1

A Decision/Action Model for Soccer – Pt 9Learning and teaching curriculums

“There is one basic golden rule. Coaching is not about technique; coaching is about the game and how it unfolds, and about developing the player’s proficiency and competitive maturity, and it is about enjoyment.” [26]

A curriculum should reflect and enable this rule

“We develop national curriculums, ambitious corporate training programs, complex schooling systems. We wish to cause learning, to take charge of it, direct it, accelerate it, demand it, or even simply stop getting in the way of it… Therefore, our perspectives on learning matter: what we think about learning influences where we recognize learning, as well as what we do when we decide that we must do something about it – as individuals, as communities, and as organizations.” Etienne Wenger [30]

“A learning curriculum consists of situated opportunities… [It] is a field of learning resources in everyday practice viewed from the perspective of learners. A teaching curriculum, by contrast…[structures] resources for learning, the meaning of what is learned… [and] is mediated through an instructor’s participation, by an external view of what knowing is about.” Lave & Wenger [12]

2

Learning and teaching curriculum's – an overview“[A Learning curriculum] does imply participation in an activity system about which participants share

understanding concerning what they are doing and what that means in their lives.” [12]

Learning curriculumIt’s origin is in the apprenticeship model.

Learning is situated in a heterogeneous community of practice.

Learning is aimed at contributing to an activity and creating an identity within it.

A heavy emphasis on collaboration and trust.

Learn by doing, reflecting, negotiating.

Standards are an inner appreciation against external measures. Self respect in context.

Repair and maintenance on a local level.

Rules of open systems and bounded rationality applies.

Knowledge gained for use

Teaching curriculumIt’s origin is in school systems developed to support the industrial revolution.

Learning is done in a decontextualized environment between the teacher and homogeneous students.

Learning is aimed at gaining exchange knowledge for the title of ‘graduate.’

A heavy emphasis on isolation and mistrust.

Learn by internalizing concepts, rules, facts.

Standards are an inner appreciation against theoretical measures. Self esteem in general.

Building and construction on a global level.

Rules of closed systems and unbounded, formal rationality applies.

Knowledge gained for exchange.

3

Curriculums find their origin in school models“The public schools prepared their boys for service in the army, the civil service and other positions of authority. The

elementary schools were required to teach their pupils to be obedient to their future master’s needs.” [16]

“Present day schooling came from about 300 years ago, and it came from the last, and the biggest of the empires on this planet [the British Empire]… They created a global computer, made up of people. It’s still with us today, its called the bureaucratic administrative machine. In order to have that machine running you need lots and lots of people. They made another machine to produce those people, the school. The schools would produce the people who would then become parts of the bureaucratic administrative machine. They must be identical to each other. They must know three things… [the 3 R’s - reading, writing and ‘rithmetic]. They must be so identical that you could pick one up from New Zealand, and ship them to Canada, and they would be instantly functional… The Victorians… engineered a system that was so robust that it is still with us today. Continuously producing identical people for a machine that no longer exists… Schools as we know them now are obsolete… It’s not broken, it’s wonderfully constructed, it’s just that we don’t need it anymore. It’s outdated.” [14]

“The problem is that the current system of education was designed and conceived and structured for a different age. It was conceived in the intellectual culture of the enlightenment and in the economic circumstances of the industrial revolution… My view is that this model has caused chaos in many peoples lives.”[20]

“The Elementary Education Act of 1870: Under the terms of the Act the curriculum of the elementary schools was designed to serve the twin criteria of social utility and cheapness of operation… It was in this climate that one of the major educational controversies was played out. What form of drill should be adopted into the curriculum – Military drill or physical exercises?” [16]

“The 1905 Code of Regulations… encouraged the inclusion of organized games in elementary schools in the interests of ‘esprit de corps, readiness to endure fatigue, to submit to discipline, and to subordinate one’s own powers and wishes to the common end’. It recommended football teams… as the means by which those qualities could be promoted.” [16]

The first Schools Football Association was set up in South London in 1885 [16] and The English Schools Football Association, the governing body of schools football in England, was founded in 1904. Wikipedia

4

Schools are built around efficiency, predictability, control, and calculability“Good order and discipline were qualities most in demand by teachers facing large classes.” [16]

Taken too far efficiency, predictability, control and calculability create formally rationalized systems, i.e. McDonadization [19]:

“Efficiency, or the optimal method for getting from one point to another.” [19] Greater efficiency means higher productivity and/or using fewer resources.“Predictability, the assurance that products and services will be the same over time and in all locales.” [19] Uniformity, conformity, reliability.“Control, is exerted over the people who enter the world of McDonald’s. Lines, limited menus, few options.” [19] Leave as little room for chance and choice as possible.“Calculability emphasizes the quantitative aspects of products… and services.” [19] Counting concrete things like ‘touches and wins’ is one thing. Counting abstract concepts like the steps in a process i.e. “learning a move” is something else. What, and how it gets counted matters because, “What gets measured gets done,” - Peter Drucker.

