Learning Package

Intergenerational Dialogue

Learning Package

Intergenerational Dialogue

Introduction

This learning package gives an overview of issues related to inter-generational dialogue Each section o ers a short introduction to the given topic in addition to links where the reader can explore each topic more deeply The package aims to guide the reader towards an understanding of what intergenerational dialogue is and how it can be generated by introducing topics related to this subject and links for further reading The last topic within this learning package gives a brief introduction to the suburban area called lsquoKannelmaumlkirsquo where the lsquoRepicturing Suburban Neighbour-hoodrsquo workshop will be held

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

References

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

Intergenerational dialogue is a way to improve the contact be-tween di erent age groups in order to achieve understanding and solidarity between generations The European population is ageing while birthrates are decreasing these demographic changes will challenge societies in di erent ways The imbalance between the working population and pensioners is a frequently discussed topic related to negative consequences incurred by demographic changes Facilitating dialogue between genera-tions can promote an attitude where challenges are seen as op-portunities instead of focusing on the negative consequences that might appear (ldquoEU-CoE youthrdquo nd)

For further information seehttpyouth-partnership-eucoeintyouth-partnershipekcypBGKNGEIntergenerationalhtml

-

Learning Package

Intergenerational Dialogue

Introduction

This learning package gives an overview of issues related to inter-generational dialogue Each section o ers a short introduction to the given topic in addition to links where the reader can explore each topic more deeply The package aims to guide the reader towards an understanding of what intergenerational dialogue is and how it can be generated by introducing topics related to this subject and links for further reading The last topic within this learning package gives a brief introduction to the suburban area called lsquoKannelmaumlkirsquo where the lsquoRepicturing Suburban Neighbour-hoodrsquo workshop will be held

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

References

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

Intergenerational dialogue is a way to improve the contact be-tween di erent age groups in order to achieve understanding and solidarity between generations The European population is ageing while birthrates are decreasing these demographic changes will challenge societies in di erent ways The imbalance between the working population and pensioners is a frequently discussed topic related to negative consequences incurred by demographic changes Facilitating dialogue between genera-tions can promote an attitude where challenges are seen as op-portunities instead of focusing on the negative consequences that might appear (ldquoEU-CoE youthrdquo nd)

For further information seehttpyouth-partnership-eucoeintyouth-partnershipekcypBGKNGEIntergenerationalhtml

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

References

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

Intergenerational dialogue is a way to improve the contact be-tween di erent age groups in order to achieve understanding and solidarity between generations The European population is ageing while birthrates are decreasing these demographic changes will challenge societies in di erent ways The imbalance between the working population and pensioners is a frequently discussed topic related to negative consequences incurred by demographic changes Facilitating dialogue between genera-tions can promote an attitude where challenges are seen as op-portunities instead of focusing on the negative consequences that might appear (ldquoEU-CoE youthrdquo nd)

For further information seehttpyouth-partnership-eucoeintyouth-partnershipekcypBGKNGEIntergenerationalhtml

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

Intergenerational dialogue is a way to improve the contact be-tween di erent age groups in order to achieve understanding and solidarity between generations The European population is ageing while birthrates are decreasing these demographic changes will challenge societies in di erent ways The imbalance between the working population and pensioners is a frequently discussed topic related to negative consequences incurred by demographic changes Facilitating dialogue between genera-tions can promote an attitude where challenges are seen as op-portunities instead of focusing on the negative consequences that might appear (ldquoEU-CoE youthrdquo nd)

For further information seehttpyouth-partnership-eucoeintyouth-partnershipekcypBGKNGEIntergenerationalhtml

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

Intergenerational dialogue is a way to improve the contact be-tween di erent age groups in order to achieve understanding and solidarity between generations The European population is ageing while birthrates are decreasing these demographic changes will challenge societies in di erent ways The imbalance between the working population and pensioners is a frequently discussed topic related to negative consequences incurred by demographic changes Facilitating dialogue between genera-tions can promote an attitude where challenges are seen as op-portunities instead of focusing on the negative consequences that might appear (ldquoEU-CoE youthrdquo nd)

For further information seehttpyouth-partnership-eucoeintyouth-partnershipekcypBGKNGEIntergenerationalhtml

-

ldquoIntergenerational solidarity refers to the mutual support and cooperation between di erent age groups in order to achieve a society where people of all ages have a role to play in line with their needs and capacities and can bene t from their commu-nityrsquos economic and social progress on an equal basisrdquo-AGE Platform Europe (European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations 2011)

Find out more about the AGE Platform here httpwwwage-platformorg See the AGE Publications section for more information related to ageing and intergenerational solidarity

Also see this report on intergenerational solidarity by the Euro-pean Commission httpeceuropaeupublic_opinion ash _269_enpdf

See this position paper on solidarity between generations by the European Youth Forum httpwwwyouthforumorgfrsystemfilesyfj_publicstrategic_prioritiesen0313-09_YFJ_Position_Intergenerational_Solidarity_FINALpdf

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

ldquoIntergenerational practice aims to bring people together in purposeful mutually bene cial activities which promote greater understanding and respect between generations and contrib-utes to building more cohesive communities Intergenerational practice is inclusive building on the positive resources that the young and old have to o er each other and those around themrdquo (ldquoHome ndash Centerrdquo 2011)

Dialogue and solidarity between generations can be facilitated through di erent types of programmes and activities Intergen-erational Practice can take various forms but focuses on bring-ing together people from di erent generations where interac-tion between the people involved is achieved by doing things together (ldquoHome ndash Center rdquo 2011)

[For more information on the Beth Johnson Foundation and their work on intergenerational practice see httpwwwcentreforiporguk]

ldquoElaumlmaumlnkulku ja Ikaumlpolvetrdquo (ldquoLife Course and Generationsrdquo) is a research and practice development project which has listed the following themes regarding intergenerational practice

