) are at the top of the table, while Norway has a very high male life expectancy (76 years and over).

Above average figures for overall life expectancy for both sexes can also be found in Austria and Germany, for female life expectancy in Luxembourg, Norway, Finland and Belgium (81 years and over), and for male life expectancy in the Netherlands, France, Greece, Spain and United Kingdom (75 years and over).

Austria´s eastern neighbours, however, still present a particularly low life expectancy. While Slovenia and the Czech Republic, and to a lower extent Slovakia as well, are clearly catching up, life expectancy in Hungary, the former Yugoslavian countries and Eastern European countries in general is still far below the European average.



Life Expectancy

Fig. 9: Life expectancy at birth in Europe1) 2001, by gender

females

B NL

DK

CZ

CH

L

UK

F

E

SK

SLO

FIN

D

IRL

A

PL

S N

H MD

BiH

MK

YU

HR

LT

LV

EST

UA

BY

RO

RUS

BG

IS

TR GR

I

P

Countries Life expectancy

France, Switzerland, Spain, 82 years and overSweden, Italy Austria, Luxembourg, Norway, 81.0–81.9 years Finland, Belgium, Germany Greece, Netherlands, Portugal 80.0–80.9 years United Kingdom, Denmark, Slovenia, Ireland 79.0–79.9 years Czech Republic, Poland, 76.0–78.9 yearsLithuania, Slovakia, Estonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Latvia FYR of Macedonia, Yugoslavia, less than 76 years Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russian Federation, Turkey

males

B NL

DK

CZ

CH

L

UK

F

E

SK

SLO

FIN

D

IRL

A

PL

S N

H MD

BiH

MK

YU

HR

LT

LV

EST

UA

BY

RO

RUS

BG

IS

TR GR

I

P

Countries Life expectancy

Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, 76 years and overNorway Austria, Netherlands, France, 75.0–75.9 years Greece, Spain, Germany, United Kingdom Luxembourg, Belgium, 74.0–74.9 yearsDenmark, Finland Ireland 73.0–73.9 years Portugal, Slovenia, Czech 70.0–72.9 yearsRepublic Poland, Yugoslavia, Slovakia, less than 70 years Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, Hungary, Turkey, Estonia, Ukraine, Latvia, Russian Federation

1) Including Southern and Eastern Europe, plus Turkey and former USSR countries.




Life Expectancy

Table 2: Life expectancy at birth in Europe1) 2001, by gender and ranking

Life expectancy at birth (years)

females males

countries years countries years

France Switzerland Spain Sweden Italy

82.9 82.8 82.6 82.3 82.2

Sweden Switzerland Italy Norway

77.7 77.3 76.2 76.1

Austria 75.9 Austria 81.8 Netherlands

France 75.8 75.6Luxembourg 81.8

Norway 81.4 Greece 75.5 Finland 81.2 Spain 75.3 Belgium 81.2 Germany 75.1 Germany 81.1 United Kingdom 75.1 Greece 80.8 Luxembourg 74.9 Netherlands 80.7 Belgium 74.8 Portugal 80.1 Denmark 74.8 United Kingdom 79.9 Finland 74.5 Denmark 79.5 Ireland 73.8 Slovenia 79.5 Portugal 72.7 Ireland 79.2 Slovenia 72.1 Czech Republic 78.8 Czech Republic 71.9 Poland 78.1 Poland 69.9 Lithuania 77.9 Yugoslavia 69.7 Slovakia 77.4 Slovakia 69.3 Estonia 76.5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 69.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 76.4 FYR of Macedonia 68.9 Hungary 76.1 Bulgaria 68.4 Latvia 76.0 Romania 67.8 FYR of Macedonia 74.9 Lithuania 67.7 Yugoslavia 74.8 Hungary 67.3 Bulgaria 74.8 Turkey 67.0 Romania 74.5 Estonia 65.7 Ukraine 73.3 Ukraine 62.2 Russian Federation 72.3 Latvia 65.2 Turkey 71.2 Russian Federation 58.9


Source: WHO – World Health Report 2002.



females

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

(yea

rs)

84

82

80

78

76

74

72

70

68

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

France

Switzerland

Sweden

Italy

Austria

Germany

Netherlands

United Kingdom

males 84

Sweden 82 Switzerland

80 Netherlands

s) Italy

78

(yea

r

Austria

76ancy France

expe

ct United Kingdom

Life

74 Germany

72

70

68

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

1) Most recent data available (Italy: 1998; Germany and United Kingdom: 1999; others: 2000).