“We must look at McDonaldization as both “enabling” and “constraining.” McDonaldized[rationalized] systems enable us to do many things we were not able to do in the past; however, these systems also keep us from doing things we otherwise would do.McDonaldization is a “double-edged” phenomenon.” [19]

Children tacitly learn order, regimentation, deference to authority and discipline through the curriculum, structure, schedules and reward systems of compulsory standardized education. The same system their parents, coaches and most other adults went through. This rationalized systems perspective becomes the default starting point, the mindset, for evaluation and methodology for teaching in much of the soccer world.

5

The logical end point for McDonaldization – bureaucracies“In a rationalized society, people prefer to know what to expect in most settings

and at most times. They neither desire nor expect surprises.” [19]

“German sociologist Max Weber… demonstrated in his research that the modern Western world had produced a distinctive kind of rationality… called formal rationality… According to Weber, formal rationality means that the search by people for the optimum means to a given end is shaped by rules, regulations, and larger social structures… it allows individuals little choice of means to ends. In a formally rational system, virtually everyone can (or must) make the same optimal choice.” [19]

“In Weber’s view, bureaucracies are cages in the sense that people are trapped in them, their basic humanity denied… He anticipated a society of people locked into a series of rational structures, who could move only from one rational system to another – from rationalized educational institutions to… rationalized recreational setting.” [19]

Bureaucracies replace people with a label or role. Laura and Ben are seen as ‘student, teacher, players, coach, u10, central defenders’ and so on. This allows superiors to observe them as roles ‘doing what/where they should be’ instead of as people ‘doing what/where they really are.’ People are seen through the lens of idealized models of behavior.

“The term ‘role’ does not depict a consciousness thinking, acting, reflecting. It usually implies norms, attributes, or functions of an occupation.” [15]

6

Bureaucracies are built through scientific management“Scientific management enters the workplace not as the representative of science, but as the

representative of management masquerading in the trappings of science.” [5]

“The managers assume… the burden of gathering together all of the traditional knowledge which in the past has been possessed by the workmen and then classifying, tabulating, and reducing this knowledge to rules, laws and formulae… All possible brain work should be removed from the shop and centered in the planning or laying-out department,” Fredrick Taylor. [5]

“In effect then, Taylor separated “head” work from “hand” work; prior to Taylor’s day, the skilled worker performed both. Taylor and his followers studied what was in the heads of those skilled workers, then translated that knowledge into simple, mindless routines that virtually anyone could learn and follow. Workers were thus left with little more than repetitive “hand”work. This principle remains at the base of the movement to replace human with nonhuman technology throughout our McDonaldizing society.” [19]

“Repetitive labour – the doing of one thing over and over again and always in the same way – is a terrifying prospect to a certain kind of mind… The average worker, I am sorry to say, wants a job in which he does not have to think,” Henry Ford. [19]

“Scattered craft knowledge is concentrated in the hands of the employer, then doled out again to the workers in the form of minute instructions needed to perform some part of what is now a work process. This process replaces what was previously an integral activity, rooted in craft tradition and experience, animated by the worker’s own mental image of, and intention toward, the finished product.” [5]

7

The cost of school systems goes beyond the disaffected“That’s really the great mystery about bureaucracies. Why is it so often that the best people are stuck in the middle and the people who are running things—the leaders—are the mediocrities? [7]

“When I first started teaching in the Ivy League I had very high expectations. These are the kids that are the cream of the crop of our educational system… these are the “smart kids…” I soon saw some things that I didn’t expect. I noticed that my students could take any test and get an A… But anytime I gave them an unstructured assignment… they had great difficulty… I wondered to myself, what were they doing in those years of their K-12 experience? What I came to realize was that they were getting very good at doing school… they were full of information… but they weren’t knowledge able… In a word, they couldn’t think. ” [2]

Yale’s William Deresiewicz addressing the plebes at West Point in 2009;

“We have a crisis of leadership in America because our overwhelming power and wealth, earned under earlier generations of leaders, made us complacent, and for too long we have been training leaders who only know how to keep the routine going. Who can answer questions, but don’t know how to ask them. Who can fulfill goals, but don’t know how to set them. Who think about how to get things done, but not whether they’re worth doing in the first place. What we have now are the greatest technocrats the world has ever seen, people who have been trained to be incredibly good at one specific thing, but who have no interest in anything beyond their area of expertise. What we don’t have are leaders.

