learning. what is learning? a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to...
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Pavlov
Russian scientist that studied the affect of salivation on digestion
Problem: Dogs would start salivating before they got food.
Solution: Forget the digestion, let’s study learning!
Learning Pavlov noticed the dogs
salivated naturally when they ate.
He paired bringing food with ringing a tone.
After a while he rang the tone, but didn’t bring food.
What did the dogs do?
4 Parts of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimuli
(UCS)- something that causes a natural response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)- what happens naturally as a result of the UCS
Conditioned Stimuli (CS)- a previously neutral stimuli that, after learning, produces the natural response
Conditioned Response (CR)- same as UCR, but in response to the CS
Parts of Learning
Acquisition- gaining learning Extinction- when the CS is no longer paired
with the UCS, learning is lost Spontaneous recovery- after extinction, if one
waits awhile, learning can come back
Generalization
Conditioned responses occurring for similar stimuli (even ones that aren’t conditioned)
Example: Children fearing cars and learn to avoid motorcycles and trucks as well
Discrimination
The ability to tell the difference between stimuli
Example: Being afraid of pit bulls but not beagles
Examples of Classical Conditioning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI (John Watson, Little Albert)
http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=The_Office_Conditioning&video_id=247611 (The Office)
Aversive Conditioning
Using classical conditioning to keep animals (people) away from harmful substances
Developed by Garcia after studying taste aversions in rats
What things won’t you eat any more?
Applications of Classical Conditioning
Teaching people new things Psych Therapy Aversive Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
English major who decided to study psychology as a graduate student
Focused on Thorndike’s law of effect: rewarded behaviors will likely be continued
Taught animals tricks
Principles of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement- Something that causes a behavior to increase Positive- good behavior results in a reward Negative- good behavior results in taking away
something bad
Punishment- Something that causes a behavior to decrease
Types of Reinforcement
Primary- innately satisfying (meets a need) Food
Secondary- paired with primary to become satisfying Money
Immediate- happens right now Get a treat for
answering a question
Delayed- reward comes in the future Graduating high
school
Reinforcement Schedules Fixed-ratio- behavior is
reinforced after a specific number of responses You can take a break from
homework after completing 2 assignments
Variable-ratio- behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of responses
Traveling salesperson
Fixed-interval- behavior is reinforced for the first desired response after a specific time Baking time on a cake
Variable-interval- behavior is reinforced for the first desired response after a variable time length Getting e-mail
Motivation
Extrinsic- Outside of you Rewards and
punishments
Intrinsic- Inside of you Event is valuable for
its own sake
Albert Bandura
Bobo Doll experiment Children watched a
video of an adult beating up a Bobo doll
Children beat up the Bobo doll
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqNaLerMNOE