Learning Outcomes 3.1.1: Describe the difference between international and internal migration. 3.1.2: Identify the principal sources of immigrants during the three main eras of U.S. migration. 3.2.1: Describe the history of interregional migration in the United States. 3.2.2: Describe interregional migration in Russia and Canada. 3.2.3: Describe interregional migration in Canada, China, and Brazil. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.3.2: Summarize the flows of migrant workers in Europe and Asia.
Learning Outcomes 3.2.4: Explain differences among the three forms of intraregional migration. 3.3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push and pull factors. 3.3.2: Summarize the flows of migrant workers in Europe and Asia. 3.4.1: Identify the types of immigrants who are given preference to enter the United States. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.4.3 Describe characteristics of immigrants to the United States.
Learning Outcomes 3.4.2: Describe the population characteristics of unauthorized immigrants to the United States. 3.4.3 Describe characteristics of immigrants to the United States. 3.4.4: Compare American and European attitudes toward immigrants. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Migration What Geographers Study
Migration What Geographers Study Geographers document from where people migrate and to where they migrate. They also study reasons why people migrate. International Migration
20## Pearson Education, Inc. Where are migrants distributed?
Key Issues Where are migrants distributed? Where do people migrate within a country? Why do people migrate? Why do migrants face obstacles? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Migration 3.1.1: Describe the difference between international and internal migration.
Mobility is most generalized term that refers to all types of movements Journeying each day to work or school Weekly visits to local shops Annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state Short-term and repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as circulation. Ex. College students moving to college each fall and returning home each spring 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Migration is a type of Spatial Interaction
Measuring Interaction Distance Decay The Gravity Concept Interaction Potential Movement Biases Spatial Interaction Measuring Interaction Friction of Distance
Distance has a retarding effect on human interaction because there are increasing penalties in time and cost associated with longer distance, more expensive interchanges The friction of distance is reduced by lower costs.Geographically speaking, what effect did the automobile have on the United States? Distance Decay The decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin. the inverse square relationship?
The volume of interaction (flow) between two points is inversely related to the square of the distance separating them. Sovolume of flow between two places 50 miles apart would probably be only of that between places 25 miles apart. CostTimePerception?
Why is the inverse square relationship difficult to apply to human spatial interaction? The problem is that distance is only one factor of transferabilityWhat other factors influence our decisions? CostTimePerception? Spatial Interaction (cont.)
Measuring Interaction The Gravity Concept The physical laws of gravity and motion developed by Sir Isaac Newton ( ) are applicable to aggregate actions of humans A large city is more likely to attract an individual than is a small hamletMore opportunity (real and perceived) Spatial Interaction Measuring Interaction (cont.)
Movement BiasOr If you build it, they will comeAnchor chains/Stores/ Mall of America? Predictable flows making some centers more attractive to merchants and customers What movement biases exist with migration?? Spatial Interaction Distance Bias- distance decay favoring short interactions over long ones Direction Bias East/West Bias in the US (google earth Hwy map Network Bias movement along existing networks/routes self-reinforcing mechanism.Where would you site a new restaurant in the Chippewa Valley? Human Spatial Behavior
Mobility vs. Migration Circulation mobility Daily/temporary use of space for travel/work/school/ commerce etc. Migration mobility (Permanent relocation) Individual Activity Space Territoriality Varies by culture Activity space is determined by: Stage in life Mobility (economic) Opportunity Time Spatial Behavior: Linking concepts..
Zelinskis model links migration to the demographic transition A permanent move to a new location constitutes migration.
Migration 3.1.1: Describe the difference between international and internal migration. Migration A permanent move to a new location constitutes migration. Emigration is migration from a location. Immigration is migration to a location. Place A can have individuals migrating away from and to it. Emigrant: Place A Place B Immigrant: Place B Place A Difference between the number of immigrants and number emigrants is a places net migration. The flow of migration always involves two-way connections. If number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, then a positive net migration exists. If number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, then a negative net migration exists. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ravensteins laws for the distance that migrants typically move
Distance of Migration Ravensteins laws for the distance that migrants typically move Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity. 19th Century geographer E. G. Ravenstein wrote a series of laws about the tendencies of migrants. At the time, the word, law, was known to mean theory. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Migration can be divided into two categories.