What we don’t have, in other words, are thinkers. People who can think for themselves. People who can formulate a new direction: for the country, for a corporation or a college, for the Army—a new way of doing things, a new way of looking at things. People, in other words, with vision.”

So what I saw around me were great kids who had been trained to be world-class hoop jumpers. Any goal you set them, they could achieve. Any test you gave them, they could pass with flying colors. They were, as one of them put it herself, ‘excellent sheep.’” [7]

8

When scientific management worked well in soccerLobanovskyi and Zelentsov at Dynamo Kyiv

“Football, he explained, eventually became for him a system of twenty-two elements – two subsystems of eleven elements – moving within a defined area… and subject to a series of restrictions… the subsystems were subject to a peculiarity: the efficiency of the subsystem is greater than the sum of the efficiencies of the elements that comprise it… as Lobanovsky saw it… football was ripe for cybernetic techniques.” [31]

“He saw a football team as a dynamic system, in which the aim was to produce the optimal level of energy in the optimal pattern.” [31]

“Everything was meticulously planned… on the wall at Dynamo’s training base were hung lists of the demands Lobanovskyi placed on players… fourteen defensive tasks… thirteen demands on forwards… Far more radical was the list of twenty items… called ‘coalition actions.’ Lobanovskyi’s goal was what he termed ‘universality’… If a midfielder has fulfilled sixty technical and tactical actions in the course of a match, then he has not pulled his weight. He is obliged to do a hundred or more.” [31]

“In my laboratory, we evaluate the functional readiness of players and how their potential can be realized…. And we influence players in a natural way – we form them following scientific recommendations. With the help of modeling we assemble the bricks and create the skeleton of the team… we justify it with numbers.” [31]

Lobanovskyi and Zelentsov needed the Soviet culture, the rational bureaucratic mindsets, for their brand of scientific soccer. Note the spread of ‘Soviet think’ into current Western consumer culture;

“In the 1950’s, sociologists started pointing out a basic resemblance between Soviet and Western societies… Both were industrial, and had in common a growing separation of planning from execution… penetrating observers noted that it proceeded from the imperatives of rational administration… In the Soviet block… central control by the state; in the West, by corporations.” [5]

9

Learning curriculums deal with repair “The repairman has to begin each job by getting outside his own head and noticing things;

he has to look carefully and listen to the ailing machine.” [5]

“Fixing things, whether cars or human bodies, is very different from building things from scratch. The mechanic [player & coach] and the doctor deal with failure every day, whereas the builder does not. This is because the things they fix are not of their own making, and are therefore never known in a comprehensive or absolute way.” [5]

“Like building houses, mathematics is constructive; every element is fully within one’s view, and subject to deliberate placement… By contrast, in diagnosing and fixing things made by others…one is confronted with obscurities, and must remain open to the signs by which they reveal themselves. This openness is incompatible with self-absorption; to maintain it we have to fight our tendency to get anchored in snap judgments… Getting it right demands that you be attentive in the way of a conversation rather than assertive in the way of a demonstration.” [5]

“One was drawn out of oneself and into a struggle, by turns hateful and loving, with another thing that, like a mule, was emphatically not simply an extension of one’s will. Rather, one had to conform one’s will and judgment to certain external facts of physics that still presented themselves as such. Old bikes don’t flatter you, they educate you… When your shin gets kicked, whether by a mule or a kick-starter, you get schooled.” [5]

This perspective illustrates how Teambuilding is a misnomer. Even Alex Ferguson never assembled a team like a piece of Ikea furniture. The parts would never quite fit together as he thought and there’s no users manual to refer to. He’s more of a tradesman at work, attentive, and feeling his way towards an uncertain end that will manifest itself in the world. This is why developing fingerspitzengefühl is so important. The ‘feeling’ needs to be continually nurtured at every level. Teaching curriculums rarely if ever deal with this type of learning. In learning curriculums it’s an implicit part of every lesson.

10

Communities of practice – beyond teams and schools“Apprentices… must organize their own learning ‘curriculum’ and recruit

teaching and guidance for themselves.” [12]

“A community of practice is a set of relations among persons, activity, and world, over time and in relation with other tangential and overlapping communities of practice. A community of practice is an intrinsic condition for the existence of knowledge, not least because it provides the interpretive support necessary for making sense… The social structure of this practice, its power relations, and its conditions for legitimacy define possibilities for learning.” [12]

“The first requirement of educational design is to offer opportunities for engagement…participants in a community of practice contribute in a variety of interdependent ways that become material for building an identity. What they learn is what allows them to contribute to the enterprise… and to engage with others around that enterprise… learning is in the service of that engagement.” [30]

“Rather than mistrusting social relationships and interests, as traditional learning institutions often do, a learning community incorporates them as essential ingredients in order to maximize the engagement of its members. Building complex social relationships around meaningful activities requires genuine practices in which taking charge of learning becomes the enterprise of the community.” [30]

The children, who are at the center of attention for the learning activities, are also some of the primary tools, resources and systems for enacting it. Their spontaneous interactions provide feedback about the structural organization set up by the coach.

