LearningDefinition: A relatively permanent change in behavior

potential caused by experience or practice.

• Different from warmup, fatigue, motivation, development

Behaviorism & Environment

S-R = Stimulus-Response

Conditioning = Learning• Classical & Operant

Other Approaches:• Cognitive• Physiological• Observational Learning

Classical Conditioning(Pavlovian)

Pavlov’s Studies• Gastric Responses• Discovered Learned Responses

Terminology:• US = Unconditioned Stimulus• UR = Unconditioned Response• CS = Conditioned Stimulus• CR = Conditioned Response

Stages of Classical Conditioning

1. Before Learning

2. During Learning

3. Learned

4. Extinction (forgetting)

5. Spontaneous Recovery

6. Stimulus Generalization

US URCS no response

US + CS UR (many times)

CS (alone) CR

CS doesn’t CR

CS CR after extinction

CS CR

Operant Conditioning

Consequences control behaviorRewards & PunishmentS-R = Stimulus-ResponseReinforcement:

• Strengthens behavior

Punishment:• Weakens behavior

Extinction & Spontaneous RecoveryDiscrimination Learning

Basic Training Procedures

Good Bad

Provide Reinforcement (+)

Punishment (-)

Remove Punishment (-) Negative Reinforcement

(+)

Operant Conditioning(Continued)

Shaping• Successive approximations to goal behavior

Schedules of Reinforcement• Continuous vs. Partial• Partial Reinforcement Schedules

– Interval vs. Ratio– Fixed vs. Variable

Resistance to extinction