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NATIONAL SEMINAR ON “LINKAGE OF PHARMA ACADEMIA WITH INDUSTRY : FUTURE AVENUES FOR QUALITY PRODUCTS”
Organized by :
HIMALAYAN PHARMACY INSTITUTE Majhitar, Rangpo, East Sikkim -737136 Website: www.hpi.ac.inEmail: [email protected]
P H A RMA C YH
IM
AA
YA
LN I
TU
EIT
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TO LIVELEARN
NS
March 10, 2018
(LPAIFQP - 2018)
Estd.1990
DISCLAIMER
These abstract are provided for all presenters who have submitted papers and
have registered as of March 10, 2018. Although every effort has been made to
ensure accurate reproduction of these abstract, the National Seminar cannot be
held responsible for inaccuracies that may occurred in their reproduction. Any
changes made after March 10, 2018 to either the content of the abstract or
presentation status will not be included in these proceedings.
Thank You.
Organizing Committee
ALL RIGHT RESERVED
EDITED BY:
Dr. Shubhrajit Mantry
Dr. C. Soundra Pandian
PUBLISHED & ORGANIZED BY:
HIMALAYAN PHARMACY INSTITUTE
Majhitar, Rangpo, East Sikkim -737136
Website: www.hpi.ac.in
Email: [email protected]
HOST INSTITUTE
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute (HPI) in Sikkim is one of the pioneer self financing
institution for pharmacy education in the North-East of India. HPI started with a Diploma
program in pharmacy in 1990, to meet the need for qualified registered pharmacists in this
part of the country. Owing to its potential, reputation and ability to sense the possibility of
Sikkim to become the production hub for pharma products in the North-East, Bachelors
program in pharmacy was started in 1997. In addition to the possibilities of utilizing the
abundant resource of rare medicinal plants available in this part of Himalayan region and
cater the growing demand for postgraduate qualified people in North-East, Masters program
in pharmacy was started in 2005. With regular funding from major agencies, the institute is
now among the leading research institutes in the North-Eastern Region and Sikkim
University has also approved PhD program from 2017. With students from various parts of
India and neighboring countries including Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh; the institute
affiliated to Sikkim University is approved by PCI, AICTE and Govt. of Sikkim. It's
recognized by UGC u/s 2(f) of UGC Act, 1956 and ISO 9001:2008 certified. The approved of
National Board of Accreditation (NBA) is in the pipeline.
OBJECTIVE
The seminar on “LINKAGE OF PHARMA ACADEMIA WITH INDUSTRY: FUTURE
AVENUES FOR QUALITY PRODUCTS” is expected to look into the role of the
academia and industry and act as a catalyst for coordinated efforts to practically link these
sectors by exploring the common targets, identifying and planning joint actions, promoting
research and new technologies, and to propose a platform for the sharing of resources to
sustain academia-Industry applications to come up with quality products.
SEMINAR
To attain the objective of the theme, the seminar will have a series of presentation by
stalwarts of pharmacy from across the country. Participants will be able to acquire
information from prominent speakers, share their information, ideas and opinions for the
enhancement of linkage, and their contributions to establish common interests and targets
within the pharmaceutical sector. The seminar shall also include a poster session on scientific
and theme related topics by students.
Dr. Nihar Ranjan Bhuyan
Chairman LPAIFQP - 2018
March 10, 2018
MESSAGE
It is my privilege to welcome you all to the National Seminar on “Linkage of Pharma
Academia with Industry: Future Avenues for Quality Products” organised by Himalayan
Pharmacy Institute, one of the pioneer institution of Northeast Region in the field of
Pharmacy education.
Seminars and conferences at academic institutes have been conducted for discussing the
benefits to the society to meet the National and Global challenges. At HPI, we conduct
seminars which are relevant to the current trend and that have significant outcome in
positively shaping the future systems. At this instance, I am thankful to our Founder &
Director cum Patron in Chief Dr. H.P. Chhetri for his constant support & inspiration and
advocating to impart quality education in the field of Pharmaceutical science to generate
competent and disciplined human resource with high ethical value in the field of
Pharmaceutical education, industry and healthcare.
On this occasion, I extent my best wishes to the committee members and the participants.
Sd/- Dr. Nihar Ranjan Bhuyan
LPAIFQP-2018-ONS-01
BIODIVERSITY OF NORTH EAST INDIA: SCOPE FOR THE
LINKAGE OF ACADEMIA WITH INDUSTRY FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AVENUES FOR QUALITY PRODUCTS
Manobjyoti Bordoloi
Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North
East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-785006, Assam, INDIA
ABSTRACT
India is rich in biodiversity with about 45,000 species of plants and nearly 81,000 of animals
species. India possesses three of the 34 mega-centers of biological diversity and among these,
one is known as Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot which lies in the North Eastern part of
India and towards Myanmar (Burma). The total area of North East India is about 8% of that
of the country. However, this area possesses about 50% of the total flora of the country and
more than 3000 species have been identified as medicinal plants. The region has unique
geographical, geological as well as ecological conditions. It is inhabited by a large number of
isolated ethnic tribal groups, who depend mostly on the local herbs for their primary health
care and thereby possess a vast knowledge base of traditional medicines. Since its inception,
the North East Institute of Science and Technology (formerly Regional Research Laboratory),
Jorhat has been putting emphasis on the effective utilization of this unique natural resources
through various types of industries generating employment at various degrees. A large
number of plants and microbes from this area, have been chemically examined and isolated
many new molecules of diverse structural types. Many of these compounds have been
evaluated against insect pests, fungus and bacteria. An antibacterial, antifungal and
antituberculotic antibiotic was isolated from culture broth of bacteria collected from the soil
of Jorhat area and from some medicinal plants also. Herbal drug developed recently at
NEIST, Jorhat is becoming a pan-Indian product. On the other hand, new sources of different
pharmaceutically important molecules has been discovered such as 16-dehydropregnenolone
acetate, shikimic acid, etc. which can be substitute for imports. As for example, India imports
huge amount of shikimic acid from China every year. As per report of www.zauba.com,
India imported 13500 Kg of shikimic acid from China during October 14, 2016 to November
5, 2016, with a value equal to Rs 12 crores. The price of shikimic acid in the international
market varies from US$ 150.00 to US$ 3360.00 per kg depending on demand. Our
experience of natural products research in this direction will be presented in this paper.