International Migration- permanent move from one country to another Voluntary: motivated by perceived economic or quality of life improvement. Forced: motivated by political or environmental factors. Internal Migration- permanent move within the same country Interregional: from one region to another. i.e. rural to urban. Intraregional: within a region. i.e. central city to a newer suburban center. International Migration- Voluntary international migration could be motivated by perceived economic or quality of life improvement. Forced international migration is motivated by political or environmental factors. Internal Migration- Interregional movement from one region to another. i.e. rural to urban. Intraregional- movement within a region. i.e. central city to a newer suburban center. CHINA FIGURE 3.4 INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION
Mexico has international migration into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States. Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City. FIGURE 3.4 INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATIONMexico has international migration into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States. Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City. International Migration Patterns
Approximately 9 percent of the worlds people are international migrants. Global pattern reflects migration tendencies from developing countries to developed countries. Net Out-Migration Asia, Latin America, and Africa Net In-Migration North America, Europe, and Oceania 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. International Migration Patterns
FIGURE 3-6 GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration between regions of the world. Countries with net in-migration are in red, and those with net outmigration are in blue. The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration between regions of the world. Countries with net in-migration are in red, and those with net outmigration are in blue. Three main eras of immigration in the U.S.
U.S. Immigration Patterns : Identify the principal sources of immigrants during the three main eras of U.S. migration. U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010growing by 1 million annually. Three main eras of immigration in the U.S. Colonial settlement in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Mass European immigration in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries Asian and Latin American integration in the late Twentieth and early twenty-first centuries First era was marked by immigration from Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. Most from Africa were forced to migrate as slaves. In the beginning of the second era, most migrants came from northern and western Europe. By the turn of the 20th Century, most migrants came from southern and eastern Europe. Third era marked a shift in the sending continents. Asia and Latin America were primary places of migrant origins. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19th -20th centuries: 1840s to 1870s: Ireland and Germany
3.1.2: Identify the principal sources of immigrants during the three main eras of U.S. migration. 17th & 18th Centuries:2 million Europeans mostly Great Britain (90%), W. Europe and Africa (slavery:400,000 legally importedafter 1808, 250,000 illegally impoted) 19th -20th centuries:1840s to 1870s:Ireland and Germany 1880s Scandinavia Early 1900s:Shift to East and Southern Europe FIGURE 3-7 IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES Europeans comprised more than 90 percent of immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century.Since the 1980s, Latin American and Asia have been the dominant sources of immigrants. FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants. Elimination of Country Quota system in the 60s in favor of a
3.1.2: Identify the principal sources of immigrants during the three main eras of U.S. migration. Elimination of Country Quota system in the 60s in favor of a Institution of a Family preference system Latin American:Primarily Mexico Asian:China, Philippines, India, Vietnam FIGURE 3-7 IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES Europeans comprised more than 90 percent of immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century.Since the 1980s, Latin American and Asia have been the dominant sources of immigrants. FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants. 3.1.2: Identify the principal sources of immigrants during the three main eras of U.S. migration.
California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants.Why?? FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants. Round-Table Disc: Kuby 4: Act. 4 Discussion Questions
Assignment 1 Questions Kuby Evaluation Human Geography 10e 4.1What were the extreme values?Why were these states over/underestimated by the gravity model? 4.2In general, how did the gravity model fare?Do the predictions hold up? 4.3 How is distance a deterrent to migration?
Kuby Evaluation Human Geography 10e 4.3How is distance a deterrent to migration? Distance acts as a deterrent to migration in several ways: cost, information, and intervening opportunities. The farther apart two places are, the more expensive it is to move between them. Also, people are unlikely to move to a place they know nothing about, and they tend to know less about distant places than about those nearby places. And finally, the farther apart two places are the greater the likelihood of intervening opportunities. Kuby Evaluation Human Geography 10e 4.4Justify the use of population as the numerator in the gravity model.Can you suggest a variable that might be preferable to population as a measure of the sending power of a state or province? Population is justified in the gravity model because the more people live in a state, the more potential migrants there are. If distance were held constant, one would expect migration to be proportional to the population of a state. However, a better measure of the sending power of a state would take into account not only how many people live in a state, but also what kinds of people are most likely to move. Therefore, there might be a higher weighting on young adults and highly educated people who move more frequently than othersother factors?? Kuby Evaluation 4.5 Along the 45* = an accurate prediction
Human Geography 10e 4.5Along the 45* = an accurate prediction *For points below the line, actual migration is greater than predicted migration, the gravity model predictions underestimate migration, and residuals (actual predicted migration) are positive. *For points above the line, predicted migration is larger than actualmigration, the gravity model predictions overestimate migration, and residuals are negative. Kuby Evaluation Human Geography 10e 4.6 Groups of states that are over or under predicted? * possible explanations? 4.7 Other variables that we might use to reduce those residuals identified in 4.6? * Economic? * Age? * Gender? * Climate? For Tuesday Complete Assignment 2 for Tuesday
Remember to complete Article Reviews by Thursday Who is moving?? Assignment 1 Review Migration between Regions in Large Countries
The Worlds five largest countries in land area are Russia, Canada, China, the U.S., and Brazil. Each Country has experienced significant internal migration trends Where Do People Migrate within a Country?