Life Expectancy

The comparison of the development of life expectancy in erence countries), it has caught up, even surpassing Germathe last two decades in individual reference countries shows ny (whose figures dropped slightly due to the new Länder) a remarkable and strong increase of life expectancy in Aus- in 1990, and now ranks relatively high for both women and tria for both women and men. While in the 1980s, Austria men, right behind Italy and Sweden. was still below average (ranking last among the selected ref-

Fig. 10: Life expectancy at birth in Austria and selected European countries, by gender, 1980–20001)

Source: OECD Health Data 2002; additionally for Austria: Statistics Austria; Germany: Statistisches Bundesamt/Robert Koch Institut; United Kingdom: National Statistics Online, Population Trends – Autumn 2002; Netherlands: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek; France: INSEE, www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ pop_age3.htm; Italy: ISTAT-Centro diffusione dati, www.demo.istat.it; Switzerland: Bundesamt für Statistik.


http:www.demo.istat.itwww.insee.fr/fr/ffc


Life Expectancy

Table 3: Development of life expectancy at birth in Austria and other European countries1), 1980–2001, by gender

Country


1980/81 1985/86 1990/91 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Females

Austria2) 76.1 77.3 78.9 80.1 80.2 80.6 80.9 80.9 81.2 81.7 Belgium3) 76.8 78.0 79.4 80.2 80.5 80.6 80.5 80.8 – – Czech Republic3) 73.9 74.7 75.4 76.6 77.3 77.5 78.1 78.1 78.4 – Denmark3) 77.3 77.5 77.7 77.8 78.2 78.4 78.8 79.0 – – Finland3) 77.6 78.7 78.9 80.2 80.5 80.5 80.8 81.0 – – France5) 78.4 79.4 81.0 81.9 82.1 82.3 82.4 82.5 82.7 83.0 Germany4) 76.1 78.1 78.4 79.7 79.9 80.3 80.5 80.8 Greece3) 76.8 78.4 79.5 80.3 80.4 80.8 80.6 – – – Hungary3) 72.7 73.1 73.7 74.5 74.7 75.1 75.2 75.1 75.6 – Ireland3) 75.6 76.7 77.6 78.4 78.6 78.6 79.1 79.1 – – Italy7) 77.4 78.4 80.0 81.0 81.3 81.6 81.8 – – – Luxembourg3) 75.9 77.9 78.5 80.2 79.9 79.8 80.5 81.2 – – Netherlands8) 79.2 79.7 80.1 80.4 80.4 80.6 80.7 80.5 80.6 80.7 Norway3) 79.2 79.4 79.8 80.8 81.1 81.1 81.3 81.1 81.4 – Poland10) 74.4 74.8 75.5 76.4 76.6 77.0 77.3 77.5 78.0 – Portugal3) 75.2 76.4 77.4 78.6 78.6 78.8 78.9 79.1 – – Slovakia3) 74.3 74.7 75.4 76.3 76.8 76.7 76.7 77.0 77.2 – Slovenia11) 75.2 75.9 77.4 77.8 78.3 78.6 78.7 78.8 79.1 79.6 Spain3) 78.6 79.6 80.4 81.5 81.7 81.9 82.2 82.4 – – Sweden3) 78.8 79.7 80.4 81.3 81.5 81.8 81.9 81.9 82.0 – Switzerland9) 79.6 80.1 80.7 81.7 82.0 82.1 82.4 82.5 82.8 82.8 United Kingdom6) 76.8 77.7 78.8 79.4 79.5 79.6 79.8 80.0 – –

1) European Union and Switzerland, Norway, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland.

2) Statistics Austria, relevant years 1980/85/90.

3) OECD Health Data 2002, relevant years 1980/85/90.

4) Germany: For 1980 and 1985 (FRG): OECD Health Data 2002. Since 1990 (all of Germany): Statistisches Bundesamt, Mortality statistics.

5) France: INSEE – Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, relevant years 1980/85/90. Data for 2000 and 2001 provisional.

6) United Kingdom (Great Britain and Northern Ireland): ONS – National Statistics Online, Population Trends – Autumn 2002. Relevant years 1981/86/91. Data for 1999 provisional.

continued

7) Italy: OECD Health Data 2002, relevant years 1980/85/90. Since 1998: ISTAT – Istituto Nazionale di Statistica,

8) Netherlands: 1980 and 1985: OECD Health Data 2002; since 1990: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.

9) Switzerland: 1980–1999: OECD Health Data 2002, relevant years 1980/85/90. For 2000 and 2001: Bundesamt für Statistik, mortality table 2000/2001.

10) Poland: OECD Health Data 2002, relevant years 1980/85/90. For 1999 and 2000: Central Statistical Office of Poland.

11) Slovenia: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 2 year averages.

Source: OECD Health Data 2002 and national statistics institutes (cf. footnotes to the individual countries).


http://www.demo.istat.it/e


Life Expectancy

Table 3: (continued) Development of life expectancy at birth in Austria and other European countries1), 1980– 2001, by gender

Country


1980/81 1985/86 1990/91 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Males