Learning and mentoring History and memories Sports and health Arts Media education Coaching for work life Commu-nity planning Community development Environmental protec-tion

A description of ldquoElaumlmaumlnkulku ja ikaumlpolvetrdquo in English can be found here httpwwwikapolvet in-english In the links section [linkkejauml] there are English links at the bottom of the page httpwwwikapolvet linkkejae -

Intergenerational learning means that people from di erent generations learn new things together learn from each other or teach each other It is an e ective way for young and old to learn to appreciate one another by working together to gain various new skills values or knowledge Learning together is also a way to connect people from di erent generations with each other (ldquoWhat isrdquo 2011)

The key focus in intergenerational learning is that younger and older people who are becoming more and more distanced and segregated in society today have in fact many common areas of concern Therefore through intergenerational learning many key issues related to communities and such can be addressed e ectively (ldquoWhat isrdquo 2011)

For information about the European Map of Intergenerational Learning see httpwwwemil-networkeuaboutwhat-is-intergenerational-learning

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Solidarity

Practice

Learning

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Among the elderly

Among the youth

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Loneliness can be described as perceived social isolation Social isolation can be measured and correlates directly to the number of social contacts of an individual whereas loneliness is related to an individualrsquos perception of the quality of his or her social relationships Loneliness relates to emotions and expectations regarding social contacts and networks (Routasalo 2006)

Research on loneliness has shown that the quality of onersquos social contacts a ects onersquos physical and psychological health Recent-ly researchers have more attentively explored the relationship between subjective well-being and social relationships (Saari 2009 p 39-47)

In the doctoral dissertation ldquoLoneliness of Older People and Elements of an Intervention for its Alleviationrdquo Savikko (2008) de nes loneliness as ldquoan individualrsquos subjective experience of a lack of satisfying human relationships and thus loneliness is a negative feeling causing distress to an individualrdquo

The dissertation can be accessed here httpwwwdoria bit-streamhandle1002438910D808pdfsequence=1See sections 21 and 22 for a literature review on the concept of loneliness and theoretical perspectives on loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Among the elderly

Among the youth

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Loneliness can be described as perceived social isolation Social isolation can be measured and correlates directly to the number of social contacts of an individual whereas loneliness is related to an individualrsquos perception of the quality of his or her social relationships Loneliness relates to emotions and expectations regarding social contacts and networks (Routasalo 2006)

Research on loneliness has shown that the quality of onersquos social contacts a ects onersquos physical and psychological health Recent-ly researchers have more attentively explored the relationship between subjective well-being and social relationships (Saari 2009 p 39-47)

In the doctoral dissertation ldquoLoneliness of Older People and Elements of an Intervention for its Alleviationrdquo Savikko (2008) de nes loneliness as ldquoan individualrsquos subjective experience of a lack of satisfying human relationships and thus loneliness is a negative feeling causing distress to an individualrdquo

The dissertation can be accessed here httpwwwdoria bit-streamhandle1002438910D808pdfsequence=1See sections 21 and 22 for a literature review on the concept of loneliness and theoretical perspectives on loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Among the elderly

Among the youth

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Loneliness among the elderly has been studied mainly in rela-tion to social and demographic factors and those risks that are at stake regarding health Recent ndings have also shown that the experience of loneliness among the elderly can be linked to negative consequences (Routasalo amp Pitkaumllauml 2003)

See section 24 ldquoCharacteristics associated with loneliness among older peoplerdquo in Savikkorsquos dissertation httpwwwdoria bitstreamhandle1002438910D808pdfsequence=1

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Among the elderly

Among the youth

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Loneliness among school-aged youth is usually involuntary and often related to bullying or social hierarchies Among older youth negative loneliness is more often related to unemploy-ment or being excluded from the educational system (Harinen 2008)

During recent years the well-being of the majority of young people in Finland has increased but for a minority it has de-creased this has to do with factors relating to social exclusion (Young People in Finland 2010 2010)

For more information about young people in Finland see the report by Finnish Youth Co-operation Allianssi httpwwwalli binary le-id665 d1033 Chapter 27 is about social exclusion

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Among the youth

Among the elderly

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

The de nition of ldquogenerationrdquo di ers according to the context Its most general meaning refers to biology meaning simply the act of producing o spring (ldquogenerationrdquo nd)

Generally there are two approaches to de ning the term famil-ial generation and cultural generation

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

A familial generation is related to the number of years that pass and is often de ned as the average time between a motherrsquos rst o spring and her daughterrsquos rst o spring In European countries the number of years ranges between 25 and 30

Simon Biggs (2011) explains that ldquo[t]he question of communica-tion and understanding between di erent generationsrdquo is one of the most important issues in this century especially with the increase in the ageing population Encouraging empathy be-tween generations can help bridge the generation gap and is crucial to creating more common ground for communication by knowing each otherrsquos preferences spending time together and being open

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

A cultural generation refers to a group of people that share the same or similar values These values are mainly determined by developments or movements in the society in history and hence even in a sub-context a cultural generation will relate to a certain period in time it may therefore include people of di erent ldquobiological agesrdquo Some of these generations in history have certain common characteristics For instance the GI gen-eration (including people growing up during the deprivation of the Great Depression in the USA) is known as idealistcollectiv-ist whereas the ldquosilent generationrdquo (which was born during the Great Depression and World War II) is known as practicalcollec-tivist (ldquoCultural generationrdquo nd)

Some more examples of cultural generationsldquoThe Silent Generationrdquo ndash people who were born between 1925 and 1945 and who were too young to join the military service during World War II This generation lived through the Great Depression as children and this had a profound impact on them during their adulthood as wellldquoThe Baby Boom Generationrdquo ndash people born right after World War II from 1946 to 1964 This time was marked by an increase in birth rates which in turn now shows its impact as the increase in the elderly population