U.S. Interregional Migration Perceived economic betterment typically compels individuals to make interregional migrations. Historically- enticement of abundant available land on the American Frontier. Presently- most jobs, especially in services, are clustered in urban areas. Center of population gravity refers to the countrys center of population, as calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau. Conceptually, if the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the pin. United States Interregional Migration
Westward expansion contributed to a shift in the center of population. Center of population gravity FIGURE 3-9 CHANGING CENTER OF U.S. POPULATIONThe population center is the average location of everyone in the country, the center of population gravity. If the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin. Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible. Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications). Voluntary African-American Migrations
Blacks moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and Los Angeles during World Wars (labor shortages). United States Decline in Interregional Migration
Net Migration Map Whats Going On? U.S. News and World Report FIGURE 3-10 RECENT INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES Figures show average annual migration (in thousands) in 1995 (top) and 2010 (bottom). DetroitPopulation decline Declining Mobility FIGURE 3-24 PERCENTAGE OF AMERICANS MOVING IN A YEAR The percentage has declined from 20 percent in the 1980s to 12 percent in the 2010s. FIGURE 3-24 PERCENTAGE OF AMERICANS MOVING IN A YEAR The percentage has declined from 20 percent in the 1980s to 12 percent in the 2010s. FIGURE 3-11 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: RUSSIA Russias population is clustered in the west of the country, nearest to Europe. FIGURE 3-11 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: RUSSIA Russias population is clustered in the west of the country, nearest to Europe. Russia: Interregional migration was encouraged eastward and northward by the governments decision to locate new factories and to offer economic incentives away from existing population concentrations. Migration between Regions in Large Countries
Canada: Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants. Migration between Regions in Large Countries
China: Nearly 100 million people have emigrated in recent years from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing is prevalent. From Farm to City Leaving The Land Act. Migration between Regions in Large Countries
Brazil: Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Braslia (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior. Migration between Regions in Large Countries
Brazil: Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Braslia (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior. Google Earth Brasilia Intraregional Migration
Since Industrial Revolution began in Europe in nineteenth century, there has been a global trend for individuals to migrate from rural to urban areas Percentage of urbanized population in U.S. 1800: 5 percent 1920: 50 percent 2010: 80 percent Motivated by economic advancement What are the rural push factors??? Intraregional Migration
Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs. Motivated not by economic advancement but by a desired lifestyle Additional privacy associated with single-family detached houses Often superior suburban schools Less Noise, Crime, etc. Intraregional Migrations in U.S. and other developed countries
The U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization Suburbanization automobiles and roads American Dream better services Counterurbanization idyllic settings Counterurbanization most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities.Rocky Mountain States (Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming) cost of land for retirement slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets Moving to Bloomer U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s. Complete article reviews for Friday
For Thursday: Complete Assignment 3 Complete article reviews for Friday FIGURE 3-24 PERCENTAGE OF AMERICANS MOVING IN A YEAR The percentage has declined from 20 percent in the 1980s to 12 percent in the 2010s. Why??? 20## Pearson Education, Inc. People decide to migrate because of a combination of two factors.