LPAIFQP-2018-ONS-02
USE OF ION PAIR AMPHIPHILE AS AN ALTERNATIVE OF
NATURAL PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN ENHANCING THE STABILITY AND
ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF OLEANOLIC ACID LOADED
NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIES
Amiya Kumar Panda
Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling – 734013,
West Bengal, India
ABSTRACT
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) comprising soy lecithin (SLC), tristearin (TS) and
palmitic acid (PA) having molar ratio 2:2:1 was modified (NLCIPA) by partially replacing
SLC with ion pair amphiphile (IPA), prepared by mixing equimolar aqueous solution of
sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTMAB). Hot
homogenization followed by ultra sonication method was employed for the preparation of
NLC and NLCIPA. Desirable SLC / IPA ratio for NLCIPA formulations were obtained by
analyzing the interfacial behavior of the lipidic components in the presence of IPA at air-
water interface. Considering the interfacial behavior and mutual miscibility, lipid
compositions having SLC/IPA ratio equal to 2 : 3, 3 : 7 and 1 : 4 were selected for the
preparation of NLCIPA. Analytical techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fridge fractured
electron microscopy (FF-TEM) and atomic force electron microscopy (AFM) assured higher
stability of NLCIPA formulations compared to the conventional NLC and the NLCIPA with 30
mole% SLC was found to be optimum. Experimental evaluation of interfacial, solution phase
and thermal characteristics of oleanolic acid (OA) loaded NLC and NLCIPA formulations
indicated the accumulation of OA on the palisade layer and the drug acquisition was higher in
NLCIPA than the conventional NLC. NLCIPA formulations were found even more promising to
sustain the release of OA to a desirable extent. Higher cytotoxic activity for the OA loaded
NLCIPA than the NLC was noted during the cytotoxicity studies on hepatocellular carcinoma
(HepG2), hepatocyte-derived carcinoma (Huh-7) and colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) cancer
cell lines. The NLCIPA formulations, therefore, can be considered as promising alternate to
conventional NLC in improving the therapeutic efficacy of OA as the anticancer drug.
LPAIFQP-2018-ONS-03
INDUSTRY INSTITUTE INTERACTION
Prof. Narasimhan B
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak,
Haryana, INIDIA
ABSTRACT
Better interaction between Institutions and Industry is the need of an hour. For students it is
important because they get exposure to industry and subsequent placement in various
disciplines. On the other hand, with the advent of globalization and opening up of Indian
economy to outside world, competition among the industries has become stiff. So industries
also need good students who are well aware of industry standards and capable of achieving
so. Therefore, there is an urgent need of interaction of industry and academics where
academic institutes can prepare students for jobs in multinational companies and industry will
also be benefited by possibility of receiving well-trained workforce. A good industry institute
interaction is evidenced by promotion and co-ordination of consultancy services, use of
resources from industries and the institute for benefit of industries, students and society,
making available institute infrastructural facilities to the industries and vice versa, creation of
industries institute expertise database, forecasting the technical manpower requirement for
Industry, training and the knowledge update through faculty exchange, joint R&D activities,
enhancement in use of testing facilities for industries, and short term courses for manpower
development for industries and curriculum update. The major reasons for poor industry and
institute interaction are lack of interest from both sides, curriculum is not planned as per as
the job profile, education imparted is not job oriented, examination system puts emphasis on
the reproduction of memorized facts, insufficient teaching time and learning time because of
late admissions and more number of holidays, obsolete lab facilities do not attract industry to
interact with the institute, lack of work recognitions in the institutions, rigidity of rules and
regulations and lack of autonomy, passive response from industries regarding the assessment
procedure of the students, goals and objectives of education system and the industrial system
do not match fully and both the system have not fully realized about the problem of
interaction and partnership.
LPAIFQP-2018-ONS-04
OPTIMAL HEALTH: THE ROLE OF NUTRACEUTICALS
Prof. L. K. Ghosh
Former Head & senior most Professor, Dept. of Pharm. Tech., Jadavpur University; UGC
Chairman's Nominee in the Central Regulatory Council, the PCI, New Delhi; Expert member of
UGC's MRP/ SAP etc. Member of various committees for University Accreditation & New University
Affiliation.
ABSTRACT
If someone asks me, “Which one is considered as wealth of all wealth?” I will definitely say that is our health, I
mean physical, mental, spiritual and emotional health. In Mahabharata it is mentioned that, “Health is the best of
all gains and peace of mind is the best of all happiness.” Health is the greatest gift, contentment the greatest
wealth, faithfulness the best relationship. WHO defines health as, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental
and social well being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity. Multi tasking is the order of the day
which ultimately culminates into a stressful life which again precipitated into different ailments. Finally
antihypertensive, anti diabetic, hypo lipidemics, anti psychotic, anxiolytics, etc. is coming into our way.
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics today is becoming a fashion. Even in simple viral fever we are requesting
doctors to prescribe antibiotics. So, many wise people in the past in different corners of the world reminded us
“Prevention is better than cure.” I also always endorse that. In fact the secret of optimal health is as follows:
1. One has to totally eliminate all bad habits from life, like smoking, chewing gum, chewing tobacco,
drinking alcohol in an un-scientific way, carbonated beverages, junk foods, drug addiction, etc.
2. One has to learn how to burn the tension.
3. Always keep in mind the four pillars of Optimal Health”
a) Positive Mental Attitude
b) Regular Exercise
c) Adequate Rest
d) A Well Balanced Diet: According to Mike Adams, “Today more than 95% of all chronic diseases
are caused by food choice, toxic food ingredients of processed food, nutritional deficiencies and
lack of physical exercise.”
Hippocrates said, “Let food be the medicine & medicine be the food.” WHO is now recommending 9-13 serving
of FRESH, ORGANICALLY GROWN, fruits and vegetables per day, which is next to impossible to meet up!
