learning theories learning to gain knowledge, understanding, or skill, by study, instruction, or...
TRANSCRIPT
Learning Theories
LearningTo gain knowledge,
understanding, or skill, by study, instruction, or
experience.
Part 1Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which associations are
made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus.
Step 1• We begin with a natural stimulus/response
pair.– No conditions are needed for this to occur.– Example: Food creates Saliva
• Stimulus=Response
• Classical Conditioning Terminology:– Unconditioned Stimulus: any stimulus that
automatically elicits a response– Unconditioned response: a natural response to
a natural stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)= Unconditioned Response (UCR)
– Food (UCS) = Salivation (UCR)
Step 2
• In order for learning to occur a neutral stimulus is paired with the natural stimulus/response.
• This is repeated multiple times, by doing this the subject begins to associate the two.
NS+UCS=UCR
• Classical Conditioning Terminology:– Neutral Stimulus (NS): a stimulus that has no
effect on the response.
experimenter (NS) + Food (UCS) = Salivation (UCR)
Step 3
• After being paired together multiple times the subject begins to anticipate the NS=the UCS.
• And what was once neutral becomes learned or conditioned.
Experimenter (CS)+ Food (UCS) = Salivation (UCR)
• Terminology:– Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a stimulus that
was once neutral but has become learned by associating two things together.
Step 4• Eventually there is a response to the
conditioned stimulus alone. – This makes the response a conditioned
(learned) response (CR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Conditioned Response (CR)
experimenter (CS) = Salivation (CR)
• Terminology: – Conditioned Response: a response to the
learned stimulus.
Helpful Hints…
• The Neutral Stimulus always becomes the Conditioned Stimulus.– NS turns into the CS
• The Unconditioned response always becomes the conditioned response.– UCR turns into the CR
Key Words/People…• Acquisition:
• The initial stage of learning during which a response is established and gradually strengthened.
• John B. Watson• Discovered emotional conditioning. Example:
Little Albert
• Stimulus Generalization:• Tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to evoke a similar response
• Extinction:• The diminishing of a response when, in CC an
UCS does not follow a CS.
• Spontaneous Recovery:• The reappearance, after a rest, of an extinguished
conditioned response.
• Mary Cover Jones:• Discovered that Classical conditioning could be used
to rid fears and phobias.
Part TwoOperant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• Operant Conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by
reinforcement or diminished if followed by
punishment.
Or actions and consequences.
Skinner Box
Key Words…• Shaping:
– A procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal.
• Chaining:– Reinforcing the connection between the
parts of a sequence• Punishment:
– An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows.
• Discrimination:– Learning to tell the difference between
two stimuli.
Reinforcement• Reinforcement:
– Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
– Primary– Secondary– Positive– Negative– Immediate– Delayed
– Reinforcement Schedules– Continuous– Partial
» Fixed-ratio» Variable-ratio» Fixed-interval» Variable-interval
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval
Number of responses
1000
750
500
250
010 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (minutes)
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Steady responding
Rapid respondingnear time forreinforcement
80
Conditioning Comparisons:Both are learning by
Association
Classical Conditioning: Learning through a
stimulus and response
Operant Conditioning: Learning through
rewards or punishments and our
behavior
Part 3Social Learning
Social Learning…
• Albert Bandura
Social Learning: learning from the behavior
of others or all learning in social situations.
Observational Learning: learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
Bo-Bo Dolls
Bandura’s experiments
Key Words…
• Modeling:– The process by which a behavior is observed and imitated.
-more affected by same sex models.
-more affected by those we admire.
• Pro-social Behavior:– Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. – The opposite of anti-social.
Part 4Cognitive Approach
Cognitive Approach…
An approach to the study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge.
– Helps explain more complex examples of learning.
– Focus on how knowledge is…• Obtained• Processed• Organized
What makes it different?
• Believes in cognition.– Classical conditioning and
operant conditioning ignore this.
• States that learning isn’t obvious– There is a big difference
between learning how to do something and actually doing it.
Demonstrations of Cognition in learning…
• Latent Learning:– Learning that goes on under the
surface, but not obvious.
• Expectancies:– Beliefs about our ability to
perform an action and to get the reward.
• Reinforcement Value:– Individualized preference for a
certain type of reward.
• Cognitive Map:– Mental image of where one is
located in space.
• Strategies– Methods for solving problems
Wrap-Up…
• Classical Conditioning:– Learning by associating two events, a
stimulus and response.
• Operant Conditioning:– Learning to associate rewards and
punishments with our behaviors
• Social Learning:– Learning in any social situation.– Learning by watching and imitating others.
• Cognitive Approach:– Learning through abstract reasoning and
previous knowledge.
The End!!