A study called ldquoA chain of generations Baby boomers and cross-genera-tional interaction in Finlandrdquo can be found here httpsheldahelsinki bitstreamhandle1013814965Tutkimuksia107pdfsequence=3 Both the abstract and the summary are in English

Familial GenerationFamilial Generation

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

The de nition of ldquogenerationrdquo di ers according to the context Its most general meaning refers to biology meaning simply the act of producing o spring (ldquogenerationrdquo nd)

Generally there are two approaches to de ning the term famil-ial generation and cultural generation

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

A familial generation is related to the number of years that pass and is often de ned as the average time between a motherrsquos rst o spring and her daughterrsquos rst o spring In European countries the number of years ranges between 25 and 30

Simon Biggs (2011) explains that ldquo[t]he question of communica-tion and understanding between di erent generationsrdquo is one of the most important issues in this century especially with the increase in the ageing population Encouraging empathy be-tween generations can help bridge the generation gap and is crucial to creating more common ground for communication by knowing each otherrsquos preferences spending time together and being open

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

A cultural generation refers to a group of people that share the same or similar values These values are mainly determined by developments or movements in the society in history and hence even in a sub-context a cultural generation will relate to a certain period in time it may therefore include people of di erent ldquobiological agesrdquo Some of these generations in history have certain common characteristics For instance the GI gen-eration (including people growing up during the deprivation of the Great Depression in the USA) is known as idealistcollectiv-ist whereas the ldquosilent generationrdquo (which was born during the Great Depression and World War II) is known as practicalcollec-tivist (ldquoCultural generationrdquo nd)

Some more examples of cultural generationsldquoThe Silent Generationrdquo ndash people who were born between 1925 and 1945 and who were too young to join the military service during World War II This generation lived through the Great Depression as children and this had a profound impact on them during their adulthood as wellldquoThe Baby Boom Generationrdquo ndash people born right after World War II from 1946 to 1964 This time was marked by an increase in birth rates which in turn now shows its impact as the increase in the elderly population

A study called ldquoA chain of generations Baby boomers and cross-genera-tional interaction in Finlandrdquo can be found here httpsheldahelsinki bitstreamhandle1013814965Tutkimuksia107pdfsequence=3 Both the abstract and the summary are in English

Familial GenerationFamilial Generation

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

A familial generation is related to the number of years that pass and is often de ned as the average time between a motherrsquos rst o spring and her daughterrsquos rst o spring In European countries the number of years ranges between 25 and 30

Simon Biggs (2011) explains that ldquo[t]he question of communica-tion and understanding between di erent generationsrdquo is one of the most important issues in this century especially with the increase in the ageing population Encouraging empathy be-tween generations can help bridge the generation gap and is crucial to creating more common ground for communication by knowing each otherrsquos preferences spending time together and being open

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

A cultural generation refers to a group of people that share the same or similar values These values are mainly determined by developments or movements in the society in history and hence even in a sub-context a cultural generation will relate to a certain period in time it may therefore include people of di erent ldquobiological agesrdquo Some of these generations in history have certain common characteristics For instance the GI gen-eration (including people growing up during the deprivation of the Great Depression in the USA) is known as idealistcollectiv-ist whereas the ldquosilent generationrdquo (which was born during the Great Depression and World War II) is known as practicalcollec-tivist (ldquoCultural generationrdquo nd)

Some more examples of cultural generationsldquoThe Silent Generationrdquo ndash people who were born between 1925 and 1945 and who were too young to join the military service during World War II This generation lived through the Great Depression as children and this had a profound impact on them during their adulthood as wellldquoThe Baby Boom Generationrdquo ndash people born right after World War II from 1946 to 1964 This time was marked by an increase in birth rates which in turn now shows its impact as the increase in the elderly population

A study called ldquoA chain of generations Baby boomers and cross-genera-tional interaction in Finlandrdquo can be found here httpsheldahelsinki bitstreamhandle1013814965Tutkimuksia107pdfsequence=3 Both the abstract and the summary are in English

Familial GenerationFamilial Generation

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

A cultural generation refers to a group of people that share the same or similar values These values are mainly determined by developments or movements in the society in history and hence even in a sub-context a cultural generation will relate to a certain period in time it may therefore include people of di erent ldquobiological agesrdquo Some of these generations in history have certain common characteristics For instance the GI gen-eration (including people growing up during the deprivation of the Great Depression in the USA) is known as idealistcollectiv-ist whereas the ldquosilent generationrdquo (which was born during the Great Depression and World War II) is known as practicalcollec-tivist (ldquoCultural generationrdquo nd)

Some more examples of cultural generationsldquoThe Silent Generationrdquo ndash people who were born between 1925 and 1945 and who were too young to join the military service during World War II This generation lived through the Great Depression as children and this had a profound impact on them during their adulthood as wellldquoThe Baby Boom Generationrdquo ndash people born right after World War II from 1946 to 1964 This time was marked by an increase in birth rates which in turn now shows its impact as the increase in the elderly population

A study called ldquoA chain of generations Baby boomers and cross-genera-tional interaction in Finlandrdquo can be found here httpsheldahelsinki bitstreamhandle1013814965Tutkimuksia107pdfsequence=3 Both the abstract and the summary are in English

Familial GenerationFamilial Generation

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Age identity

Ageing in place

Dependency Independency

Active ageing

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Age identity

Ageing in place

Dependency Independency

Active ageing

ldquoThe ageing process is of course a biological reality which has its own dynamic largely beyond human control However it is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age In the devel-oped world chronological time plays a paramount role The age of 60 or 65 roughly equivalent to retirement ages in most developed countries is said to be the beginning of old age In many parts of the developing world chronological time has little or no importance in the meaning of old age Other socially constructed meanings of age are more signi cant such as the roles assigned to older people in some cases it is the loss of roles accompanying physical decline which is signi cant in de ning old agerdquo (Gorman 2000)