Austria2) 69.0 70.4 72.4 73.5 73.9 74.3 74.7 75.1 75.4 75.9 Belgium3) 70.0 71.1 72.7 73.4 73.8 74.1 74.3 74.4 – – Czech Republic3) 66.8 67.5 67.6 69.7 70.4 70.5 71.1 71.4 71.7 – Denmark3) 71.2 71.5 72.0 72.7 73.1 73.6 73.9 74.2 – – Finland3) 69.2 70.1 70.9 72.8 73.0 73.4 73.5 73.8 – – France5) 70.2 71.2 72.7 73.9 74.1 74.6 74.8 75.0 75.2 75.5 Germany4) 69.6 71.5 72.0 73.3 73.6 74.0 74.5 74.8 – – Greece3) 72.2 73.5 74.6 75.0 75.1 75.6 75.5 – – – Hungary3) 65.5 65.1 65.1 65.3 66.6 66.4 66.1 66.3 67.1 – Ireland3) 70.1 71.0 72.1 72.9 73.1 73.4 73.5 73.9 – – Italy7) 70.6 72.0 73.5 74.6 75.0 75.3 75.5 – – – Luxembourg3) 69.1 70.6 72.3 73.0 73.3 74.1 73.7 74.7 – – Netherlands8) 72.5 73.1 73.8 74.6 74.7 75.2 75.2 75.3 75.5 75.8 Norway3) 72.3 72.6 73.4 74.8 75.4 75.4 75.5 75.6 76.0 – Poland10) 66.0 66.5 66.5 67.6 68.1 68.5 68.9 68.8 69.7 – Portugal3) 67.7 69.4 70.4 71.2 71.1 71.6 71.7 72.0 – – Slovakia3) 66.8 66.9 66.6 68.4 68.9 68.9 68.6 69.0 69.1 – Slovenia11) 67.4 67.9 69.5 70.3 70.8 71.0 71.1 71.3 71.9 72.1 Spain3) 72.5 73.1 73.3 74.3 74.4 74.9 74.8 74.9 – – Sweden3) 72.8 73.8 74.8 75.9 76.5 76.7 76.9 77.0 77.4 – Switzerland9) 72.8 73.4 74.0 75.3 75.9 76.3 76.3 76.8 77.2 77.2 United Kingdom6) 70.8 71.9 73.2 74.1 74.3 74.6 74.8 75.1 – –

1) European Union and Switzerland, Norway, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland.

2) Statistics Austria, relevant years 1980/85/90.

3) OECD Health Data 2002, relevant years 1980/85/90.

4) Germany: For 1980 and 1985 (FRG): OECD Health Data 2002. Since 1990 (all of Germany): Statistisches Bundesamt, Mortality statistics.

5) France: INSEE – Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, relevant years 1980/85/90. Data for 2000 and 2001 provisional.

6) United Kingdom (Great Britain and Northern Ireland): ONS – National Statistics Online, Population Trends – Autumn 2002. Relevant years 1981/86/91. Data for 1999 provisional.

7) Italy: OECD Health Data 2002, relevant years 1980/85/90. Since 1998: ISTAT – Istituto Nazionale di Statistica,

8) Netherlands: 1980 and 1985: OECD Health Data 2002; since 1990: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.

9) Switzerland: 1980–1999: OECD Health Data 2002, relevant years 1980/85/90. For 2000 and 2001: Bundesamt für Statistik, mortality table 2000/2001.

10) Poland: OECD Health Data 2002, relevant years 1980/85/90. For 1999 and 2000: Central Statistical Office of Poland.

11) Slovenia: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 2 year averages.

Source: OECD Health Data 2002 and national statistics institutes (cf. footnotes to the individual countries).


http://www.demo.istat.it/e


Life Expectancy

Healthy Life Expectancy

In the last two decades, Austria saw a marked increase in life expectancy, remarkable also in international comparison. This can be attributed mainly to the decrease in mortality in the higher adult age. Apart from the longer average life span, however, the quality of the gained life years must be taken into account.

In the World Health Report 2002, the World Health Organization shows the healthy life expectancy (HALE – Health Adjusted Life Expectancy) and the lost healthy years (LHE) for all member states for 2000 and 2001 (estimates).

Healthy life expectancy at birth in Austria is 73 years for female and 69 years for male newborns. The further HALE at age 60 in Austria is nearly 18 years for women and nearly 16 years for men. Thus, women spend nearly 9 years (10.7 percent of their life expectancy) and men 7 years (9.3 percent of their life expectancy) in poor health (i.e. lost healthy years).

Within the European Union, Austria ranks sixth for men with a healthy life expectancy at birth of 68.9 years, and third with a further healthy life expectancy at age 60 of 15.7 years. With 7.0 expected lost healthy years at birth, Austria ranks tenth, ex aequo with Italy. Austria ranks fourth with a percentage of total life expectancy lost of 9.3 percent.

For women, the situation is markedly better: A HALE at birth of 73.0 years places Austria in third place, ex aequo with Spain, and with 18.5 years of further HALE at age 60, it even shares the second place with Sweden. With 8.8 years of LHE at birth for women, Austria ranks second within the countries with the lowest values, ex aequo with Finland. And finally, Austria has the lowest percentage of total life expectancy lost of all EU countries, i.e. 10.7 percent.

The following table shows selected data for the EU member states and other countries. Fig. 11 and 12 illustrate the regional differences in healthy life expectancy in different European countries.



Life Expectancy

Table 4: Healthy life expectancy, estimates for 2000 and 2001 (WHO)

Country

Healthy life expectancy (HALE) (years)

Expectation of lost healthy years at birth

(years)