Why Do People Migrate? People decide to migrate because of a combination of two factors. Push factors induce people to move out of their present location. Pull factors induce people to move into a new location. Three major types of push and pull factors Political Environmental Economic Ravensteins laws help geographers make generalizations about where and how far people move. Most people migrate for economic reasons. Political and environmental also induce migration but less often. L.O: 3.3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push and pull factors. Reasons for Migrating: Political Factors
Political factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to migrate from a country. Political factors also comprise some of the most visible examples of migration L.O: 3.3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push and pull factors. Reasons for Migrating: Political Factors
United Nations High Commissions for Refugees recognizes three groups of forced political migrants. A refugee has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution. An internally displaced person (IDP) is similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border. An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee. L.O: 3.3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push and pull factors. FIGURE 3-25 POLITICAL FACTORS: REFUGEES AND IDPS The largest numbers of refugees originated in Southwest Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. FIGURE 3-25 POLITICAL FACTORS: REFUGEES AND IDPS The largest numbers of refugees originated in Southwest Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. L.O: 3.3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push and pull factors. Reasons for Migrating: Environmental Factors
Environmental factors can prompt migration from hazardous environments or pull migrants to attractive regions. Environmental Pull Factors Mountains Seasides Warm Climates Environmental Push Factors Water: most common environmental threat Flood Drought Hundreds of thousands have been forced to move from the Sahel region of northern Africa because of drought conditions. L.O: 3.3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push and pull factors. Reasons for Migrating: Economic Factors
Most people migrate for economic reasons. Push factor: migrate away from places with few jobs Pull factor: migrate to places where jobs seem to be available U.S. and Canada have been prominent destinations for economic migrants. Historically individuals migrated from Europe. More recently Latin America and Asia are primary senders. Relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change. Migration rates have decreased since the onset of the 2008 recession in the U.S. L.O: 3.3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push and pull factors. L.O: 3.3.2: Summarize the flows of migrant workers in Europe and Asia. Reasons for Migrating: Economic Factors
Migrant Workers in Europe After WWI migrant workers were invited into Europe as guest workers.Germany had the most pronounced guest worker program. Originally meant to be temporary residence Origins?? Many of those temporary guest workers became permanent residents Migrant workers in Asia Internal migration in China is the largest Large numbers of Chinese migrant workers in SE Asia as well SW Asian Oil states? Migrant workers in the Americas Relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change. Migration rates have decreased since the onset of the 2008 recession in the U.S. L.O: 3.3.2: Summarize the flows of migrant workers in Europe and Asia. Migrant Workers Foreign Workers Struggle in Malaysia Slaves of Dubai For Friday: Webquest (in Class Today)
Assignment 4 due Friday with article reviews L.O: 3.3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push and pull factors. L.O: 3.3.2: Summarize the flows of migrant workers in Europe and Asia. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Intervening obstacles, which hinder migration, can be categorized into two types. Environmental Feature- i.e., mountain, ocean, or distance Political Feature- i.e., countries require proper documentation to leave one country and gain entry in another or mar bar immigration entirely. . Before the advancements in transportation, environmental features were more hindering than political features. More recently, political features are now more hindering. Controlling Migration: U.S. Policy
The Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924 passed by the U.S. Congress marked the end of unrestricted immigration to the U.S. The global quota was set to 700,000 in 1990. 3.4.1: Identify the types of immigrants who are given preference to enter the United States. Controlling Migration: U.S. Policy
The global quota was set to 700,000 in 1990. The Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924 were repealed in the 60s in favor of aInstitution of a Family preference system. The global quota was set to 700,000 in 1990. 3.4.1: Identify the types of immigrants who are given preference to enter the United States. Controlling Migration: U.S. Policy
Reading:Immigration Act of 1924 What was the goal of the Act? List the provisions of the Act that were designed to meet that goal. Was the Act successful? 3.4.1: Identify the types of immigrants who are given preference to enter the United States. Controlling Migration
More seek admission to the U.S. than is permitted by the quotas, thus preferences are shown toward: Family Reunification About of immigrants Skilled Workers Approximately of immigrants Sending countries allegedpreference for skilled workers contributes to brain drain- a term for the disproportionate amount of highly skilled and intelligent citizens migrating away from sending countries. Diversity A few immigrants admitted, because their sending country historically has sent very few migrants Quotas do not apply to refugees. Characteristics of Immigrants
Characteristics of Migrants Ravenstein noted: Most long-distance migrants are male. Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children. Most long-distance migrants are young adults seeking work rather than children or elderly people. Characteristics of Immigrants