Aging is the process of becoming older it is a process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated Not only old people are in this process we are all constantly age-ing It is a process that contains both physical and psychological aspects Our bodies change while our perception of ourselves and the world change as we get older and gain experience The World Health Organization (WHO) de nes ageing and old age here httpwwwwhointhealthinfosurveyageingdefnolderenindexhtml

Getting older involves aspects such as a weaker physical con-dition but it also includes possessing knowledge skills and experience Shanahan et al (2005) explain that contemporary adulthood is marked by self-control autonomy and higher social responsibility Within various generations di erent levels of socialization also naturally occur (Shanahan et al 2005) Get-ting older includes the concept of abandonment where certain things are left behind while new opportunities are emerging (Saaristo 2011 p131-138)

See this Demos UK report on ageing httpwwwdemoscouk lesComing_of_Age_-_webpdf1302099024Especially chapter 3 ldquoOlder peoplersquos experiences of ageingrdquo -

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Age identity

Ageing in place

Dependency Independency

Active ageing

ldquoThe ageing process is of course a biological reality which has its own dynamic largely beyond human control However it is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age In the devel-oped world chronological time plays a paramount role The age of 60 or 65 roughly equivalent to retirement ages in most developed countries is said to be the beginning of old age In many parts of the developing world chronological time has little or no importance in the meaning of old age Other socially constructed meanings of age are more signi cant such as the roles assigned to older people in some cases it is the loss of roles accompanying physical decline which is signi cant in de ning old agerdquo (Gorman 2000)

Aging is the process of becoming older it is a process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated Not only old people are in this process we are all constantly age-ing It is a process that contains both physical and psychological aspects Our bodies change while our perception of ourselves and the world change as we get older and gain experience The World Health Organization (WHO) de nes ageing and old age here httpwwwwhointhealthinfosurveyageingdefnolderenindexhtml

Getting older involves aspects such as a weaker physical con-dition but it also includes possessing knowledge skills and experience Shanahan et al (2005) explain that contemporary adulthood is marked by self-control autonomy and higher social responsibility Within various generations di erent levels of socialization also naturally occur (Shanahan et al 2005) Get-ting older includes the concept of abandonment where certain things are left behind while new opportunities are emerging (Saaristo 2011 p131-138)

See this Demos UK report on ageing httpwwwdemoscouk lesComing_of_Age_-_webpdf1302099024Especially chapter 3 ldquoOlder peoplersquos experiences of ageingrdquo -

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Age identity

Ageing in place

Dependency Independency

Active ageing

ldquoI donrsquot feel old I donrsquot realize Irsquom old I still think Irsquom younger I still donrsquot think Irsquom beyond 40rdquo -A 70-year-old woman (Sherman 1994 p 406)

Age identity in general refers to a certain age or age group that an individual or a group of people feels or identi es themselves with rather than the actual number of years that they have lived through It may result in feeling ldquoyoungerrdquo or ldquoolderrdquo As the roles that are expected from certain age groups have changed age-related identity has also changed For instance Shanahan et al (2005) suggest that today younger people identify themselves as ldquoadultsrdquo since they identify certain responsibilities as well as independent decision-making with adulthood rather than de-mographic markers

ldquoAs life expectancy has increased we would expect ideas about aging and old age to change In addition as individuals move through the life course they may reevaluate their notions of ag-ingrdquo (Kaufman and Elder 2002)

Age identity is also linked to well-being S K Baum states that ldquosince a decline in health is assumed to accompany aging those who feel poorly will feel older while those who feel good will feel youngerrdquo (1984)

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Age identity

Ageing in place

Dependency Independency

Active ageing

Ageing in place means modifying any living environment mak-ing the necessary changes to allow seniors to live in their homes for as long as possible It is a concept that aims to reduce the de-pendence of the elderly on family and society (Stibich 2009)

Some basic issues related to ageing in place arePreventing FallsBetter LightingCommunications ndash simple devices that replace complicated communication tools (hi-tech cell phones and other electronic devices)Special Concerns ndash specialized needs for each elderly individual

The links below are organizations focusing on Ageing in PlaceAging in Place Initiative httpwwwaginginplaceinitiativeorgNational Aging In Place Council (USA) httpwwwageinplaceorg

For those interested in the design process related to ageing in placeAging in Place Design Checklist prepared by the National Asso-ciation of Home Builders (NAHB) in Maryland USA httpwwwtoolbaseorgHome-Building-TopicsUniversal-Designaging-in-place-checklists

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Age identity

Ageing in place

Dependency Independency

Active ageing

Ageing in place means modifying any living environment mak-ing the necessary changes to allow seniors to live in their homes for as long as possible It is a concept that aims to reduce the de-pendence of the elderly on family and society (Stibich 2009)

Some basic issues related to ageing in place arePreventing FallsBetter LightingCommunications ndash simple devices that replace complicated communication tools (hi-tech cell phones and other electronic devices)Special Concerns ndash specialized needs for each elderly individual

The links below are organizations focusing on Ageing in PlaceAging in Place Initiative httpwwwaginginplaceinitiativeorgNational Aging In Place Council (USA) httpwwwageinplaceorg

For those interested in the design process related to ageing in placeAging in Place Design Checklist prepared by the National Asso-ciation of Home Builders (NAHB) in Maryland USA httpwwwtoolbaseorgHome-Building-TopicsUniversal-Designaging-in-place-checklists

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Age identity

Ageing in place

Dependency Independency

Active ageing

ldquoActive ageing is the process of optimizing opportunities for health participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age It applies to both individuals and population groupsrdquo -World Health OrganizationFor a further description of Active ageing by the WHO see httpwwwwhointageingactive_ageingenindexhtml