Percentage of total life expectancy lost

Males Females 2001 2001

At birth At age 60 At birth At age 60 Males Females Males Females

European Union

Austria 68.9 15.7 73.0 18.5 7.0 8.8 9.3 10.7 Belgium 67.7 14.8 71.8 17.8 7.1 9.4 9.5 11.6 Denmark 69.3 15.5 70.8 16.7 5.5 8.7 7.3 10.9 Finland 67.7 15.2 72.5 18.1 6.8 8.8 9.1 10.8 France 69.0 16.1 73.5 19.1 6.6 9.5 8.7 11.4 Germany 68.3 15.0 72.2 17.7 6.8 8.9 9.1 10.9 Greece 69.0 15.7 71.9 17.1 6.5 8.9 8.6 11.0 Ireland 67.6 13.9 70.4 16.1 6.1 8.9 8.3 11.2 Italy 69.2 15.5 72.9 18.2 7.0 9.3 9.2 11.3 Luxembourg 68.6 15.1 72.7 18.3 6.4 9.0 8.5 11.1 Netherlands 68.7 15.0 71.1 17.3 7.1 9.6 9.4 11.9 Portugal 64.3 13.4 69.4 16.2 8.5 10.7 11.7 13.4 Spain 68.7 15.2 73.0 18.2 6.6 9.6 8.8 11.6 Sweden 70.5 16.5 73.2 18.5 7.2 9.1 9.2 11.1 United Kingdom 68.4 15.0 70.9 16.9 6.6 9.0 8.8 11.3

other European countries, USA and Japan Albania 55.9 8.8 61.5 12.7 10.4 11.7 15.7 16.0 Bosnia and Herzegowina 60.0 11.3 64.9 14.3 9.3 11.5 13.4 15.0 Bulgaria 60.8 11.5 65.2 13.9 7.5 9.6 11.0 12.8 Croatia 59.7 10.1 66.9 14.4 9.2 10.2 13.3 13.3 Czech Republic 63.8 12.8 69.5 16.0 8.1 9.3 11.3 11.8 Estonia 58.0 11.1 66.1 15.0 7.7 10.4 11.7 13.6 Hungary 58.0 10.4 65.5 14.4 9.3 10.5 13.8 13.9 Japan 71.4 17.1 75.8 20.7 6.5 8.9 8.3 10.6 Lithuania 56.9 11.0 65.4 14.8 10.8 12.6 16.0 16.1 Norway 69.3 15.6 72.2 17.9 6.8 9.3 8.9 11.4 Poland 62.1 11.9 66.6 14.6 7.8 11.5 11.1 14.7 Romania 58.6 11.1 63.3 13.5 9.2 11.2 13.6 15.1 Russian Federation 51.5 8.5 61.9 12.7 7.4 10.4 12.6 14.4 Slovakia 61.6 11.5 66.6 14.6 7.7 10.7 11.1 13.9 Slovenia 65.1 13.3 70.3 16.6 7.0 9.2 9.7 11.6 Switzerland 71.1 16.9 74.4 19.4 6.2 8.4 8.0 10.2 Turkey 58.5 11.2 61.1 12.4 8.5 10.1 12.7 14.2 Ukraine 52.9 8.8 61.8 12.2 9.3 11.5 14.9 15.6 USA 66.4 14.9 68.8 16.6 8.0 10.7 10.8 13.5 Yugoslavia 60.7 11.0 63.6 12.8 9.0 11.2 13.0 15.0




Life Expectancy

The following graph shows Austria´s position in compari- Norway. In terms of healthy life expectancy, Austria ranks son with other European countries. With a high overall life very high for women. The figures for men, while above expectancy for both men and women, Austria ranks near average together with Slovenia and Italy, do not equal the the top, right after France, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and favourable figures for women.

Fig. 11: Healthy life expectancy at birth and lost healthy years, Austria compared to other European countries 2001, by gender

males

Hung

ary

Port

ugal

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Pola

nd

Slov

akia

Swed

en

Neth

erla

nds

Belg

ium

Slov

enia

Italy

Aust

ria

Germ

any

Norw

ay

Aust

ria

Fran

ce

Spai

n

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

Gree

ce

Luxe

mbo

urg

Switz

erla

nd

Irela

nd

Denm

ark

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0 5.

5

6.1 6.

2

6.4 6.5

6.6

6.6 6.6

6.8 6.8

6.8 7.0

7.0

7.0 7.

1 7.1 7.2

7.7 7.8 8.1 8.5

9.3

year

s

lost healthy years

healthy life expectancy

Pola

nd

Port

ugal

Slov

akia

Hung

ary

Spai

n

Neth

erla

nds

Fran

ce

Belg

ium

Italy

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Norw

ay

Slov

enia

Swed

en

Luxe

mbo

urg

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

Irela

nd

Gree

ce

Germ

any

Aust

ria

Finl

and

Denm

ark

Switz

erla

nd 0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

8.4

8.7 8.8 8.8

8.9

8.9

8.9 9.0 9.0 9.1

9.2 9.3

9.3 9.

3

9.4 9.5

9.6 9.6

10.5

10.7

10.7

11.5

females

year

s

lost healthy years

healthy life expectancy



The following maps of Europe show the gender-differentiated healthy life expectancy at age 60 in the individual countries (Europe and former USSR countries). The maps very clearly illustrate the differences in this region. France and Switzerland present the highest overall values; for men,

Sweden ranks near the top, as well. But Austria, Finland, Italy, Luxembourg, Sweden and Spain also rank high for both genders, and Denmark, Germany, Greece, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Norway for men.


