Learning Goals and Objectives

York College Toby Boss

ESU 6

Craft Knowledge

Professionals in any field…• Act on the most current knowledge that

defines their field.• Are client-centered and adapt to meet the

needs of the individuals whom they serve.• Are results oriented.• Uphold the standards of the profession in

their own practice and through peer review

(Wiggins and McTighe, 2006)

Expert PerceptionsDeanna Burney, 2006

• Educational research is shared only haphazardly among teachers.

• Teachers do not, as a body, share an authoritative, proven understanding of the work they do.

• Craft knowledge is confined to isolated classrooms.

• The education system does not invest in the cultivation and dissemination of craft knowledge.

Expert PerceptionsRichard Elmore

• Education is a profession without a practice.

• We haven’t developed a clear sense of what we do, and how it relates to our core mission.

• It is no longer acceptable to say that teaching is a mysterious thing, that occurs idiosyncratically in every classroom.

• We need a systematic answer to the question of how we do what we do.

Expert PerceptionsWiggins & McTighe

• A weakness of our craft is that we do not require faculty to justify their teaching methods, course designs, and assessments against a set of principles.

• Teachers can be thin-skinned when questions are raised about their practices.

• When students fail to learn, some teachers end up blaming the students, without an honest investigation of where the student fault ends and teacher responsibility begins.

Educational Practice• We must develop and nurture a

practice in our profession.• Collaboration and peer review is the

model in all other professions.• We need to develop an open,

collaborative system about our practice, as opposed to private practice.

Craft Knowledge

• Name it.• Describe it.

– who, what, when, how

• Say why it’s good.– why

“…the knowledge about the practice that is collected, codified, legitimated, and shared by professionals.”

(Burney, 2006)

Craft Knowledge Record

Craft Knowledge• Think – What strategies/routines have you

observed today that are applicable to your teaching assignment?– Name it.– Describe it.– Say why it’s good.

• Pair – Discuss your ideas.• Share – Share one idea when prompted.

Record craft techniques that you want to remember! Share on the EIS wiki at http://esu6eis.wikispaces.com

Craft Technique: Getting Attention

• It will be difficult to engage students in a variety of activities if a class can’t be efficiently brought back to the teacher’s attention

Four Part Attention Signal

Four Steps:1.Wrap-up – give a cue that it is time to finish the conversation or activity

2.Go to the same place in room3.Pair verbal and non-verbal (countdown, hand up)

4.WAIT

Objectives

“You’ve got to think about ‘big things’ while you’re doing small things, so that all the small things go in the right direction.”

Alvin Toffler

Literature Framework

Wiggins, G., & McTighe, J. (2005). Understanding by design. Alexandria, VA. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Wiggins, G., & McTighe, J. (2007). Schooling by design. Alexandria, VA. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Nice to Know

Supplemental

Essential

Adapted from McTighe & Wiggins

Transfer

• Apply learning to new situations not only in school, but also beyond it.

• The point of school is to learn in school how to make sense of learnings in order to lead better lives out of school.

• Learn now to apply lessons to later challenges.

Enduring Understandings

• An important inference, drawn from the experience of experts, stated as a specific and useful generalization.

• Refers to transferable, big ideas having enduring understanding beyond a specific topic.

• Involves abstract counterintuitive and easily misunderstood ideas.

Enduring Understandings

• Is best acquired by “uncovering” (i.e., it must be developed inductively, co-constructed by learners) and “doing” the subject (i.e., using the ideas in realistic settings and with real-world problems).

• Summarizes important strategic principles in skill areas.

Knowledge vs Understanding• The facts• A body of coherent facts• Verifiable claims• Right or wrong• I know something to be true• I respond on cue with what I know

• The meaning of the facts• The “theory” that provides coherence• Fallible, in-process theories• A matter of degree • I understand why it is true• I judge when to use what I know

Essentials

• Think of essentials as a job description

A learning goal (essential learning) is a statement of what students will understand and/or be able to do.

For example:• Students will understand direct and indirect

democracies.• Students will be able to do three-column addition.

What are learning goals or essential learnings?

As a result of what we do today, you will:

Understand……… Be able to………………

ACTIVITIES Today’s assignment Read pages 12-16 Complete 10 equations Finish writing paragraph

LEARNINGGOALS

Learning Goals or Activities/ Assignments?

• Students will be able to recognize the protagonist, theme, and voice of a piece of literature.

• Students will produce a book report on a book of their choice, including a table of contents, with proper pagination and format throughout.