11

Situated learning in communities of practice“The social and cultural situation of the teaching environment

contributes significantly to what is learned and how learning takes place.” [10]

“Situated learning has also emerged as a framework to theorize and analyze pedagogical practices in physical education… Individuals are considered part of a holistic learning enterprise, not as acting or participating in isolation. This view of a learning-centered curriculum moves the teacher off center stage and provides an opportunity for the student to help other students learn.” [10]

The Mary argument illustrates the debate between ‘formal school’ and situated learning. “The thought experiment was originally proposed by Frank Jackson as follows:” “Mary is a brilliant scientist who is, for whatever reason, forced to investigate the world from a black and

white room via a black and white television monitor. She specializes in the neurophysiology of vision and acquires, let us suppose, all the physical information there is to obtain about what goes on when we see ripe tomatoes, or the sky, and use terms like ‘red’, ‘blue’, and so on. She discovers, for example, just which wavelength combinations from the sky stimulate the retina, and exactly how this produces via the central nervous system the contraction of the vocal cords and expulsion of air from the lungs that results in the uttering of the sentence ‘The sky is blue’. [...] What will happen when Mary is released from her black and white room or is given a color television monitor? Will she learn anything or not?” Wikipedia

Participation and reification in communities of practice. For Mary action knowledge is gained through participation; reification knowledge is gained through academic study, passive observation and reflection on experience. We need both types of knowledge and they are interdependent. “Participation refers to a process of taking part and also the relations with others… It suggests both

action and connection.” [30] Learn by doing, acting and sharing in both process and results. “The concept of reification… refers to the process of giving form to our experience by producing objects

that congeal into ‘thingness.’ In so doing we create points of focus around which the negotiation of meaning becomes organized.” [30] Learn by observation, study and reflection.

12

Comparison of behavioral and decision training [27]

“There are always students who have nothing to learn from the teacher or those who do not especially want to learn. All eventually agree very fast by refusing to actively engage in the learning activity.” [10]

Behavioral training:

Instruction Part-to-whole Simple to complex drills Easy-first instructions Technical emphasis Internal focus of instruction

Practice Blocked practice Low variability

Feedback Abundant coach feedback Low use of questioning Low athlete detection and correction of

errors

Overall: Low levels of athlete cognitive effort. [27]

Decision training:

Instruction Tactical whole training Competition like drills Hard-first instruction Technique within tactics External focus of instruction

Practice Variable practice Random practice

Feedback Bandwidth feedback High use of questioning High athlete detection and correction

of errors

Overall: High levels of athlete cognitive effort [27]

13

Technical curriculums are built on behavioral models“It has been noted that one of the most prominent value orientations in the domain of physical education is

disciplinary or subject mastery, whereby practitioners attempt to teach perceptual motor skills through verbal explanation, demonstration, practice drills, and simulated game play.” [4]

The Mary argument about learning soccer – the KNVB [head work] and the Coerver School [hand work] debate.

“Coerver has written his books from the point of view that a soccer player’s technique is the basic measure of his value to his team and teammates… The Dutch Soccer Association does not share this belief. Wiel Coerver focuses solely on the mechanics of the various movements and equates these with playing soccer itself… In short, Coerver says that players can best learn to play soccer by learning certain movements with the ball. The Dutch Soccer Association says that players can best learn soccer by playing soccer.” [26]

“But why are teachers so technique oriented?Perhaps the answer lies in the development of the subject Physical Education and the resulting implications on the way teachers were trained. As the subject moved to degree status in the 60’s so courses such as Skill Acquisition and Measurement and Evaluation grew in importance. The problem with Skill Acquisition courses, at least in England, was that the desire for experimental stringency meant that skills studied were rarely in a sport context. Add to this the desire to measure and evaluate our work objectively and the well recognized fact that isolated techniques are so much easier to quantify than other aspects of the games and it is easy to see how the Physical Educator was pulled toward the technical side of games.

In addition during methodology courses the search for a lesson plan which would ensure a clear and easily documented preparation procedure led to a format that divided lessons into Introductory Activity, Skill Phase and Game. In addition by guiding the teacher to identify teaching points a ‘command’ or ‘task’ teaching style is encouraged.” [25]

14

Technical curriculums – blocked practice and behaviorismScientific management and behaviorism, McDonaldization shapes soccer training today

“Our own research on professional practices in physical education shows that physical education teachers, when teaching team sports, keep presenting their students with technical solutions to be reproduced or tactical principles to be applied rather than technical or tactical problems to be resolved… Some of the reasons for that may be the following:

First, a majority of physical education teachers… were given a sports education in which they were essentially taught the “do as I do” method. They then proceeded to apply this model in their own professional practice.”