Fig. 12: Healthy life expectancy at age 60, Europe1) 2001, by gender

females

B NL

DK

CH

L

UK

F

E

SK

SLO

FIN

D

IRL

A

PL

S N

H MD

BiH

MK

YU

HR

LT

LV

EST

UA

BY

RO

RUS

BG

IS

CZ

TRAL

I

P

GR

further healthyCountries life expectancy

19 years and over Austria, Finland, Italy, France, Switzerland

18.0–18.9 years Luxembourg, Sweden, Spain Belgium, Germany, Greece, 17.0–17.9 years Netherlands, Norway Denmark, United Kingdom, 16.0–16.9 years Ireland, Portugal, Slovenia, Czech Republic Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, 14.0–15.9 years Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia, Lithuania Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, less than 14 years Albania, Ukraine, Russian Federation, Turkey

males

B NL

DK

CH

L

UK

F

E

SK

SLO

FIN

D

IRL

A

PL

S N

H MD

BiH

MK

YU

HR

LT

LV

EST

UA

BY

RO

RUS

BG

IS

CZ

TRAL

I

P

GR

further healthyCountries life expectancy

France, Switzerland, Sweden Austria, Denmark, Germany, Finland, Greece, United Kingdom, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Norway Belgium Ireland, Portugal, Slovenia Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, Estonia, Lithuania, Turkey Croatia, Albania, Ukraine, Russian Federation

16 years and over 15.0–15.9 years

14.0–14.9 years 13.0–13.9 years 11.0–12.9 years

less than 11 years

Life Expectancy


Source: WHO – World Health Report 2002.



Mortality

Mortality

Infant Mortality The following graph illustrates that infant mortality in is approximately equal to, occasionally even better than the Vienna – just as in nearly all major cities – lies somewhat Austrian mean. Particularly in male infant mortality the above the national average. In some years, however, the rate proportion has fluctuated strongly over the last years.

Fig. 13: Infant mortality in Vienna and Austria by gender, 1982–2001

deat

hs p

er 1

,000

live

birt

hs

1991

1991

1992

1992

1999

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

2001

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

2001

Vienna Austria

females

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

deat

hs p

er 1

,000

live

birt

hs

Vienna Austria

1999

2000

2000

20.0

18.0

16.0

14.0

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

males

Source: Statistics Austria.

In the last two decades, infant mortality has dropped signif- and girls, and the national average is even higher, with 60 icantly in Vienna as well as in Austria as a whole. In Vienna, and 64 percent, respectively. a decrease by approx. 58 percent can be noted for both boys



Mortality

Vienna´s Position among European Cities Compared with other European cities, the infant mortality births) – are all very low, so that there are hardly any sigof 5.1 (reference value 2000) places Vienna in the upper nificant differences. Prague and Barcelona, however, have middle range. However, the figures for all other cities with above-average favourable figures. Geneva, Stockholm, available data – except for extremely high values in Genoa, Milan, Munich and Berlin, also have very low infant mortal-Warsaw and Budapest (10 or more deaths per 1,000 live ity.

Fig. 14: Infant mortality in Vienna compared to other European cities, 1999/20001)

16.0

deat

hs d

urin

g fir

st y

ear o

f life

per

1,0

00 li

ve b

irths

14.0

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

1.5

3.5

3.4

2.3

4.5

4.3

4.2

4.1

3.7

3.6

3.5

13.9

11

.9

10.0

6.

05.

45.

3

5.0

4.9

4.7

4.7

4.5

4.55.

1

Geno

a

War

saw

Buda

pest

Lond

on

Brus

sels

2)

Brat

isla

va

Vien

na

Zuric

hFr

ankf

urt/M

.

Colo

gne

Lisb

on 3)

Ham

burg

Cope

nhag

enPa

ris 4)

Hels

inki

Mila

nOs

loBe

rlin

Mun

ich

Mai

land

Stoc

khol

m

Gene

va 5)

Prag

ue

Barc

elon

a

1) Data depending on availability of census years. No data for Amsterdam, Rome and Dublin.

2) Région Bruxelles-capitale.

3) Lisboa e Vale do Tejo.

4) Île de France.

5) Canton of Geneva.




Mortality

Austria´s Position among European Countries The significant drop in infant mortality (from 14.3 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1980 to 4.8 in 2000) is also remarkable on an international scale. The neighbouring Czech Republic also presents a similarly drastic development; from 16.9 in 1980 to 4.1 in 2000, i. e. lower than in Austria. The

lowest figures can be found in Sweden (3.4), Norway (3.8) and Finland (3.8). With the exception of Hungary, Slovakia and Poland, infant mortality ranges between 4 and 6 deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births.

Fig. 15: Infant mortality in Austria and selected European countries 1980–2000

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

deat

hs p

er 1

,000

live

birt

hs

Hungary

Slovakia

United Kingdom

Italy

Netherlands

Switzerland

Austria

France

Germany

Czech Republic

Sweden

Source: OECD Health Data 2002.



Mortality

Fig. 16: Relative development of infant mortality in Austria and selected European countries 1980–2000

1.2

ratio

(yea

r of r

efer

ence

= 1

980)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Hungary

Slovakia

United Kingdom

Italy

Netherlands

Switzerland

Austria

France

Germany

Czech Republic

Sweden

Source: OECD Health Data 2002; own calculations.