That‟s why there is a big gap between what we eat and what we should eat. But nutritionists always said, “You
are what you eat.” Here is the need of “Nutraceuticals” which can play an important role to minimize this big
gap. Thomas Edison said, “The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but rather
will cure & prevent diseases with nutrition.” Nutraceutical (Nutrition + Pharmaceutical) is a commercial term
used for foods or food products that might help to prevent and treat diseases. These are usually natural
substances and, unlike drugs, are not substances synthesized for a certain purpose. Nutraceuticals are also called
functional foods and are broadly classified as potential and established nutraceuticals. The nutraceutical industry
has three segments which include functional foods, dietary supplements and herbal/natural products. The current
trend shows the growth of the Nutraceutical industry in the global market. Though the concept of Nutraceuticals
in India is at its stage of infancy, but it has been growing much faster than the global rates. The most rapidly
growing sector in Nutraceutical industry is the dietary supplements. Nutraceuticals have attracted considerable
interest due to their potential nutritional, safety and therapeutic effects. They could have a role in a plethora of
biological processes, including antioxidant defenses, cell proliferation, gene expression and safe guarding of
mitochondrial integrity. Therefore nutraceuticals may be used to improve health, prevent chronic diseases,
postpone the aging process (and in turn increase life expectancy), or just support functions and integrity of the
body. They are considered to be healthy sources for prevention of life threatening diseases such as diabetes,
renal and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as different infections. A wide range of nutraceuticals have been
shown to impose crucial roles in immune status and susceptibility to certain disease states. They also exhibit
disease modifying indications related to oxidative stress including allergy, Alzheimer‟s disease, cardiovascular
diseases, cancer, eye conditions, Parkinson‟s Diseases and obesity. As a whole in present situation
nutraceuticals have tremendous role in achieving Optimal Health.
LPAIFQP-2018-OP-01
REGULATORY ISSUE IN INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES
Ashmita Saha*
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar,
East Sikkim, INDIA
ABSTRACT
India enjoys an important position in the global pharmaceutical sector. India is the largest
provider of generic drugs globally with the Indian generics accounting for 20 per cent of
global exports in terms of volume. Indian pharmaceutical sector is estimated to account for
3.1 – 3.6 per cent of the global pharmaceutical industry in value terms and 10 per cent in
volume terms. The pharmaceutical industry has always been a buoyant sector in the eyes of
Investors. Indian companies received 304 Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA)
approvals from the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) in 2017. The country
accounts for around 30 per cent (by volume) and about 10 per cent (value) in the US$ 70-80
billion US generics market. The growth of pharmaceutical market depends upon the various
factors. Drug regulatory system is one of the important among them. Addressing major
challenges of the drug regulatory system in India in a proper manner will strengthen the
pharmaceutical sector that constitutes a major part of the Indian economy. The present study
briefly explains present drug regulation scenario in India and regulatory issues in Indian
pharmaceutical industries.
KEYWORD: Drug, Regulation, Pharmaceutical Industries.
LPAIFQP-2018-OP-02
Quality by Design (QbD): A DIFFERENT APPROACH FOR QUALITY PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Bhupendra Shrestha*
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance Himalayan Pharmacy Institute,
Majhitar, East-Sikkim, INDIA
ABSTRACT
The aim of pharmaceutical development is to design a quality product and its manufacturing
process to consistently deliver the intended performance of the product. Quality cannot be
tested into products; i.e., quality should be built in by design. Quality by Design (QbD) is the
new pharmaceutical quality system which replaces current GMP rules. Quality no longer
based on the trial error approach of drug substance and drug product development &
production. Instead, it is a systemic, knowledge and risk based quality methodology. QbD is a
holistic and proactive approach to pharmaceutical development. It begins with predefined
objectives and it emphasizes product and process understanding and process control. It is
based on sound science and quality risk management. Depending on the level of development
of the product and scientific understanding achieved and an quality system adapted in place,
opportunities exist to develop more flexible regulatory approaches to facilitate risk-based
regulatory decisions, manufacturing process improvements within the approved design space
described in the dossier without further regulatory review, reduction of post-approval
submissions, real-time release testing leading to a reduction of end product release testing.
KEYWORD: QbD, cGMP, Quality Product
LPAIFQP-2018-NS-01
FEASIBILITY OF DEVOLOPING TAILORED IPN HYDROGEL BEADS OF
MODIFIED CELLULOSE FOR ORAL DELIVARY OF TORSEMIDE
Dey K K*, Sharma PK
Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
B.R.B Sarani, Bidhannagar, Durgapur, West Bengal – 713212, INDIA
ABSTRACT
IPN may be summarized as “a polymer comprising two or more networks which are at least
partially interlaced on a molecular scale but not covalently bonded to each other unless
chemical bonds are broken. Interpenetrating network (IPN) beads of modified cellulose
containing Torsemide, a loop diuretic were prepared by single water in water (W/W)
emulsion gelatin process, with derivatized sodium carboxy methyl xanthan and sodium
carboxy methyl cellulose in different proportion, using AlCl3 as a cross-linking agent. The
influence of different formulation variables like polymer ratio, gelatin time and concentration
of cross-linking agent on in-vitrophysico-chemical parameters were performed. The tailored
IPN bead were analytically evaluated by Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) Spectroscopy
for any unknown physicochemical interactions. The in-vitro dissolution studies confirmed the
formulated IPN beads as an alternative way of delivering Torsemide in gastric media, which
may eventually increase the bioavailability of Torsemide administered by IPN hydrogel
beads through oral route.
KEYWORD: Torsemide, Interpenetrating network (IPN), hydrogel beads.