Second, the little time devoted to physical education at school likely bears on pedagogical choices… given the time that they have at their disposal, they must proceed quickly. So as soon as students experience learning problems, they are [told] and shown what to do. [10]

“Until the late 1970’s, most researchers in motor learning promoted the use of of behavioral training methods where athletes were trained using blocked repetitive practice. During blocked training, complex skills and tactics are broken down through a process called task analysis into countless subskills that are then trained using simple to complex progressions of drills.” [27]

“This approach can be traced to a major school of psychology called behaviorism [the intellectual rational behind scientific management]… The laws of behaviorism state that a response will become habit as a consequence of the number of times it is paired or associated with a given stimulus… When a behavioristic approach is used, the mind of the performer is largely discounted as a factor in performance.” [27]

15

Learning curriculums are built on decision models“The coach must give space and time to his students to

discover the problems of the game situations by themselves.” [28]

“Guiding Pedagogical principles of the Tactical-Decision Learning Model:” [10]

The teacher or coach as a facilitator. Students are active learners. Students work in groups or modified games. Learning activities are interesting and challenging. Students are held accountable.

Teaching Games for Understanding (The variation ‘Game Sense’ is used in Australia.) “The Teaching Games for Understanding approach to the teaching of sport/physical activity is a holistic

model because it focuses attention on the individual and not with the sub set of activity specific skills for the activity in focus. Learning skills of the game are placed in the broader context of the game itself. The nature of the game is taught first, and the skills are added at a pace manageable by the participants. By doing this, the thinking and problem solving aspects of the game are taught in tandem with the skills. The result is a participant who is skilled in the broader sense of understanding the game than simply being skilful at the game.” [17]

The Dutch Vision. [26]

“Ideas used from street soccer were the foundations of the development of youth soccer and youth coaching in a modern style. In the early 50's and 60's young players used to learn to play soccer in the streets. They played before school, during the breaks, and after school. Every day, 6 or 7 days a week. Time was on their side. There were no adults, parents or coaches, involved in street soccer, except sometimes a bad neighbor or a policeman. All aspects of the game skill; technique, tactics and fitness developed by playing in simple situations, in which WINNING was very important.” [21]

16

The Dutch Vision – working in a structural and systemic fashion“A soccer coach coaches soccer, not something else.” Ab van de Velde

“Many coaches find it difficult to work in a structural fashion with their team… To be able to do this, the coach must possess the theoretical knowledge of the football teambuilding process.” [13]

“A lot of youth trainers still have the tendency to use different training exercises… They are afraid that their expertise is in doubt if they do not do it. A good youth trainer, composed in the art of letting his group perform the standard training activities as regards to the game form, however simplified, answers the challenge and the perception the youth soccer player is looking for. Basic forms are a reflection of the ‘real’ soccer match, whereby the youth players are confronted with opponents, teammates, goals, defined spaces, game rules, [a ball and a result – the product of the process] and still new options to find the solutions for more complex or simpler soccer situations! The repetition of these basic forms is a golden rule for every youth training session.” [13]

“There is no perfection in competitive soccer… However, structural teambuilding makes sure that: the players have confidence in each other, there is calmness in the game actions, the essential team spirit is present and team tactical views are present. These are the basic prerequisites for an optimal performance level.” [13]

The coach creates the structure (command of the systems) through the elements of the game; “opponents, teammates, goals, defined spaces, game rules,” a ball and a result. The players work together (take systemic actions) to solve the problems they face. By manipulating the elements the coach can highlight any particular system (TIC, next slide) that he or she likes in a holistic fashion. The game really does teach and the kids get a “kick in the shins” when their process comes up short of the desired product. Results matter, they validate the legitimacy of their participation in the activity.

17

TIC, the systemic tool and measure in soccer “You have to have TIC to play soccer.” [26]

“The elements on which the actual play is based, or rather the means by which the objective of the game i.e. winning, can be achieved are summarized in the so called TIC principle. TIC stands for: [26]

Technique: This encompasses the basic skills necessary to play the game. No matter how small children are, or

however elementary the standard of play, the players possess a certain degree of technical skill.Insight: Insight into the game is necessary in order to understand what actions are appropriate or inappropriate

in a given situation. Insight is largely a question of experience and soccer intelligence.Communication: Communication in this context refers to the interaction between the players and all the elements

involved in the game. This obviously covers communication with players of the same and the opposing team (verbal and non-verbal) but also covers interaction with the ball… the field… the spectators… the officials, the coach etc.” [26]

“TIC covers all the attributes needed to play and to influence the game. An additional complicating and influencing factor is the continual flux of these ingredients.” [26]

To coach players one must read and influence their TIC while they play. The elements of TIC are viewed as being interdependent, open systems. They are not separated like in a technical model and can’t be learned in isolation. It is distributed across the team through the interactions of the players. Certain combinations/systems may increase a players TIC while others degrade it. It is not a trait nor individual quality, it’s an emergent systemic property.