• Given a set of coordinates, students will be able to graph the slope of a line. • Students will compare and describe the slopes of two lines.• Students will understand the differences and similarities between

metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks.• Students will understand how the Borgia family influenced the Renaissance.• Students will understand that matter is made of up of atoms and that

atoms, in turn, are made up of sub-atomic particles.• Students will write a paper describing the relationships among atoms and

sub-atomic particles.

What are the criteria for essential?• Endurance (Will this provide knowledge and skills that

will be of value beyond a single test date?)

• Leverage (Will this provide knowledge and skills that will be of value in multiple disciplines?)– Inquiry, critical thinking, inferences, problem solving

• Readiness for next level of learning (Will this provide students will the “tools” they need for success at the next level or grade.)

Reeves, D. Cited in Ainsworth, L. (2003). “Unwrapping” the Standards. Englewood, CO. Advanced Learning Press.

Essential Learning Process

• What is it that you promise your students will learn?

• If a parent asked “what will my child learn in your class” - what would you say?

• List about 10 concepts in your group for your grade.

• Refer to state standards/frameworks when applicable

Focus

• Focus your list on content and skills, not on student behavior or dispositions.

• Focus on the “What” and not the “How.”

Sharing Objectives

• Do your students know the objective(s) for the day?

• The brain needs to make meaning of content.• Try this example – fill in the blanks

The questions that p____________ face as they raise

ch_______ from in________ to adult life are not easy to

an______. Both fa________ and m_________ can become

concerned when health problems such as

co___________ arise any time after the e__________

stage to later life. Experts recommend that young

ch_________ should have plenty of s__________ and

Nutritious food for healthy growth. B________ and g _______

should not share the same b__________ or even sleep in the

same r__________.

Now try this...• Objective:

– Identify issues that poultry farmers face.

The questions that p____________ face as they raise

ch_______ from in________ to adult life are not easy to

an______. Both fa________ and m_________ can become

concerned when health problems such as

co___________ arise any time after the e__________

stage to later life. Experts recommend that young

ch_________ should have plenty of s__________ and

Nutritious food for healthy growth. B________ and g _______

should not share the same b__________ or even sleep in the

same r__________.

The questions that poultrymen face as they raise

chickens from incubation to adult life are not easy to

answer. Both farmers and merchants can become

concerned when health problems such as

coccidiosis arise any time after the egg

stage to later life. Experts recommend that young

chicks should have plenty of sunshine and

Nutritious food for healthy growth. Banties and geese

should not share the same barnyard or even sleep in the

same roost.

Objectives(learning targets, outcomes, learning goals, benchmarks, goals, purpose)

• Express what students should know (declarative) or be able to do (procedural) at the end of a learning episode

– What should they know / be able to do?

– How will they show me their learning?

Sharing Objectives(learning targets, learning goals, benchmarks, goals, purpose)

• Stated explicitly very early in the lesson• Feedback tied closely to objectives• Clear purpose explained to students

– relevance to students previous or future learning, current experience (sense & meaning)

• Extensions:– students prioritize, set personal goals,

paraphrase, etc.

Partners A & B• Discuss why sharing clear objectives with

students is important.• What are ways you can share objectives?

Information Processing Model(Sousa, How the Brain Learns, 2007, p. 39)

My brain asks…

Does this newlearning make

sense?

Does this new learning have

meaning?

Primacy-Recency EffectSerial Positioning

• During a learning episode we remember best that which comes first, second best that which comes last and least that which comes just past the middle.

• P 90 Sousa

If the rectangle below represents a period of time

when learning will occur, when does the best learning occur?

Graph from How the Brain Learns by David Sousa

Amount of Prime Learning Time

• 20 minute episode– 18 prime time (90%), 2 down time

• 40 minute episode– 30 prime time (75%), 10 down time

• 80 minute episode– 50 minute time (62%), 30 down time

So why is it necessary to change up instruction?As your brain gets numb-er Your brain gets dumber

The brain can learn only what the butt can endure.

Changing STATES

Change up instruction 5-10 min. for pre-adolescents, and

Every 10-20 minutes for adolescents into adults.

Thinking About It

• Why would you want to change states when you finally have students quiet, sitting in their seats, and looking like they are listening to you?

• Because the brain needs a chance to refocus and start again.

• When you stand up blood flow to the brain increases.

Synapses or Brain BreaksJudith Willis

• Change activates and turns on different parts of the brain.

• Dopamine is a pleasure neurotransmitter that makes you feel good and is released during certain activities and depletes over time.

• Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, needs an opportunity to recharge and rebuild.

• Brain breaks (synapses) help to replenish.