Fig. 17: Infant mortality in Europe in 2000

10.0

9.0

8.0

9.2 8.6

8.1

6.1 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.9

4.6 4.5 4.4 4.1

3.8 3.8 3.4

4.8

deat

hs p

er 1

,000

live

birt

hs 7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

Hung

ary

Slov

enia

Pola

nd

Gree

ce

Irela

nd

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

Portu

gal

Denm

ark

Belg

ium

Luxe

mbo

urg

Italy

Neth

erla

nds

Switz

erla

nd

Aust

ria

Spai

n

Fran

ce

Germ

any

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Finl

and

Norw

ay

Swed

en




Overall Mortality In the period from 1960 to 2000, overall mortality increased decreased markedly after that. Since 1980, mortality has dein Austria until 1980 and in Vienna until the mid-80s, but creased by 22 percent in Austria and 34 percent in Vienna.

Fig. 18: Deaths per 1,000 inhabitants in Vienna and Austria, 1960–2000

18.0

16.0

deat

hs p

er 1

,000

inha

bita

nts

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

Vienna Austria

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Mortality

Source: Statistics Austria.

Fig. 19: Development of relative mortality in Vienna and Austria, 1960–2000

1,2

0.8

1.0

ratio

(yea

r of r

efer

ence

= 1

960)

0.6

0.4

0.2 Vienna Austria

0.0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Source: Statistics Austria; own calculations.



Mortality

Vienna´s Position among European Cities With a mortality rate of 10.9 (per 1,000 inhabitants) in Paris has the lowest mortality rate (last available data, how2000, Vienna ranks in the upper range compared to other ever, from 1998), but Dublin, Geneva and Madrid have very European cities, equal to Hamburg. Zurich and Brussels low figures, as well. Budapest and Genoa have the highest (both 11.1), as well as Stockholm (10.7), have similar rates. mortality rates, closely followed by Copenhagen.

Fig. 20: Mortality rate in different European cities1) 2)

16.0

mor

talit

y ra

te (p

er 1

,000

)

14.0

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

13.8

13.3

12.2

11.6

11.4

11.2

11.1

11.1

10.7

10.4

10.4

10.2

10.2

9.8

9.6

9.3

9.3

9.1

8.8

8.6

8.6

7.6

7.5

7.2

6.8

10.9

10.9

Buda

pest

Geno

aCo

penh

agen

Mila

nPr

ague

War

saw

Brus

sels

Zuric

hVi

enna

Ham

burg

Stoc

khol

mO

slo

Lisb

onFr

ankf

urt/M

Barc

elon

aBe

rlin

Colo

gne

Hels

inki

Rom

eBr

atis

lava

Mun

ich

Lond

onAm

ster

dam

Mad

ridGe

neva

Dubl

inPa

ris

1) Amsterdam: Groot-Amsterdam; Brussels: Région Bruxelles-capitale; Geneva: Canton of Geneva; Lisbon: Grande Lisboa; Paris: Île de France.

2) Year: Genoa, Copenhagen, Prague, Zurich, Vienna, Stockholm, Oslo, Lisbon, Frankfurt, Barcelona, Berlin, Helsinki, Bratislava, Munich, Amsterdam (2000); Budapest, Milan, Brussels, Hamburg, Rome, London, Geneva, Dublin (1999); Cologne, Madrid, Paris (1998); Warsaw (1997).

Source: City of Vienna Statistical Yearbook, edition 2002.



Mortality

Austria´s Position among European Countries Of the selected European reference countries Germany, Switzerland have relatively constant low values; for men, Switzerland, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, France and the Sweden, the Netherlands and Switzerland ranked best until United Kingdom, the mortality rate in Austria – just as in the mid-1980s. Switzerland and Sweden were also the first Germany and the United Kingdom - was among the highest two countries to fall below the 1,000 mark for male mortaliuntil the mid-1980s, despite the decrease from 1970 on- ty in the mid-1980s. wards (cf. graph below). For women, France, Sweden and

Fig. 21: Development of mortality (all causes of death) in Austria and selected European countries between 1960

and 1995, age-standardized mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants), by gender

females

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1,000.0

1,200.0

1,400.0

1,600.0

age-

stan

dard

ized

rate

s (p

er 1

00,0

00 in

habi

tant

s)

United Kingdom Germany Austria Netherlands Italy Sweden Switzerland France

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

males

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1,000.0

1,200.0

1,400.0

1,600.0

United Kingdom

Germany Austria

Netherlands Italy

Sweden Switzerland France

age-

stan

dard

ized

rate

s (p

er 1

00,0

00 in

habi

tant

s)

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995




Mortality

Fig. 22: Development of relative mortality (all causes of death) in Austria and selected European countries between 1960 and 1995, based on age-standardized mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants), by gender

females 1.2

United Kingdom

Netherlands 1.0

Sweden

Germany 0.8 Austria

France

Italy

Switzerland

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

males

Netherlands

Sweden

Germany

United Kingdom

Switzerland

Italy

Austria

France

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

ratio

(yea

r of r

efer

ence

= 1

960)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

ratio

(yea

r of r

efer

ence

= 1

960)

Source: OECD Health Data 2002; own calculations.