LPAIFQP-2018-NS-02
ADVANTAGES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES
MELLITUS OVER CONVENTIONAL DRUGS: A REVIEW
Somnath Dey*, Soumyadip Mukherjee, Debolina Bhattachrjee, Samrat Sarkar,
Pallab Ghosh
Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha, Delhi Road, Hooghly, Pin-712102, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitusis a disease in which the body‟s ability to produce or respond to the
hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated
levels of glucose in the blood. Commonly antidiabetic drugs for Type-1 is Insulin injection
and for Type-2 Metformin, Glimepiride, Voglibose, Pioglitazone. There are several medicinal
plants which are used in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus traditionally. Report says, seven
hundred persons including 320 diabetic patients were interviewed in different areas. The
results indicated that 80% of patients interviewed used medicinal plants to treat diabetes
mellitus because they state that phytotherapy is cheaper (58%), more efficient (40%) and
better (65%) than modern medicines. Another report says that 75% of Type-2 diabetic
patients are used medicinal plants in association with modern drug, while 10% of Type-1
diabetic patients regularly used medicinal plants combined with insulin treatment. In this
study we have focused on the usage of various medicinal plants likes Coccinia indica, Tragia
involucrate, Gymnema sylvestre, Pterocarpus marsupium, Eugenia jambolana, Vincarosea,
Ocimum sanctumin the treatment of diabetes mellitus and their advantages over commonly
used anti-diabetic drugs. In some areas those plants are used as traditional medicines till now,
which have shown less or no side effects. It is to be concluded that if we give more attention
on herbal medicines, then the death due to diabetes may reduce to a great extent.
KEYWORD: Diabetes mellitus, Herbal medicines, Insulin
LPAIFQP-2018-NS-03
NON INVASIS METHODS OF BLOOD SUGAR TESTING
Partha Sen*, Ayan Gope, Soumya Kanti Maity, Pallab Ghosh
Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha, Delhi Road, Hooghly, Pin-712102, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Diabetes is a condition where the body is incapable of proper utilization of glucose and one
that, if not properly managed can lead to critical illness. Glucose monitoring and decision
support is vital in avoiding potential adverse health effects .Current methods currently
employ invasive blood withdrawing for the purpose of blood glucose level
notification.Several non-invasive approaches have been developed primly based upon
principles of spectroscopy, iontophoresis, electromagnetism, sonophoresis and fluorescence.
These have elevated the frequency of daily-testing by diabetics plus, these come in
collaboration with Android/IOS based application which allows routine monitoring provided
at the palm of our hands, notifies the user regarding nearby/concerned consulting doctors.
Non-invasive instruments for blood sugar testing thus not only ensure living pain-free, but
living safe, smart, economic and discrete.
KEYWORD: Diabetes, Non-invasive, Blood glucose
LPAIFQP-2018-NS-4
CHEMOTHERAPY OF WILD-TYPE AND DRUG RESISTANT
VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Pallab Ghosh*
Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha, Delhi Road, Hooghly, Pin-712102, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) also known as
kala-azar in Indian subcontinent.VL is a lethal systemic disease caused by intracellular
protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. The current therapy against this parasitic infection
is not adequate and has the following limitations: toxicity, high cost, non-effectiveness,
resistance or hospitalization requirement. The first line recommended chemotherapy
treatments are based on injectable pentavalentantimonials. Amphotericin B (AmB) normally
considered as a second line drug,parenteral formulation of aminoglycoside paromomycin
(PMM) and antineoplastic agent, miltefosine (MIL), first effective oral treatment for VL have
been introduced, but development of drug resistance proved to be a serious issue.
Andrographolide (AG)exerts significant antiproliferative effects on the life cycle of
Leishmania donovani.Clinical resistance to pentavalentantimonials, in the form of sodium
antimony gluconate (SAG), has become a major problem in the treatment of VL. As part of
research to identify better treatments for resistant VL, alternative and potential formulations
using nanotechnology is in the pipe-line, providing site-specific drug delivery with less or no
side effect.The processes for discovery and development of resistant antileishmanialhave
demonstrated activity in experimental murine models of infection. This review depictsabout
the drug development scenario against both wild-type and drug resistant visceral
leishmaniasis till date.
KEYWORD: Visceral Leishmaniasis, Andrographolide,Chemotherapy
LPAIFQP-2018-NS-05
PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF HERBAL PRODUCT
Niladry Sekhar Ghosh* & Hemraj Heer
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bahra University,Solan, HP, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Herbal formulations being widely accepted therapeutic agents as antidiabetics, antiarthritics,
hepatoprotectives, cough remedies, memory enhancers, and adaptogens. The commonest myth
regarding herbal medicines is that these medicines are completely safe, and can therefore be safely
consumed by the patient on his/her own, without a physician's prescription. This belief has led to
large-scale self-medication by people all over the world, often leading to disappointing end-results,
side-effects, or unwanted after-effects. There is an increasing awareness at several levels of the need
to develop pharmacovigilance practices for herbal medicines. The current model of
pharmacovigilance and its associated tools have been developed in relation to synthetic drugs, and
applying these methods to monitoring the safety of herbal medicines presents unique challenges in
addition to those described for conventional medicines. Several problems relate to the ways in which
herbal medicines are named, perceived, sourced, and utilized. This may be because of differences in
the use of nonorthodox drugs (e.g., herbal remedies) which may pose special toxicological problems,
when used alone or in combination with other drugs. The purpose of pharmacovigilance is to detect,
assess, and understand, and to prevent the adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems,
related to herbal, traditional, and complementary medicines.
KEYWORD: Adverse reaction, herbal medicines, pharmacovigilance
LPAIFQP-2018-001
PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARATERIZATION AND IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL
ACTIVITY OF Monstera deliciosa LEAF
B Sarker*, P Joshi, R Kumari, U Khanal, U D Sunar, P Pal
Department of Pharmcognosy, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East-Sikkim, INDIA
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study is to characterize the extracts of Monstera deliciosa leaf and to
investigate the antibacterial property on antibiotic resistant bacteria.The extracts were successively
prepared from the dried leaf powder by cold maceration technique using petroleum ether, ethyl
acetate, chloroform and methanol as solvent. They were concentrated to a semisolid mass on a water
bath. All the extract were screened by different qualitative phytochemical tests to know the type of
constituents present. The antibacterial activity of the extracts in different concentrations were studied
by following agar well diffusion technique on two gram positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus
aureus, B. licheniformis and two gram-negative Escherichia coli and S. typhi. It can be stated that the
petroleum ether extract was found to contain only fats. Alkaloids were found in chloroform, ethyl
acetate and methanol extract. Carbohydrates and tannins were found in the methanol extract as well.