18

Communication – participation in a community of practice“Participation refers to a process of taking part and also the relations with others…

It suggests both action and connection.” [30]

“Every training session is a form of communication.” – Rinus Michels [13]

“Communication in this context refers to the interaction between the players and all the elements involved in the game [the structure]. This obviously covers communication with players of the same and the opposing team (verbal and non-verbal) but also covers interaction with the ball… the field… the spectators… the officials, the coach etc.” [26]

There are three defined time frames to observe players communication: Pregame or session. How does the communication unfold, democratic or autocratic? What's

the plan? What factors does the team take into account? How fast can they get it together? Pay attention, listen and take mental notes. Guide as a leader, not as a manager.

During the game or session. Is anyone held accountable? By who? How close to the plan is the team playing? Do they make appropriate adjustments when necessary? How quickly? Make mental notes, keep details of changes, significant events and ‘friction points’ in mind.

Post game or session. This is the time when players need to reflect and the coach can access real world events. Memories are fresh, emotions maybe raw and the participants are present. Conduct AAR’s until the players can do it themselves. This requires a lot of experience and trust between the players and coach.

“The after action review (AAR), built around four questions: What did we set out to do? What actually happened? Why did it happen? What are we going to do next time?” [29]

19

Insight – when “thingness” rises to the level of attention“The power to spot leverage points.” [10]

“The concept of reification… refers to the process of giving form to our experience by producing objects that congeal into ‘thingness.’ In so doing we create points of focus around which the negotiation of meaning becomes organized.” [30]

“Insight into the game is necessary in order to understand what actions are appropriate or inappropriate in a given situation. Insight is largely a question of experience and soccer intelligence.” [26]

“Leverage points are just possibilities – pressure points that might lead to something useful, or might go nowhere.” [11]

“Leverage points provide fragmentary action sequences, kernel ideas, and procedures for formulating a solution. Experts seem to have a larger stock of procedures that they can think of… Novices, in contrast, are often at a loss about where to begin.” [11]

“Military commanders also need to detect leverage points. They need to find ways to exploit enemy weaknesses and to detect signs that an adversary is preparing to do the same to them.” [11]

Leverage points are the “thingness” that gets attention, the ‘what’s’ in participation as opposed to the ‘how's. What was that? What does it mean? What do I do? What are we doing? What were you thinking? They can be understood as rational thoughts i.e. ‘free kick’or as emotional, gut feelings i.e. this is ‘good/not good’.

20

Creating identities, going beyond roles“Rather than a teacher/learner dyad, this points to a richly diverse field of

essential actors and, with it, other forms of relationships of participation.” [12]

“Building an identity consists of negotiating the meanings of our experience of membership in social communities. The concept of identity serves as a pivot point between the social and the individual, so that each can be talked about in terms of the other.” [30]

“To make sense of… identity formation and learning, it is useful to consider three distinct modes of belonging;

engagement – active involvement in mutual processes of negotiation of meaning.imagination – creating images of the world and seeing connections through time and space by extrapolating from our own experience.alignment – [harmonizing] our energy and activities in order to fit within… and contribute to broader structures.” [30]

“Identity in practice arises out of an interplay of participation and reification. As such, it is not an object, but a constant becoming… Identity is not some primordial core of personality that already exists. Nor is it something that we acquire at some point… As we go through a succession of forms of participation, our identities form trajectories, both within and across communities of practice.” [30]

“Activities, tasks, functions and understandings do not exist in isolation. They are part of broader systems of relations… The person is defined by as well as defines these relations. Learning thus implies becoming a different person with respect to the possibilities enabled by these systems of relations. To ignore this aspect of learning… is to overlook… the construction of identities.” [12]

21

Work or play, how do you make progress in learning?“Play is intrinsically motivated, except if you don’t do what the others tell you,

they won’t let you play.” [24]

“The playful aspect also constitutes an important dimension. Indeed, one of the main functions of games in childhood is to develop a child’s sense of identity and self accomplishment. Nevertheless, a primary objective for a teacher is to create an instructional setting that will include a rapport of strength within a problem-solving environment.” [10]