Trumps• Movement – Sitting• Talking – Listening• Images – Words• Writing – Reading• Shorter – Longer• Different -- Same

(Bowman, “The Six Trumps Slide Set” available 8.15.12 from http://bowperson.com)/

Frequent Checks for Understanding

• What:– teacher solicited, observable evidence of student

understanding or processing of new information– student response to instruction (must say, write,

do)• Why:

– appropriate adjustment of instruction (differentiation)

– increase focus– long-term memory requires reorganization /

accurate practice of new information

10-2 (5-1) Ratio• For every ten minutes of instruction,

take two minutes to check for understanding (5-1 for younger students).– All students– Overt participation– Directly related to objective

• “Pause Procedure”(Sharer, Anastasio, & Perry, 2007, p. 87-88)

Primacy-Recency Effect

• During a learning episode we remember best that which comes first, second best that which comes last and least that which comes just past the middle.

• Applies from the time period from state change to state change.

“The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.”

Alvin Toffler 2001An American writer and futurist

Presumptions

• Teaching is complex• The model should be “robust” enough to

capture this complexity – 41 strategies• Teachers need not do them all• Gains are incremental - get better at a few

each year• Feedback using a common language of

instruction is critical

Background

• People are motivated by three things– Purpose– Autonomy– Mastery

• (Robert Marzano and Daniel Pink citing Edward Deci)

• Mastery of anything takes about 10,000 hours (Gladwell) or 10 years (Marzano)

• Teaching is complex and takes about 10 years to master

The Art and Science of TeachingTen Design Questions – What will I do to:1. establish and communicate learning goals, track student progress, and

celebrate success?2. help students effectively interact with new knowledge?3. help students practice and deepen their understanding of new knowledge?4. help students generate and test hypotheses about new knowledge?5. engage students?6. establish or maintain classroom rules and procedures?7. recognize and acknowledge adherence and lack of adherence to classroom

rules and procedures?8. establish and maintain effective relationships with students?9. communicate high expectations for all students?10. develop effective lessons organized into a cohesive unit?

Lesson Segments

• “Thin slices” of instruction– Those involving routines– Those involving content– Those enacted on the spot

1. Learning Goals and Feedback2. Interacting with New Knowledge3. Practicing and Deepening4. Generating and Testing Hypotheses5. Student Engagement6. Establishing Rules and Procedures7. Adherence to Rules and Procedures8. Teacher-Student Relationships9. High Expectations

Page 7, The Art & Science of Teaching

The Art and Science of Teaching

Heflebower, Marzano Research Laboratorycutting-edge research concrete strategies sustainable success

Learning Goals and Feedback

Rules and Procedures

INVOLVES ROUTINES

ENACTED ON THE SPOT

Student Engagement

High Expectations

T

each

er/S

tude

nt R

elat

ions

hips

Adherence to R

ules and Procedures

Generating/ Testing

Hypotheses

Practicing and

Deepening

Interacting with New

Knowledge

The Art and Science of Teaching

ADDRESSES CONTENT IN SPECIFIC WAYS

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Academic Games

Games and Inconsequential(Just for Fun) Competition

• Games should always have an academic focus.• Regroup students so that all students

experience winning and losing.• Points are tallied but not used to increase or

decrease scores or grades.

Research on The Use of Games to Improve Student Learning

Marzano Research Lab reports the results of three meta-analyses.

Student growth in classrooms that used games ranged from a 13 percentile gain to an 18 percentile gain.

This is significant.

TABOOThis favorite game is a

great tool for students to practice vocabulary and summarize. The object is to get someone to say the word using clues that don’t use the “taboo” words.

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president

ObamaWhite HouseRepublicanWashingtonLincoln

TABOO

Star WarsLuke SkywalkerDarth VaderYodaMoviePrincess Leia

TABOO

Bo PeliniNebraskaCoachFootballMemorial StadiumCornhuskers

Talk a Mile a Minute

Things Associated with the American Civil War

Robert E. LeeUlysses S. Grant

GettysburgSlavery

AntietamEmancipation Proclamation

Abraham Lincoln

Things Associated with Outer Space

SunOrbitsMarsVenusSaturnGalaxyMeteors

American Holidays

Thanksgiving4th of July

Fathers DayMothers DayVeteran’s DayColumbus Day

Martin Luther King Day

Name That Category

Things that happened in the 1970’s

Types of government

Things Albert Einstein would

say

Liquids Titles of plays

Battles

200 POINTS

100 POINTS 100 POINTS

50 POINTS 50 POINTS 50 POINTS

Things you find on the moon

Types of music

Things a shark would say

Nursery Rhymes

Planets Presidents

200 POINTS

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50 POINTS 50 POINTS 50 POINTS

Things you find in China

Kinds of fish

Things a tree would say

Soda Pop

Flavors

Cities Vegetables

200 POINTS

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Social Media

• Twitter Hashtags– #nebedu– #nebedchat