Among the four extracts only methanol extract of Monstera deliciosa leaf exerted antibacterial
activity. The antibacterial activity of the extracts increased linearly with increase in concentration of
extracts (mg/ml). The results revealed that the gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and B.
licheniformis were more sensitive than gram-negative Escherichia coli and S. typhi against methanol
extract. The growth inhibition zone measured ranged from 8 to 20 mm for gram positive bacteria and
ranged from 8 to 15 mm for gram negative bacteria. Hence it can be concluded that the methanol
extract of Monstera deliciosa leaf possess potent antibacterial property.
KEYWORD: Monstera deliciosa, antibiotic resistant bacteria, methanol extract, antibacterial
activity.
LPAIFQP-2018-002
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF DICYCLOMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
MICROSPHERE LOADED WITH ETHYL CELLULOSE
Pratikcha Rai*, Sujit Das
Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Dicyclomine HCL is an antispasmodic drug which is widely used in treatment of smooth muscle Spasm of
the gastrointestinal tract but it undergoes to first pass Metabolism, so frequent dosing is required for
conventional drug delivery. The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of obtaining a prolonged,
relatively constant effective level of Dicyclomine hydrochloride from the Ethyl cellulose microsphere
formulations using Ethyl cellulose as carrier. Ethyl cellulose is a non-biodegradable, biocompatible, non-
toxic, cellulose polymer having good film forming properties, which has been used as bio-material and in
the controlled drug delivery of the drugs. In this work an attempt was made to study the release of the
Dicyclomine hydrochloride from microspheres of various concentrations of Ethyl cellulose in 0.01N Hcl.
Microspheres encapsulated Dicyclomine hydrochloride were prepared by using emulsion-solvent
evaporation method employing chloroform as a solvent for the polymer. Microsphere size distribution,
percentage of entrapment, micromeritics, flow properties, drug stability in various stress conditions and
Invitro release studies were evaluated. Compatibility studies were carried out using FTIR, DSC studies.
The encapsulation efficiency was in the range of 76-85% with various batches. Drug content of the
microspheres was found to be nearly same in all the eight batches. The mean size of the microspheres were
found to be 359.9±9.1, 482.6±9.5, 635.1±10.3, 678.2±10.5, 368.7±8.6, 512.3±10.9, 664.1±15.3 and
713.2±16.8 µm, respectively in the batches of microspheres prepared employing core: coat ratio of 9:1,
8:2, 7:3, and 6:4. The microspheres prepared with the core: coat ratio of 9:1 releases 90.71 % of
Dicyclomine hydrochloride at 24 h and 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 Ethyl cellulose microspheres releases the drug
Dicyclomine hydrochloride 87.14, 85.50 and 80.04 % at 24 h, respectively. The increase in concentration
of Ethyl cellulose causes the decreasing rate of drug release. The increasing concentration of CMC was
slightly retarding the release rate. I.e. the same formulations with 1% CMC were released 88.16, 83.40,
83.82 and 78.06. The release was depended on the core: coat ratio and size of the microspheres. There was
no significant change in the release pattern when it was stored at 4oC and room temperature.
KEYWORD: Dicyclomine HCL, Microsphere, Ethyl cellulose, Carboxy methyl cellulose.
LPAIFQP-2018-003
AN INSIGHT OF SELF NANO-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM (SNEDDS)
Subhasish Pramanik, Prithviraj Chakraborty
Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT In general emulsion are dispersion of minute droplets of one fluid in another fluid with a droplet measure 1
to 10 μm consisting water, oil, and emulsifier. They are semi-transparent shady dispersed fluid having
intense interfacial tension and thermodynamically unstable (Emulsifier w/o, o/w or numerous emulsion).
Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) or Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
(SMEDDS) have pick up grind significance for delivery of ineffectively soluble drugs.Micro emulsion are
isotropic blend of oil, water, surfactant(S) and Co-surfactant (Co-S) or Co-solvent molecule which is
thermodynamically steady. One the other hand nano emulsion will be emulsion that have globule
measurement arrangement of nanometre range (<100 nm). The Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery
System (SNEDDS) is a Novel delivery system which improvesthe solvency of inadequately water soluble
drugs. It is additionally isotropic blend of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant or co-solvent molecule which is
thermodynamically and kinetically stable and having globule estimate in the Nano metric range which
might be physiologically steady. The present assessment portrays types, arrangement, part, component and
significance of SNEDDS and utilization of SNEDDS for expanding the bioavailability of inadequately
water soluble drugs.
KEYWORD: SNEDDS, Enhancement Bioavailability; Thermodynamically stable.
LPAIFQP-2018-004
CARBON NANO-TUBES (CNTs): APPLICATION IN TARGETED
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Debasmita Majumder*, Prithviraj Chakraborty
Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
With the advent of drug targeting concept and materials used therein, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), revealed
in 1991,became most researched materials for the 21stcenturary as it possesses their superiority for the use
of many application regarding drug targeting. Carbon nanotube for drug delivery is an emerging field
focused on targeting drugs to the desirable sites by minimizing several unwanted side effects. The unique
properties of CNTs can be confined as ease of cellular uptake, high drug loading, thermal ablation which
renders them useful for targeted drug delivery. Many a times, CNTs are described as a graphene sheet
rolled up into the shape of a cylinder. Structurally, they are graphene cylinder about a few nanometers in
diameter and crapped with end coating pentagonal rings. The transporting capabilities of carbon nanotubes
combined with appropriate surface modification along with their unique physicochemical properties
showed a great promise towards targeted drug delivery system. The present appraisal described the
progress on the application of CNTs in targeted drug delivery system.
KEYWORD: Carbon nanotubes (CNTS); Targeted drug delivery; Cancer.