A focus on the last decade makes the marked decrease in countries is particularly conspicuous. The fact that Austria mortality for Austrian men and women since 1990 even presents better values than Germany is attributable to the more visible. Especially for Austrian women – as for Ger- influence of the new Länder. many and Italy –, the marked drop relative to the other



females 650

United Kingdom Germany

600 Netherlands0)

00 Austria

100, Sweden

550per Italy

s ( Switzerland

rate France

500

dard

ized

450

age-

stan

400 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

males 1,100

Germany

1,050 United Kingdom Netherlands

1,000

0)

,00 Austria

100

France 950pe

r Italy

es ( Switzerland

900 Sweden

850

dard

ized

rat

800

age-

stan

750

700 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Mortality

Fig. 23: Development of mortality (all causes of death) in Austria and selected European countries between 1990 and 1999, age-standardized mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants), by gender


In a comparison of all European Union Member States upper middle range for overall mortality for both women without Belgium1 and including Switzerland and Norway in and men. the reference year 1998, Austria ranks high, as well: In the

1 Last available data on overall mortality for Belgium from 1995 (OECD Health Data 2002).



Fig. 24: Comparison of mortality (all causes of death) in Austria and other European countries in 19981), agestandardized mortality (per 100,000 inhabitants), by gender

females 1,200

age-

stan

dard

ized

rate

s (p

er 1

00,0

00)

age-

stan

dard

ized

rate

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Mortality

1) European Union without Belgium (no current data available) and including Switzerland and Norway. Due to incomplete availability of newer data, 1998 was selected as year of reference.




Mortality

Fig. 25: Europe: Death rates for 2001 (deaths per 1,000 inhabitants)

B NL

DK

CH

L

UK

F

E

SK

SLO

FIN

D

IRL

A

PL

S N

H MD

BiH

MK

YU

HR

LT

LV

EST

UA

BY

RO

RUS

BG

IS

CZ

TRAL

I

P

GR

Countries Death Rates

Russian Federation, Ukraine, 13 and over Belarus, Bulgaria, Latvia, Estonia, Hungary Lithuania, Romania, Croatia, 10.0–12.9 Denmark, Yugoslavia, Sweden, Czech Republic, Portugal, Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom Norway, Greece, Slovakia, 8.0–9.9 Finland, Poland, Italy, Austria, Slovenia, France, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, Luxembourg, FYR of Macedonia, Moldova Ireland, Iceland, Bosnia and less than 8 Herzegovina

Source: Statistics Austria, Statistical Yearbook 2003.



Causes of Death

Causes of Death While at the turn of the previous century, infectious diseases, followed by maternal and infant mortality as well as occupational accidents, were the main causes of death for the Austrian population, the 1940s brought about a change in the spectrum of illnesses. Since then, the main causes of death in Austria – as in the other countries of Western Europe – are chronic-degenerative diseases (in particular cardiovascular diseases), followed by malignant neoplasms. Traffic and household accidents have increased, as well.

Despite a more or less marked decrease in all of the categories of most frequent causes of death in the last two decades, more than half of all deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases (especially heart conditions). The mortality figures show neoplasms (over 98 percent of them malignant) as the second most frequent cause of death – nearly one in four deaths are due to cancer, in all of Austria as well as in Vienna.

A decisive factor for this still significant increase of cardiovascular diseases and cancer is the marked increase of life expectancy and the accordingly growing proportion of the older population, as these types of diseases occur particularly in the second half of life and in old age.

The largest reduction was achieved in infant mortality. Significant changes have also taken place since the beginning of the 20th century regarding infectious diseases. This is not only true for Austria, but for all industrialized countries.

In Austria in 1900, more than 50 percent of the population died of an infectious disease. The situation, however, was significantly better in Vienna – compared to the overall Austrian figures as well as to those of other European cities: in 1900, “only” one in three deaths were due to an infectious disease (in particular tuberculosis, followed by a wide margin by measles, diphtheria, pertussis, scarlet fever and typhoid fever). With the improvement of sanitary conditions from the mid-19th century on, the introduction of a sanitary law for all of Austria in 1870, and the inauguration of the I. Wiener Hochquellenwasserleitung (1st Vienna spring water duct) in 1873, the public health system in Vienna achieved model character in Europe. Today, infectious diseases account for only 0.3 percent of all deaths in Austria, and 0.5 percent in Vienna.

As in nearly all of Europe, accident-related mortality has increased in Austria in the last decades. This increase is mainly due to a higher number of traffic accidents. In 1970, Austria had the highest number of accidents of all types in Europe, while today the figure is near the European average.

Austria´s Position among European Countries The following graphs show Austria´s position in Europe (especially EU countries) concerning cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases is relatively high for both women and men, while the cancer rate is near the European average.



Causes of Death

Fig. 26: Cardiovascular diseases, comparison of mortality in Austria and other European countries 19981), agestandardized mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants), by gender

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1) Due to incomplete availability of newer data, 1998 was selected as year of reference. Belgium is not included in this graph due to a lack of current data. Switzerland: most recent data for 1997; Poland: data for 1999.




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1) Due to incomplete availability of newer data, 1998 was selected as year of reference. Belgium is not included in this graph due to a lack of current data. Switzerland: most recent data for 1997; Poland: data for 1999.



Fig. 27: Malignant neoplasms, comparison of mortality in Austria and other European countries 19981), agestandardized mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants), by gender


Avoidable Mortality and Lost Life Years

Avoidable Mortality and Lost Life Years A large number of causes of death could be avoided through appropriate preventive measures and early detection, medical interventions or through a change of individual lifestyles (in particular in the fields of smoking, alcohol consumption, nutrition, exercise, and risky behaviour) and health relevant behaviour.