Characteristics of Migrants More males migrated to the U.S. during the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth century. Gender reversed in 1990s when women constituted about 55 percent of U.S. immigrants. Most likely a reflection of the changing role of women in Mexican society. About 40 percent of immigrants in U.S. are young adults between the ages of 25 and 39. Recent immigrants to the U.S. tend to be less educated than U.S. citizens. Unauthorized Immigration
Unauthorized immigrants are those who enter a country without proper documents. Characteristics of unauthorized immigrates in the U.S. Source Country Roughly 58 percent emigrate from Mexico Children Of estimated 11.2 million unauthorized immigrants, nearly 1 million are childrenThe Dreamers Unauthorized immigrants have given birth to 4.5 million children on U.S. soil making the children U.S. citizens. 3.4.2: Describe the population characteristics of unauthorized immigrants to the United States. 3.4.3 Describe characteristics of immigrants to the United States. FIGURE 3-34 NUMBER OF UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES
3.4.2: Describe the population characteristics of unauthorized immigrants to the United States. Unauthorized Immigration
Years in the U.S. Duration of residency has increased for unauthorized immigrants. In 2010, 35 percent of adults had been in U.S. for at least 15 years. Labor Force Approximately 8 million unauthorized immigrants are employed in the U.S.A New Bracero?? Distribution Texas and California have largest number of unauthorized immigrants 3.4.2: Describe the population characteristics of unauthorized immigrants to the United States. Unauthorized Immigration
Mexicos Border with the United States U.S. PerspectivePull factors Employment Opportunities Family Reunification Better Way of Life The View from Mexico is more complex Residents of northern Mexico wish for compassion to be shown to unauthorized immigrants.Why?? Residents of southern Mexico are less tolerant because of number of unauthorized immigrants entering Mexico from Guatemala. Mexicos government estimates nearly 2 million people a year cross into Mexico illegally through its southern border. 3.4.2: Describe the population characteristics of unauthorized immigrants to the United States. Attitudes toward Immigrants
Immigration Concerns in the U.S. Most views of immigration by U.S. citizens are ambivalent in nature. Border Patrol They would like more effective border control, but they dont want to spend more money to solve the issue. Workplace Most recognize that unauthorized immigrants take jobs from U.S. citizens, but they understand most citizens wouldnt take the jobs so they support a path to U.S. citizenship for these unauthorized immigrants. Amnesty? the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act Election year viewpoints?? The effect of terrorism and its perceived threat?? 3.4.2: Describe the population characteristics of unauthorized immigrants to the United States. Attitudes toward Immigrants
Civil Rights U.S. citizens favor letting law enforcement officials stop and verify the legal status of anyone, but they fear civil rights will be infringed upon of U.S. citizens, as a result of racial profiling. Local Initiatives Polls suggest U.S. citizens believe unauthorized immigration is a pressing matter to the nation, but it should only be dealt with at the federal level and not the local level. Many were opposed to Arizonas 2010 law that obligated foreigners to carry a proof of citizenship with them at all times and required police to stop and check people who looked like immigrants. More than 100 localities across the nation support additional rights for unauthorized immigrantssuch a movement is known as a Sanctuary City. 3.4.2: Describe the population characteristics of unauthorized immigrants to the United States. Attitudes toward Immigrants
Immigration Concerns in Europe Population growth in Europe is fueled by immigration from other regions of the world, a trend disliked by many Europeans. Biggest fear is that the host countrys culture will be lost, because immigrants: adhere to different religions speak different languages practice different food and other cultural habits Hostility to immigrants has become a central plank of some political parties in many European countries. Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs. 3.4.4: Compare American and European attitudes toward immigrants. FIGURE 3-43 MIGRATION FLOWS WITHIN EUROPE The largest flows are from Poland to Germany and from Romania to Spain. Whats missing?? FIGURE 3-44 IMMIGRATION CONTROVERY IN FRANCE Demonstrations supporting (top) more rights for immigrants and (bottom) tighter immigration controls. FIGURE 3-44 IMMIGRATION CONTROVERY IN FRANCE Demonstrations supporting (top) more rights for immigrants and (bottom) tighter immigration controls. Attitudes toward Immigrants
Europeans as Emigrants Inhospitable climate for immigrants in Europe is especially ironic. Europe was the source of most of the worlds emigrants, during the nineteenth century. Most Europeans fear losing their cultural heritage to that of new immigrants, while: Indo-European languages are now spoken by half of the world, as a result of European emigrants. Christianity has the worlds largest number of adherents. European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have diffused throughout the world. Summary On a global scale, the largest flows of migrants are from Asia to Europe and from Latin America to the U.S. Third-world to first-world The decision to migrate is a conclusion influenced by a mixture of push and pull factors. Migrants face obstacles in migrating not as much by environmental factors anymore but by political or cultural factors. Summary Worldwide, the most prominent type of intraregional migration is from rural areas to urban areas. In the U.S., it is from cities to suburbs. Americans and Europeans share mixed views about immigration. They recognize their importance to the local economy, but key features of immigration trouble them.