LPAIFQP-2018-005
AN OVERVIEW ON DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO DEVELOP
NANO-MATERIALS
Arka Prabha Pal*, Prithviraj Chakraborty
Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology, known as a tiny science, which helps us to achieved better therapeutic action, better bio
availability and better patient compliance, includes several nanoformulation such as nano composites,
liposomes, nanomaterials gained attention in recent research fields. Nanoparticles, define as particulate
dispersion or solid particles drug carrier that may or may not be biodegradable. Synthesis of nanomaterials
by low cost and in high yield has been a great challenge to the researcher from early development stage of
nanoscience. Various approaches like mechanical milling (ball milling, mechanical alloying), bottom up &
top down approaches have been developed so far, for the commercial production of nanomaterials. Among
all top down approaches, high energy ball milling have been widely use for the synthesis of various
nanomaterials, nanocomposites, nano quasi-crystalline materials. Generally plastic deformation, cold-
welding and fracture are predominant factors in in high-energy ball milling. On other hand top-down
approach starts from a large piece and subsequently uses finer and finer tools for creating consistently
smaller structures. This review aimed to revisit the technologies behind the approaches to produce nano-
biomaterials.
KEYWORD: Nanomaterials, Mechanical Milling, Top-down approach.
LPAIFQP-2018-006
HEALTH BENEFITS OF JUJUBE FRUIT OR BER OR
ZIZIPHUS MAURITIANA
Sourav Mohanto*, Shreyasi Datta, Sudip Das, Dr. Shubhrajit Mantry
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
The fruits of Ziziphus mauritiana known as jujube or Chinese date belonging to the Rhamnaceous
family are being consumed all around the world because of their health benefits, as both food and
herbal medicine. Recent phytochemical and pharmacological studies have shown that the
polysaccharides are one of major biologically active components of the jujube fruit and have various
biological effects, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and
hypoglycaemic activities, and gastrointestinal-protective, inhibition of foam cell formation in
macrophages. Jujube also possesses neuroprotective activities, including protecting neuronal cells
against neurotoxin stress, stimulating neuronal differentiation, increasing expression of neurotrophic
factors, and promoting memory and learning. The main biologically active components are vitamin C,
Phenolics, Flavonoids, Triterpenic acids, and polysaccharides. Although the extraction and
purification of jujube polysaccharides are tedious processes, including different steps of liquid- and
solid-phase separation, the polysaccharides have been structurally characterized. However, the
relationships between the structures and activities of the jujube polysaccharides are not well
established. The purpose of the present review is to appraise the previous and current literature on the
extraction, purification, structural characterization, and biological activities of jujube polysaccharides.
This review should provide a useful bibliography for the further investigation, production, and
application of jujube polysaccharides in functional foods and therapeutic agents.
KEYWORD: Jujube Fruit, polysaccharides, Pharmacological activity.
LPAIFQP-2018-007
FORMULATION DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM OF CIPROFLOXACIN HCL
Monalisa Hussain*, Dr.Shubhrajit Mantry, Sudip Das
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
The present Study was an attempt to develop Floating tablets of Ciprofloxacin Hcl which on oral
administration prolongs its gastric residence time thereby increasing bioavailability, diminishing Side
Effects and enhanced patient compliance. Ciprofloxacin an antibacterial having narrow absorption
window in the upper part of gastrointestinal tract, was formulated as floating tablets using gas
generating agent sodium bicarbonate and hydrophilic polymer HPMC (K100M, K4M and Acrycoat)
in different ratio by Wet Grannulation Method. The biological half life of Ciprofloxacin Hcl is 3 to 5
hrs. The drug should be administered twice a day. The prepared formulations were evaluated with pre-
compression parameters like bulk density, compressibility index, hausner ratio, angle of repose and
pre-compression parameters like appearance, weight variation, thickness, hardness etc. The in-vitro
dissolution study of formulation F4 was 96.25% within8 hours.
KEYWORD: Floating tablet, absorption window, bioavailability
LPAIFQP-2018-008
INFLUENCE OF HIBISCUS ROSA MUCILAGES AND HYDROXY
PROPYL METHYL CELLULOSE ON RESPONSE SURFACE
OPTIMIZATION OF BILAYERED ANTIDIABETIC MATRIX TABLET Simran Singh*, Radha Kumari, Amitava Roy
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
The present work was designed to study the influence of herbal matrixing agents obtained from the
mucilages of Hibiscus rosa sinensis and Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose 5cPs (HPMC) in
combination for matrixing the outer layer of the bilayered glibenclamide and metformin
hydrochloride tablet respectively. The in-vitro drug release studies were carried out at simulated
intestinal fluid (phosphate buffer 6.8) using rat caecum contents. The release showed a zero order,
non-fickian anomalous transport. Formulation F8 (HPMC:HRM :: 36:108) showed elegant release
profile when compared with F3 and F4. A 3-dimension response surface optimization method (RSM)
was employed to study the effect dependent variables T50 and T90 obtained from dissolution kinetics
data of the selected formulation F8. The granules and the tablets were tested for their normal physical,
morphological, analytical parameters and were found to be within the satisfactory levels. There were
no significant drug-polymer interactions as revealed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR).
The prepared matrices showed elegant results in terms of their release profiles and were found to be
statistically significant and generable.
KEYWORD: Bilayered matrix tablets, Simulated Intestinal fluids, Response surface methodology.
LPAIFQP-2018-009
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF BARK OBTAINED FROM
Oroxylum indicum OF SIKKIM HIMALAYAN REGION
Bizal Rai*, Suraj Sharma, Nitesh Pradhan, Anurag Chettri, Sonam Bhutia
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Oroxylum indicum is a species of flowering plant belonging to the monotypic genus Oroxylum
(frequently spelled Oroxylon) and the family Bignoniaceae, commonly called midnight horror,
Oroxylum, or Indian trumpet flower. It is a mesocaul tree which can reach a height of 18 meters (59
ft). One of the most interesting features of this tree is that the tree blooms flower at night and shade
them off at dawn and the bark of this tree is used in the skin infections. These were the main thing that
encouraged us to perform the antibacterial screening of the plant. The Oroxylum indicum seed is used
in the traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine. Shyonaka root bark is one of the ingredients of
dashamoola (a group of 10 roots). It is used for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic action in a number
of compound formulations in Ayurveda. The bark of Oroxylum indicum is a traditional Chinese
medicine ingredient, as well as is one of main ingredients in Sri Lankan indigenous medicine in
decoctions as a remedy for pains in joints or Rheumatism. The aim of this work was to do extraction
and evaluation of their antibacterial activity and to perform TLC of the extracts of the plant Oroxylum
indicum. The crude drug (bark part) was successively extracted by simple maceration process using
various solvents. Oroxylum indicum bark extracts exhibited marketed dose dependent antimicrobial
activity in-vitro against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and can be used as a good
therapeutic approach for infection disease management and therapy.