The concept of active ageing takes into account the fact that people live longer and healthier lives and can therefore stay active at an older age Older people can participate in and contribute to various activities within society also after retirement One aspect of active ageing is initiatives aim-ing at postponing retirement It is worth considering that older people are often capable and willing to remain active but getting older can to some extent be a process towards a less active life (Demos UK 2011)

Within the text ldquoVanhusten yksinaumlisyysrdquo (Loneliness among the elderly) Saaristo (2011) notes that people commonly share a de-sire for a calm and harmonious elderly life Active ageing should not be imposed upon the elderly but o ered as an opportunity where the older personrsquos situation is considered individually (Saaristo 2011)

There has also been increasing awareness of the concept of lsquoagencyrsquo within research on geriatric care The Finnish researcher Jyrki Jyrkaumlmauml (2006) explains this concept by referring to Elder and Kirkpatrick Johnsonrsquos de ni-tion (2003 60) where ldquoindividuals construct their own life course through choices and actions they take within the opportunities and constraints of history and social circumstancesrdquo Jyrkaumlmauml (2006) further explains the importance of taking those being studied into consideration by posing questions such as lsquoHow will the people being studied be present within the researchrsquo lsquoWhat is the relevance of the concept of agency within the researchrsquo and lsquoWhat does the research provide for those who are being studiedrsquo

2012 is the year for active ageing and solidarity between generations more information about this here httpeceuropaeusocialey2012jsplangId=en

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Age identity

Ageing in place

Dependency Independency

ldquohellipwhen older adults behave as if they need help younger people tend to support that dependence However when older people behave in an independent fashion younger people do not support that independence and in fact they reject the older adultrsquos independence quite a bit of the time The consequence is that older people are discouraged from being independent and hence will move toward reinforcing the stereotype that they are dependentrdquo (Harwood 2007 Chap 4)

People often continue doing things for which they are rewarded and supported and they often stop doing things for which they are punished While stereotyping the ldquoolderrdquo generations younger people often think that the elderly should always be taken care of and that they need help with every action (ldquoThe Encyclopediardquo 2006)

For a broad de nition of dependence see The Encyclopedia of Aging amp Elderlyhttpwwwmedroundsorgencyclopedia-of-aging200601dependencehtml

Several organizations speci cally focus on the issue of increased independence of the elderly for one example see the Center for Eldersrsquo Independence httpceieldersorgHOMEtabid134Defaultaspx

Active ageing

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Finland is the fastest ageing society within the European Union The demographic changes are due to increasing life expectancy and a decline in birthrates Within the debate on the ageing population and its consequences the main issues are related to

Economy and nanceThe labour marketUrban planning and housingEducation and trainingSocial valuesImmigration cultural diversity and bilingualismHealth careRegional cohesion(Ketola amp Kunz 2005)

For more on demographic changes see the following links

httpwwwvnk julkaisukansio2004j27-28-34-hyva-yhteiskunta-kaik-enikaisillepdfenpdf

httpwwwscienti cjournalsorgjournals2007articles1077htm

httpwwwbancaditaliaitstudiricercheconvegniattipubl_expei159-174_kinnunen_tuovinenpdf

Statistics on the population development in Finland httpwwwstat tupsuomi90joulukuu_enhtml

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Finland is the fastest ageing society within the European Union The demographic changes are due to increasing life expectancy and a decline in birthrates Within the debate on the ageing population and its consequences the main issues are related to

Economy and nanceThe labour marketUrban planning and housingEducation and trainingSocial valuesImmigration cultural diversity and bilingualismHealth careRegional cohesion(Ketola amp Kunz 2005)

For more on demographic changes see the following links

httpwwwvnk julkaisukansio2004j27-28-34-hyva-yhteiskunta-kaik-enikaisillepdfenpdf

httpwwwscienti cjournalsorgjournals2007articles1077htm

httpwwwbancaditaliaitstudiricercheconvegniattipubl_expei159-174_kinnunen_tuovinenpdf

Statistics on the population development in Finland httpwwwstat tupsuomi90joulukuu_enhtml

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

ldquoCommunity development can be both an occupation (such as a community development worker in a local authority) and a way of working with communities Its key purpose is to build communities based on justice equality and mutual respectrdquo -Community Development Exchange (ldquoWhat isrdquo 2011)

For more information on Community Development Exchange their work and de nitions see httpwwwcdxorgukcommu-nity-developmentwhat-community-development)

Here is a community action toolkit prepared by The Young Foundation httpwwwyoungfoundationorgcommunity-action-tool-kit

Intergenerational dialogue can be fostered through community development projects where people of di erent ages come together and collaborate around issues concerning their neigh-bourhood Fostering intergenerational dialogue can also be seen as a community development process as bringing people from di erent generations together can strengthen the social cohesion within a community (Beth Johnson Foundation 2004)

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

ldquoCommunity development can be both an occupation (such as a community development worker in a local authority) and a way of working with communities Its key purpose is to build communities based on justice equality and mutual respectrdquo -Community Development Exchange (ldquoWhat isrdquo 2011)

For more information on Community Development Exchange their work and de nitions see httpwwwcdxorgukcommu-nity-developmentwhat-community-development)

Here is a community action toolkit prepared by The Young Foundation httpwwwyoungfoundationorgcommunity-action-tool-kit

Intergenerational dialogue can be fostered through community development projects where people of di erent ages come together and collaborate around issues concerning their neigh-bourhood Fostering intergenerational dialogue can also be seen as a community development process as bringing people from di erent generations together can strengthen the social cohesion within a community (Beth Johnson Foundation 2004)

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

local links

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Kannelmaumlki is a suburban area in Helsinki which can be reached by train from Helsinki city centre in less than fteen minutes

Kannelmaumlki is part of an area called Kaarela that had been com-plete countryside until the 1950s when construction began in Kannelmaumlki Kannelmaumlki was the rst suburban area in Kaarela When the local railway was completed in the 1970s the number of dwellings in the area doubled within only a few years (Hels-ingin kaupunki Tietokeskus 2011)