“Children’s own spontaneous play is still thought to be fairly useless by many educators and most parents who pursue the rhetoric of progress. Of all the rhetoric's, progress is the most explicit in terms of hegemony, and the organization of children’s play in terms of the educational and psychological beliefs of adults… The very point of the progress rhetoric has been to constrain child play in the service of growth, education, and progress… Most adults show great anxiety and fear that children’s play behavior, if not rationalized… will escape their control and become frivolous and irrational… Treating… play as frivolous… illustrates and adds momentum to the idea that adults should organize the kind of play through which children are believed to develop properly.” [24]

“Typically the work ethic view of play rests on making an absolutely fundamental distinction between play and work. Work is obligatory, serious, and not fun, and play is the opposite of these. This distinction, while influenced by the Protestant religion, derives its major impetus from the urban industrial view of time and work… Play [is seen] as a waste of time, as idleness, as triviality, and as frivolity.” [24]

22

Legitimate participation in communities of practice“The task for the novice is to learn to organize his own behavior

such that it produces a competent performance.” [12]

“Football players know that there is a certain ranking within a team [the pecking order]. The players who are at the bottom of the ladder usually accept this. The coach has to be alert to those players who are almost at the top of the hierarchy. For them there will always come a day that they feel it is their turn to be on top of the food chain… The ranking in the team is not a constant factor… you can recognize the… conflict when watching the game.” –Rinus Michels [13]

“A newcomer’s [or players lower on the pecking order] tasks are short and simple, the cost of errors small… A newcomer’s tasks tend to be positioned at the ends of the branches of work processes, rather than in the middle of linked work segments… As opportunities for understanding how well or poorly one’s efforts contribute are evident in practice, legitimate participation… provides an immediate ground for self evaluation.” [12]

Legitimate participation includes the notion of a centripetal force. In soccer these are the on going negotiations of Einheit, Schwerpunkt and Auftragstaktik in the team or organization. In these negotiations, identity matters. It shapes, and is shaped by these negotiations, ultimately determining the pecking order and authority structures for the next round. A never ending process it is often not a smooth ride as people jockey for power: “I have argued that communities of practice are not havens of peace and and that their

evolution involves politics of both participation and reification. Generational [and talent] differences add an edge to these politics by including distinct perspectives… to bear on the history of the practice. The working out of these perspectives involves a dynamics of continuity and discontinuity that propels the practice forward.” [30]

23

Summary“What the hell is going on? Is this our society as a whole,

buying more education only to scale new heights of stupidity?” [5]

Communities of practice should not be thought of as some new age, feel-good, everybody is a winner model for learning. In fact, it is the opposite of that. If your not good enough, get out - go home. This is, at least partly, the antidote for one of youth soccer’s biggest problems; a lack of physical, mental and moral commitment to anything beyond immediate self gratification. In CoP’s, standards are external, the measures cannot be denied, dismissed and what one thinks is of no importance. Product matters just as much as process.

“The satisfactions of manifesting oneself concretely in the world through manual competence have been known to make a man quiet and easy. They seem to relieve him of the felt need to offer chattering interpretations of himself to vindicate his worth. He can simply point: the building stands, the car now runs, the lights are on. Boasting is what a boy does, because he has no real effect in the world. But the tradesman must reckon with the infallible judgment of reality, where one’s failures or shortcomings cannot be interpreted away. His well-founded pride is far from the gratuitous “self-esteem” that educators would impart to students, as though by magic.” [5]

This false sense of self is, at least in part, built up and encouraged in a rationalized, consumer economy where happiness and success comes with a price tag and a guarantee.

“In any hard discipline, whether it is gardening, structural engineering, or [soccer] one submits to things that have their own intractable ways. Such hardness is at odds with the underlying ontology of consumerism… The modern personality is being reorganized on a predicate of passive consumption, and it starts early in life… The consumer is left with a mere decision. Since this decision takes place in a playground-safe field of options, the only concern it elicits is personal preference.” [5]

Identity as an individual in a group is important. It matters and it’s learned in CoP’s. It cannot be taught like a subject in school. Such a belief that everything's for everyone is illogical. “It seems illegitimate to give rank its due in a society where “all children are above average,” As Garrison Keillor says of Lake Woebegon.” [5]

24

Selected referencesSeveral years ago I remarked to a top KNVB coach that “the Dutch Vision is a system that’s not a system.”