KEYWORD: Oroxylum indicum; phyto-chemicals; extraction method (cold maceration),
antibacterial; TLC (thin layer chromatography).
LPAIFQP-2018-010
A REVIEW ON A WILD EDIBLE FRUIT OF MEGHALAYA:
ELAEAGNUS LATIFOLIA LINN
Anamika Chakraborty*, Ruchi Kumari, J.P Mohanty, Honey Jajo, Tiewlasubon Uriah
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
The plant Elaeagnus latifoliaLinn belonging to family Elaeagnaceae is a shrub which is commonly
known as „Sohshang‟ in Meghalaya, Northeast India. It is found distributed throughout the Khasi and
Jaintia hills. The fruit isedible when ripe and is a very rich source of vitamins and minerals, especially
in vitamins A, C and E, flavanoids and other bio-active compounds. It is also a fairly good source of
essential fatty acids. It is pleasantly acidic and refreshing, used in the preparation of tarts and jellies.
The flowers are considered cardiac and astringent. It is being investigated as a food that is capable of
reducing the incidence of cancer and also as a means of halting or reversing the growth of cancers.
These claims were still not yet scientifically investigated and documentation is scarce. Studies were
reported on the nutritional potential of the fruits of Elaeagnus latifoliasuch as crude fat, crude protein,
crude carbohydrates and crude fibres. The mineral content such as sodium, potassium, calcium,
manganese, chromium, iron , zinc and copper were also investigated and the results showed maximum
nutritional content which could be consumed by human beings due to good nutritional qualities which
will be helpful against diseases arising due to malnutrition. In vitro assessment of phytochemicals,
total antioxidant activity, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical, singlet oxygen, hypochlorous acid
scavenging, reducing power and DNA protective potential has been reported which provides evidence
that 70% methanol extract of Elaeagnuslatifoliaacts as a promising antioxidant as well as DNA
protector, which is partly due to the phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in it. The fruit is
considered to be a significant source of natural antioxidants, which might be helpful in preventing the
progress of oxidative stress in the body system. Phytochemical screening showed presence of
phytosterols, glycoside and saponins. Development of HPTLC fingerprinting was reported for the first
time with acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of the flower. Several peaks was observed at
different wavelengths which can provide standard reference for the proper identification,
authentication and quality control of the drug and will be helpful in differentiating the species.
KEYWORD: Elaeagnuslatifolia, Meghalaya, vitamins, minerals, antioxidant, HPTLC fingerprinting.
LPAIFQP-2018-011
NASAL MUCOADHESION- MECHANISM INVOLVED AND IT’S STRATEGIES
Shailaja Singh*, Rajesh Sen, Amitava Roy
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
This article gives an idea of bioadhesive delivery systems based on hydrogels to biological surfaces that
are covered by mucus. Techniques that are frequently used to evaluate the mucoadhesive drug delivery
systems are discussed. Mucoadhesion can be defined as a state in which two components, of which one is
of biological origin, are held together for extended periods of time by the help of interfacial forces.
Mucoadhesion is a complex phenomenon which involves wetting, adsorption and interpenetration of
polymer chains. The concept of mucoadhesion in drug delivery was introduced in the early 1980s.
Thereafter, several researchers have focused on the investigations of the interfacial phenomena of
mucoadhesion with the mucus. Nasal mucoadhesive drug delivery systems is one of the most important
novel drug delivery systems with its various advantages and it has a lot of potential in formulating dosage
forms for various chronic diseases. Nasal delivery is a promising drug delivery option where common drug
interactions such as intravenous, intramuscular or oral are inapplicable. Recently it has been shown that
many drugs have better bioavailability by nasal route than the oral route. This has been attributed to rich
vasculature and highly permeable structure of the nasal mucosa coupled with avoidance of hepatic first-
pass elimination, gut wall metabolism and/or destruction in the G.I. tract.
KEYWORD: Bioadhesive, Drug transport, nasal permeation enhancer, nasal mucoadhesion.
LPAIFQP-2018-012
GRANULATION TECHNOLOGY: THE HEART OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Priyanka Pokhrel*, C. Soundrapandian Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, India.
ABSTRACT
Granulation is the process of collecting particles together by creating bonds between them, which converts
small particles into physically stronger & larger agglomerates. Bonds are formed by compression or by
using a binding agent. The granulation process combines one or more powders and forms a granule that
will allow the tableting process to be predictable and will produce quality tablets. The invention of the
tablet press by W. Brockedon in 1843 was the driving force for development of pharmaceutical
granulation. As high-speed tablet and capsule filling machines with automated controls were introduced
during 1970s, the expectations on granulation properties, further enhanced. The high-speed compression
and capsule filling machines require a uniform flow of material to the dies or filling stations that produce
pharmaceutical dosage form. This further aggravated the role and importance of granulation technology.
The continuous refinements in the regulatory requirements necessitated knowledge and technology to
produce the required granule characteristics. Pharmaceutical granules typically have a size range between
0.2 and 4.0 mm, depending on the subsequent use of the granules. The ideal characteristics of granules
include spherical shape, smaller particle size distribution with sufficient fines to fill void spaces between
granules, adequate moisture (between 1-2%), good flow, good compressibility and sufficient hardness. The
most widely used process of agglomeration in pharmaceutical industry is wet granulation. The greatest
disadvantage of wet granulation is its cost because of labor, time, equipment, energy and space
requirements. Loss of material and Stability may be major concern for moisture sensitive or thermo labile
drugs. The end-point determination in a granulation process is important to obtain an indication of
formation of granules with the desired physical properties, such as acceptable mean particle size range and
porosity. In the indirect measurement for endpoint determination of granulation, both electrical and
mechanical characteristics of the motor are monitored and the change in the properties of the granules can
also be used.