In the Sub 26 - Suburban Guide Helsinki there is a chapter about Kannelmaumlki starting on page 141 httplahioprojektihel siteslahioprojektihel lessub26_englishpdf

Here is a service map for Helsinki

httpwwwhel palvelukarttaDefault aspxlanguage=enampcity=91

Type ldquoKannelmaumlkirdquo in the eld for keyword or service for a closer look at the area

local links

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Kannelmaumlki is a suburban area in Helsinki which can be reached by train from Helsinki city centre in less than fteen minutes

Kannelmaumlki is part of an area called Kaarela that had been com-plete countryside until the 1950s when construction began in Kannelmaumlki Kannelmaumlki was the rst suburban area in Kaarela When the local railway was completed in the 1970s the number of dwellings in the area doubled within only a few years (Hels-ingin kaupunki Tietokeskus 2011)

In the Sub 26 - Suburban Guide Helsinki there is a chapter about Kannelmaumlki starting on page 141 httplahioprojektihel siteslahioprojektihel lessub26_englishpdf

Here is a service map for Helsinki

httpwwwhel palvelukarttaDefault aspxlanguage=enampcity=91

Type ldquoKannelmaumlkirdquo in the eld for keyword or service for a closer look at the area

local links

-

Intergenerational Dialogue

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland

Community Development

Kannelmaumlki

Webpage edited by residents of Kannelmaumlkihttpkaupunginosatnetkannelmaki

In the section ldquoyhdistyksetrdquo you can nd a list of associations operating in Kannelmaumlki httpkaupunginosatnetkannelmakiindexphpyhdistykset

Kanneltalo cultural centre in Kannelmaumlkihttpwwwkanneltalo

The public library in Kannelmaumlkihttpwwwlibhel en-GBkannelmaki

local links

-

References

-

References

-

Baum S K (1983ndash1984) Age identi cation in the elderly some theoretical considerations International Journal of Aging and Human Development 18 25ndash30

Beth Johnson Foundation (2004) Intergenerational Community Development UK Hatton-Yeo A Watkins C Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwcip2cswebsitesorgLibrariesLocal949DocsInter20community20developmentpdf

Biggs S (2011) Generational intelligence A critical approach to age relations London Routledge

Cultural generation ndash Psychology Wiki (nd) Cultural generation Retrieved 10 February 2012 from httppsychologywikiacomwikiCultural_generation

Demos UK (2011) Coming of Age London UK Bazalgette L Holden J Tew J Hubble N Morrison J London Demos UK

Elaumlmaumlnkulku ja ikaumlpolvet (2011) Life Course and Generations Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwikapolvet in-english

EU-CoE youth partnership ndash Promotion of intergenerational dialogue in youth work (nd) Promotion of intergenerational dialogue in youth work Retrieved 11 December 2011 fromhttpyouth-partnership-eucoeintyouth-partnershipekcypBGKNGEIntergenerationalhtml

European Map of Intergenerational Learning (2011) What is Intergenerational Learning ndash EMIL Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwemil-networkeuaboutwhat-is-intergenerational-learning

European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations 2012 (2011) Everyone has a role to play [Brochure] Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpeceuropaeusocialBlobServletdocId=6773amplangId=en

Generation ndash De nition and More from the Free-Merriam-Webster Dictionary (nd) generation Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarygeneration

Generation (nd) Generation Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpenwikipediaorgwikiGeneration

Gorman M (2000) Development and the rights of older people In J Randel T German D Ewing (Eds) The ageing and development report poverty independence and the worldrsquos older people London UK Earthscan Publications

Harinen P (2008) Hyvauml paha yksinaumlisyys Itsellisyys yksinaumlisyys ja ystaumlvyys myoumlhaumlisnuoruudessa In M Autio K Eraumlranta amp S Myllynie-mi (Eds) Polarisoituva nuoruus (pp84-93) Helsinki Hakapaino Oy

Harwood J (2007) Understanding communication and aging Developing knowledge and awareness Los Angeles Sage Publications

References

-

Helsingin kaupunki Tietokeskus (2011) Helsinki alueittain 2011 Retrieved 14 February 2012 from httpwwwhel2 tietokeskusju-lkaisutpdf11_03_30_Tilasto_hki_alueittain_2011_Tikkanenpdf

Helsingin kaupunki (2012) Service map Retrieved 17 February 2012 from httplahioprojektihel siteslahioprojektihel lessub26_englishpdf

Home ndash Center For Intergenerational Practice (2011) Building better communities for all ages between the generationshellip Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwcentreforiporguk

Jyrkaumlmauml J (2006) Vanhukset toimijoina Vanhusten laumlsnaumlolo ja osallisuus tutkimuksessa In P Topo (Ed) Eettiset kysymykset vanhusten-huollon tutkimuksessa (pp 14-19) Stakes tyoumlpapereita 212006

Kaufman G amp Elder G H (2002) Revisiting age identity A research note Journal of Aging Studies 16 169-176

Ketola T amp Kunz J (2005) Population ageing and its consequences in Finland A review of current trends and debates Tampere Tam-pereen Yliopistopaino Oy

Laumlhioumlprojekti (2011) Sub 26 Suburban Guide Helsinki Retrieved 14 February 2012 from httplahioprojektihel siteslahioprojektihel lessub26_englishpdf

Routasalo P Pitkaumllauml K (2003) Ikaumlaumlntyvien yksinaumlisyys ndash miten sitauml on tutkittu gerontologiassa Gerontologia 1 23-9

Routasalo P Savikko N Tilvis RS Strandberg TE amp Pitkaumllauml K H (2006) Social contacts and their relationship to loneliness among aged people ndash a population-based study Gerontology 52 181-187