His reply, “it’s not a system at all, it’s a way of thinking.” Yours truly

1. BOYD, J. 1976, Destruction and Creation(http://pogoarchives.org/m/dni/john_boyd_compendium/destruction_and_creation.pdf)

2. CABRERA, D. Dec. 6, 2011, How Thinking Works (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUqRTWCdXt4) 3. CHRISTENSEN, M. LAURSEN, D. SORENSEN, J. 2011, Situated Learning in Youth Elite Football: a Danish case study

among talented male under-18 football players (Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, Vol. 16, No.2, 163-178)4. CHOW, J. et al. 2007 The Role of Nonlinear Pedagogy in Physical Education (Review of Educational Research 2007,

Vol. 77, No. 3, 251-278)5. CRAWFORD, M. 2009, Shop Class as Soulcraft, An Inquiry Into the Value of Work, (New York: Penguin Books)6. CRAWFORD, M. May 16, 2011, Manual Competence (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdGky1JZovg)7. DERESIEWICZ, W. 2010, Solitude and Leadership (The American Scholar, March 2010)8. GATTO, J. 2010, Weapons of Mass Instruction, A School Teachers Journey Through the Dark World of Compulsory

Schooling (Gabriola Island, B.C: New Society Publishers) 9. GOFFMAN, E. 1959, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Anchor Books) 10. GREHAIGNE, J-F. RICHARD, J-F. GRIFFIN, L. 2005, Teaching and Learning, Team Games and Sports (London:

Routledge)11. KLEIN, G. 1998, Sources of Power, How People Make Decisions (Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press)12. LAVE, J. & WENGER, E. 1991, Situated Learning, Legitimate Peripheral Practice (New York: Cambridge University

Press)13. MICHELS, R. 2001, Teambuilding, The Road to Success (Spring City, Pa: Reedswain)14. MITRA, S. Feb. 27, 2013 Build a School in the Clouds (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3jYVe1RGaU)15. PAGET, M. 2004, The Unity of Mistakes (Philadelphia, Pa: Temple University Press)16. PENN, A 1999, Targeting Schools, Drill, Militarism and Imperialism (London: Woburn Press) 17. PILL, S. May 13, 2013, Teaching Games for Understanding, Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and

Recreation (http://www.ausport.gov.au/sportscoachmag/coaching_processes/teaching_games_for_understanding) 18. RICHARDS, C. 2004, Certain to Win, The Strategy of John Boyd, Applied to Business (Xlibris Corporation) 19. RITZER, G. 2008, The McDonaldization of Society 5 (Thousand Oaks Ca: Pine Oaks Press)

25

Selected referencesSeveral years ago I remarked to a top KNVB coach that “the Dutch Vision is a system that’s not a system.”

His reply, “it’s not a system at all, it’s a way of thinking.” Yours truly

20. ROBINSON, K. Oct. 14, 2010, Changing Education Paradigms (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDZFcDGpL4U)21. ROYAL DUTCH SOCCER FEDERATION, July 2001, The Dutch Vision on Youth Soccer (KNVB-Holland P.O. Box 515

3700 AM Zeist, Holland)22. ROWE, M. May 23, 2011 Mike Rowe testifies before the US Senate about skilled trades

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cC0JPs-rcF0)23. SKINNER, B.F. 1971, Beyond Freedom and Dignity (New York: Bantum Books)24. SUTTON-SMITH, B. 1997, The Ambiguity of Play (Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press)25. THORPE, R. BUNKER, D. ALMOND, L. 1986, Rethinking Games Teaching, (Loughborough University: www.tgfu.org)26. VAN LINGEN, B. 1997, Coaching Soccer, The Official Coaching Book of the Dutch Soccer Association (Spring City, Pa:

Reedswain)27. VICKERS, J. 2007, Perception, Cognition, and Decision Training, The Quiet Eye in Action (Champaign, Il: Human

Kinetics) 28. WEIN, H. 2004, Developing Game Intelligence in Soccer (Spring City, Pa: Reedswain)29. WEICK, K. SUTCLIFFE, K. 2007, Managing the Unexpected, Resilient Performance in an Age of Uncertainty, (San

Francisco, Ca: John Wiley & Sons, Inc).30. WENGER, E. 1998, Communities of Practice, Learning, Meaning, and Identity (New York: Cambridge University Press) 31. WILSON, J. 2008, Inverting the Pyramid, A History of Football Tactics (Great Britain: Clays Limited) 32. WORTHINGTON, E. 1974, Learning and Teaching Soccer Skills (North Hollywood, Ca: Hal Leighton Printing)33. ZEIGLER, E. 2005, History and Status of American Physical Education and Educational Sport (Victoria, B.C: Trafford

Publishing)

26

Thank you“I’ll live or die by my own ideas.” Johan Cruyff

Presentation created May 2013 by Larry Paul, Peoria Arizona.All references are available as stated.All content is the responsibility of the author.For questions you can contact me at; larry4v4@hotmail.com - subject line, decision/action model.For more information visit the bettersoccermorefun channel on YouTube or the other Decision/action pdf’s on Slideshare.