A recent study by NOLTE & MCKEE shows that 34 groups of causes of death can be rated as avoidable through health care – including numerous infectious diseases, some types of cancer, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, diseases of the respiratory organs, etc. While the figures on avoidable mortality calculated for Austria and the western part of Germany in this study show a reduction in all three categories of causes since 1980, the

prevalence is still remarkably high – especially for men, where the rates are nearly twice as high as for women. In 1998, avoidable mortality in Austria was 505.3 for men and 240.8 for women (per 100,000).

Contrasted with western Germany (old Länder only), the positive development in Austria is especially conspicuous: While in 1980, Austria still had a markedly higher rate of avoidable mortality than Germany (+5.4 percent for men, +4.5 percent for women), the situation has changed strongly, especially during the last decade. By the end of the 1990s, the rates for Austria had fallen below those of western Germany, for men (–2.7 percent), and in particular for women (–7.3 percent).

Table 5: Age-standardized mortality rates (per 100,000)1) for selected causes and cause-groups in Austria and western Germany in 1980, 1990 and 1997/98, age groups 0–74 years.

Causes of death and categories of causes of death Austria Western Germany

1980 1990 1998 1980 1990 1997

Males

causes of death avoidable through health care ischemic heart disease other causes all causes of death

164.05 150.12 475.68 789.85

100.94 122.67 387.95 611.55

76.39 105.70 323.26 505.34

135.01 164.53 449.72 749.26

86.62 119.47 391.34 597.43

76.37 94.00

348.98 519.35

Females

causes of death avoidable through health care ischemic heart disease other causes all causes of death

128.54 47.37

215.07 390.98

89.30 39.11

165.35 293.76

69.41 32.65

138.74 240.81

118.44 46.90

208.93 374.27

85.38 36.89

174.36 296.63

74.39 30.30

155.15 259.84

1) Age-standardized mortality rates by gender, calculated for the age groups 0–74 years using the direct method of standardization to the European standard population.

Source: NOLTE & McKEE (in preperation), Does health care save lives? Avoidable mortality revisited. London.



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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

males females


In 2000, the number of potential years of life lost in Austria – taking into consideration all causes of death – was 2,589 years for women under 70 years of age and 5,075 for men in the same age group (per 100,000 inhabitants), for both sexes

less than half of what it was in 1970. Nevertheless, the figures for men are still nearly twice as high as those for women, although there has been a marked reduction in cardiovascular diseases for men.

Fig. 28: Potential years of life lost for the population aged under 70 years, all causes of death, Austria 1970–2000


While cardiovascular diseases and cancer remain the most frequent causes of death and present the highest number of lost life years, the number of lost life years has been more than halved over the past two decades for both men and women for both causes of death. This is in part attributable

Austria´s Position among European Countries Compared with other European countries, the figures for Austria are relatively favourable, especially for women – roughly equal to Luxembourg and Switzerland. The lowest figures are those for Swedish, Spanish and Italian women, while Portuguese women had the highest number of lost life years.

to environmental and life style factors, and can also be seen as a parameter for the progress in medicine and the improvement of therapeutic measures over the last three decades.

For men, as well, Austria is near the average, positioned between Germany and Greece. Sweden has the most favorable values here as well, followed by the Netherlands and Switzerland, while Portugal has the highest rate by far.




Fig. 29: Potential years of life lost for the population aged under 70 years, Austria compared to other European countries 1998, by gender1)

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1) European Union without Belgium (no current data available) and including Switzerland. Due to incomplete availability of newer data, 1998 was selected as year of reference. Belgium is not included, as the most recent figures are for 1995 and therefore not comparable. Figures for Switzerland: 1997. Germany: Old and new Länder.




Life Expectancy and Mortality in Vienna

The report on Life Expectancy and Mortality in Vienna (2003)

which forms the basis for this brochure not only presents data on

the current and expected demographic structure, but also has a

strong focus on data and time series concerning the development

of life expectancy and mortality in Vienna in particular, as well as

a national and European comparison of the corresponding data. It

also describes the change in the most frequent causes of death

and the structural change in morbidity, especially among elderly

people, over the last century.

254 pages, German. Includes an overall summary in English

at the beginning of the report as well as summaries in English

at the beginning of each chapter.

Order print version: [email protected] Download:

(Schwerpunktberichte / selective reports)

Health in Vienna / Gesundheit in Wien

The brochure Health in Vienna (March 2003) gives an overview of the most important aspects of the public health care system of Vienna. The first part of the brochure, “What we know”, includes facts and figures on the state of health and the health relevant behaviour of the Viennese population. Mission statements and programmatic approaches are presented in the chapter “What we want”, and the third part, “What we do”, describes relevant aspects of the Viennese public health care system – ranging from hospitals to health promotion.

32 pages, available in German and English.

Download: (Broschüren / brochhures)

http://www.wien.at/who/berichte/index.htmhttp://www.wien.at/who/berichte/index.htmmailto:[email protected]

Lebenserwartung und Mortalität / Life Expectancy and Mortality in Vienna (2003)Table of Contents Imprint Introduction Age Structure Mortality Causes of Death Avoidable Mortality and Lost Life Years

lebenserwartung und mortalität / life expectancy and mortality in vienna … · 2015-07-16 ·...

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