Saari J (2009) Yksinaumlisten yhteiskunta Helsinki WSOYpro Oy

Saaristo L (2011) Vanhusten Yksinaumlisyys In T Heiskanen amp L Saaristo (Eds) Kaken keskellauml yksin Yksinaumlisyyden syyt seuraukset ja hal-lintakeinot (pp 131-139) Juva Bookwell Oy

Savikko N (2008) Loneliness of Older People and Elements of an Intervention for its Alleviation (Doctoral Dissertation) Retrieved from httpwwwdoria bitstreamhandle1002438910D808pdfsequence=1

Shanahan M Porfeli E amp Mortimer J (2005) Subjective Age Identity and The Transition to Adulthood When Does One Become an Adult In Settersten R A Furstenberg F F amp Rumbault R G (Eds) On the Frontier of Adulthood Theory Research and Public Policy Chicago University of Chicago Press

References

-

Sherman S R (1994) Changes in age identity self perceptions in middle and late life Journal of Aging Studies 8 397ndash412

Stibich M (2009) What Does Aging In Place Mean Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httplongevityaboutcomodagingproblemsfaging-in-placehtm

The Encyclopedia of Aging and the Elderly dependence (2006) Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwmedroundsorgency-clopedia-of-aging200601dependencehtml

The Finnish Youth Co-operation Allianssi (2010) Young People in Finland 2010 Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwalli binary le-id665 d1033

What is community development | CDX (2011) Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwcdxorgukcommunity-developmentwhat-community-development

WHO (2011a) De nition of an older or elderly person Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwwhointhealthinfosurveyageingdefnolderenindexhtml

WHO (2011b) What is ldquoactive ageingrdquo Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwwhointhealthinfosurveyageingdefnolderenindexhtml

References

-

Baum S K (1983ndash1984) Age identi cation in the elderly some theoretical considerations International Journal of Aging and Human Development 18 25ndash30

Beth Johnson Foundation (2004) Intergenerational Community Development UK Hatton-Yeo A Watkins C Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwcip2cswebsitesorgLibrariesLocal949DocsInter20community20developmentpdf

Biggs S (2011) Generational intelligence A critical approach to age relations London Routledge

Cultural generation ndash Psychology Wiki (nd) Cultural generation Retrieved 10 February 2012 from httppsychologywikiacomwikiCultural_generation

Demos UK (2011) Coming of Age London UK Bazalgette L Holden J Tew J Hubble N Morrison J London Demos UK

Elaumlmaumlnkulku ja ikaumlpolvet (2011) Life Course and Generations Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwikapolvet in-english

EU-CoE youth partnership ndash Promotion of intergenerational dialogue in youth work (nd) Promotion of intergenerational dialogue in youth work Retrieved 11 December 2011 fromhttpyouth-partnership-eucoeintyouth-partnershipekcypBGKNGEIntergenerationalhtml

European Map of Intergenerational Learning (2011) What is Intergenerational Learning ndash EMIL Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwemil-networkeuaboutwhat-is-intergenerational-learning

European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations 2012 (2011) Everyone has a role to play [Brochure] Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpeceuropaeusocialBlobServletdocId=6773amplangId=en

Generation ndash De nition and More from the Free-Merriam-Webster Dictionary (nd) generation Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwmerriam-webstercomdictionarygeneration

Generation (nd) Generation Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpenwikipediaorgwikiGeneration

Gorman M (2000) Development and the rights of older people In J Randel T German D Ewing (Eds) The ageing and development report poverty independence and the worldrsquos older people London UK Earthscan Publications

Harinen P (2008) Hyvauml paha yksinaumlisyys Itsellisyys yksinaumlisyys ja ystaumlvyys myoumlhaumlisnuoruudessa In M Autio K Eraumlranta amp S Myllynie-mi (Eds) Polarisoituva nuoruus (pp84-93) Helsinki Hakapaino Oy

Harwood J (2007) Understanding communication and aging Developing knowledge and awareness Los Angeles Sage Publications

References

-

Helsingin kaupunki Tietokeskus (2011) Helsinki alueittain 2011 Retrieved 14 February 2012 from httpwwwhel2 tietokeskusju-lkaisutpdf11_03_30_Tilasto_hki_alueittain_2011_Tikkanenpdf

Helsingin kaupunki (2012) Service map Retrieved 17 February 2012 from httplahioprojektihel siteslahioprojektihel lessub26_englishpdf

Home ndash Center For Intergenerational Practice (2011) Building better communities for all ages between the generationshellip Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwcentreforiporguk

Jyrkaumlmauml J (2006) Vanhukset toimijoina Vanhusten laumlsnaumlolo ja osallisuus tutkimuksessa In P Topo (Ed) Eettiset kysymykset vanhusten-huollon tutkimuksessa (pp 14-19) Stakes tyoumlpapereita 212006

Kaufman G amp Elder G H (2002) Revisiting age identity A research note Journal of Aging Studies 16 169-176

Ketola T amp Kunz J (2005) Population ageing and its consequences in Finland A review of current trends and debates Tampere Tam-pereen Yliopistopaino Oy

Laumlhioumlprojekti (2011) Sub 26 Suburban Guide Helsinki Retrieved 14 February 2012 from httplahioprojektihel siteslahioprojektihel lessub26_englishpdf

Routasalo P Pitkaumllauml K (2003) Ikaumlaumlntyvien yksinaumlisyys ndash miten sitauml on tutkittu gerontologiassa Gerontologia 1 23-9

Routasalo P Savikko N Tilvis RS Strandberg TE amp Pitkaumllauml K H (2006) Social contacts and their relationship to loneliness among aged people ndash a population-based study Gerontology 52 181-187

Saari J (2009) Yksinaumlisten yhteiskunta Helsinki WSOYpro Oy

Saaristo L (2011) Vanhusten Yksinaumlisyys In T Heiskanen amp L Saaristo (Eds) Kaken keskellauml yksin Yksinaumlisyyden syyt seuraukset ja hal-lintakeinot (pp 131-139) Juva Bookwell Oy

Savikko N (2008) Loneliness of Older People and Elements of an Intervention for its Alleviation (Doctoral Dissertation) Retrieved from httpwwwdoria bitstreamhandle1002438910D808pdfsequence=1

Shanahan M Porfeli E amp Mortimer J (2005) Subjective Age Identity and The Transition to Adulthood When Does One Become an Adult In Settersten R A Furstenberg F F amp Rumbault R G (Eds) On the Frontier of Adulthood Theory Research and Public Policy Chicago University of Chicago Press

References

-

Sherman S R (1994) Changes in age identity self perceptions in middle and late life Journal of Aging Studies 8 397ndash412

Stibich M (2009) What Does Aging In Place Mean Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httplongevityaboutcomodagingproblemsfaging-in-placehtm

The Encyclopedia of Aging and the Elderly dependence (2006) Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwmedroundsorgency-clopedia-of-aging200601dependencehtml

The Finnish Youth Co-operation Allianssi (2010) Young People in Finland 2010 Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwalli binary le-id665 d1033

What is community development | CDX (2011) Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwcdxorgukcommunity-developmentwhat-community-development

WHO (2011a) De nition of an older or elderly person Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwwhointhealthinfosurveyageingdefnolderenindexhtml

WHO (2011b) What is ldquoactive ageingrdquo Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwwhointhealthinfosurveyageingdefnolderenindexhtml

References

-

Helsingin kaupunki Tietokeskus (2011) Helsinki alueittain 2011 Retrieved 14 February 2012 from httpwwwhel2 tietokeskusju-lkaisutpdf11_03_30_Tilasto_hki_alueittain_2011_Tikkanenpdf

Helsingin kaupunki (2012) Service map Retrieved 17 February 2012 from httplahioprojektihel siteslahioprojektihel lessub26_englishpdf

Home ndash Center For Intergenerational Practice (2011) Building better communities for all ages between the generationshellip Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwcentreforiporguk

Jyrkaumlmauml J (2006) Vanhukset toimijoina Vanhusten laumlsnaumlolo ja osallisuus tutkimuksessa In P Topo (Ed) Eettiset kysymykset vanhusten-huollon tutkimuksessa (pp 14-19) Stakes tyoumlpapereita 212006

Kaufman G amp Elder G H (2002) Revisiting age identity A research note Journal of Aging Studies 16 169-176

Ketola T amp Kunz J (2005) Population ageing and its consequences in Finland A review of current trends and debates Tampere Tam-pereen Yliopistopaino Oy

Laumlhioumlprojekti (2011) Sub 26 Suburban Guide Helsinki Retrieved 14 February 2012 from httplahioprojektihel siteslahioprojektihel lessub26_englishpdf

Routasalo P Pitkaumllauml K (2003) Ikaumlaumlntyvien yksinaumlisyys ndash miten sitauml on tutkittu gerontologiassa Gerontologia 1 23-9

Routasalo P Savikko N Tilvis RS Strandberg TE amp Pitkaumllauml K H (2006) Social contacts and their relationship to loneliness among aged people ndash a population-based study Gerontology 52 181-187

Saari J (2009) Yksinaumlisten yhteiskunta Helsinki WSOYpro Oy

Saaristo L (2011) Vanhusten Yksinaumlisyys In T Heiskanen amp L Saaristo (Eds) Kaken keskellauml yksin Yksinaumlisyyden syyt seuraukset ja hal-lintakeinot (pp 131-139) Juva Bookwell Oy

Savikko N (2008) Loneliness of Older People and Elements of an Intervention for its Alleviation (Doctoral Dissertation) Retrieved from httpwwwdoria bitstreamhandle1002438910D808pdfsequence=1

Shanahan M Porfeli E amp Mortimer J (2005) Subjective Age Identity and The Transition to Adulthood When Does One Become an Adult In Settersten R A Furstenberg F F amp Rumbault R G (Eds) On the Frontier of Adulthood Theory Research and Public Policy Chicago University of Chicago Press

References

-

Sherman S R (1994) Changes in age identity self perceptions in middle and late life Journal of Aging Studies 8 397ndash412

Stibich M (2009) What Does Aging In Place Mean Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httplongevityaboutcomodagingproblemsfaging-in-placehtm

The Encyclopedia of Aging and the Elderly dependence (2006) Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwmedroundsorgency-clopedia-of-aging200601dependencehtml

The Finnish Youth Co-operation Allianssi (2010) Young People in Finland 2010 Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwalli binary le-id665 d1033

What is community development | CDX (2011) Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwcdxorgukcommunity-developmentwhat-community-development

WHO (2011a) De nition of an older or elderly person Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwwhointhealthinfosurveyageingdefnolderenindexhtml

WHO (2011b) What is ldquoactive ageingrdquo Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwwhointhealthinfosurveyageingdefnolderenindexhtml

References

-

Sherman S R (1994) Changes in age identity self perceptions in middle and late life Journal of Aging Studies 8 397ndash412

Stibich M (2009) What Does Aging In Place Mean Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httplongevityaboutcomodagingproblemsfaging-in-placehtm

The Encyclopedia of Aging and the Elderly dependence (2006) Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwmedroundsorgency-clopedia-of-aging200601dependencehtml

The Finnish Youth Co-operation Allianssi (2010) Young People in Finland 2010 Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwalli binary le-id665 d1033

What is community development | CDX (2011) Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwcdxorgukcommunity-developmentwhat-community-development

WHO (2011a) De nition of an older or elderly person Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwwhointhealthinfosurveyageingdefnolderenindexhtml

WHO (2011b) What is ldquoactive ageingrdquo Retrieved 11 December 2011 from httpwwwwhointhealthinfosurveyageingdefnolderenindexhtml