KEYWORD: Granulation, Mechanism, End point.
LPAIFQP-2018-013
VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEM Adarsh Pratik Poudyal*, C. Soundrapandian
Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, India
ABSTRACT
Vaccines are biological preparations that provide active acquired immunity against a particular
disease. These systems contain live but weakened or killed form of disease causing micro-organism,
its toxins or surface proteins. These agents stimulate the body‟s immune system to perceive the agents
as a threat and the immune system works against these agents by producing antibodies. Vaccinations
is the most effective method for widespread immunity (immunization) against diseases such as
Cholera, Chicken pox, Diphtheria, Hepatitis A and B, HPV, Polio, Rabies etc. It is also responsible
for worldwide eradication of diseases such as Smallpox and Rinderpest and near-eradication of Polio,
Mumps, Rubella. In this work, uptake of antigens, carrier systems for vaccine delivery, barriers to
vaccine delivery and needle-free technologies for vaccine delivery and some other basic concepts
have been reviewed.
KEYWORD: Vaccine, Vaccine delivery, Immunization
LPAIFQP-2018-014
PROCESS ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGY (PAT) FOR INNOVATIVE
PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT
Rishi Ram Parajuli*, Bhupendra Shrestha
Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, India.
ABSTRACT
Process analytical technology (PAT) design, analyze and control pharmaceutical manufacturing
processes through timely measurement of critical process parameters. The concept of PAT for the
Pharmaceutical industry started more than a decade ago. In the year 2004, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) released a „Guidance for Industry‟ which was one of the key drivers for
initiation of PAT. The goal of PAT is to enhance understanding and control the manufacturing
process, consistent with current drug quality system. PAT monitors the online quality of raw material
during the manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients and drug products both physically and
chemically. It is used for gaining process understanding and to meet the regulatory requirements for
validating and controlling the manufacturing process. The term analytical in PAT includes chemical,
physical, microbiological, mathematical, and risk analysis conducted in an integrated manner. PAT
saves a huge amount of time and money required for sampling and analysis of products, better control
of the critical processes and hence improves their robustness. PAT enables reduction or elimination of
post process testing, since products result from a tightly controlled process designed to yield good
output. PAT incorporates multivariate data analysis and acquisition tool, modern process analyzers or
analytical chemistry, endpoint process monitoring, controlling tools and continuous improvement and
knowledge improvement tool. The usual tool often include near infrared, infrared or raman
spectroscopy and other optical sensors like turbidity probes or Focused Beam Reflectance
Measurements also may be included. The PAT initiative encourages the pharmaceutical industry to
embrace new analytical approaches with the aim of transforming manufacturing and process
development. Automated control and real-time process monitoring are essential elements of this
change which has the potential to improve product quality, reduce production costs and time to
market.
KEYWORD: PAT, Automated Control, Product Quality.
LPAIFQP-2018-015
SUBSTANDARD/COUNTERFEIT DRUGS: A POTENTIAL CRISIS
FOR PUBLIC HEALTH
Somasree panda, Dr.Prithviraj chakraborty, Dr. C.S Pandian
Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, India
ABSTRACT
Poor quality medicines present a serious public health problem particularly in economics and
developing countries. Substandard medicines are reaching patients because of poor manufacturing and
quality control practices in the production of genuine drugs. Sometimes these lead to serious health
problem because it includes mainly antibiotics and anti-malarials drugs. The most common type of
drugs have reduced amount of the active drug and the majority of them are manufactured in south-east
Asia and Africa. It may cause increased mortality and morbidity and pose a danger to
patientsconcerned effort is required on the part of governments, drug manufacturers and healthcare
providers to ensure that only drugs of acceptable quality reach the patients.
KEYWORD: Drug quality, substandard, counterfeit, inspection
LPAIFQP-2018-016
IMIDAZOLE &ITS DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW
Bidisha Ghosh*,Barkha Sarma, Ashmita Saha
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar,
East Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Heterocyclic compounds played a vital role in the metabolism of all living cells; large number of them
are five and six membered heterocyclic compounds having one to three heteroatoms in their
nucleus.Imidazole is a five-member heterocyclic ring with 3C and 2N atom and in ring N is present in
1st and 3rd positions. The imidazole ring is a constituent of several important natural products,
including purine, histamine, histidine and nucleic acid.More than 90% of new drugs contain
heterocycles. Imidazole is one of the most active heterocycle that have shown considerable biological
activities. Thus imidazole containing compounds are extensively used in pharmaceutical field.The
high therapeutic properties of the imidazole related drugs haveencouraged the medicinal chemists to
synthesize a large number of novel chemotherapeuticagents.This article represents a mini review of
imidazole derivatives that have shown considerable antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial,
anticonvulsant, antiallergic, herbicidal,antianthelmintic, antihistaminic, anticancer activity as well as
imidazole derivatives for other clinical use.
KEYWORD: Imidazole, heterocyclic, Pharmaceutical active compound
LPAIFQP-2018-017
OVERVIEW ON BENZOFURAN-AN EMERGING SCAFFOLD
Surabhi Mandal*, Moumita Ghosh, Somnath Modak, Dipankar Nath
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar,
East Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Heterocyclic compound is defined as any organic compound where their molecules are characterized
by ring containing at least one atom other than carbon. Heterocycles such as pyrrole, furan, thiophene,
quinoline, isoquinoline etc containing drugs have great medicinal value. They have been found a key
structure in medicinal chemistry and frequently found in large percentage in bio molecules such as
enzymes, vitamins, natural product and active compound. In nature‟s collection of biologically active
heterocycles, benzofuran derivatives constitute a major group. Benzofuran is the heterocyclic
compound consisting of fused benzene and furan ring. Due to the broad spectrum of pharmacological
activities of benzofuran derivatives, their structural activity relationship has generated interest among
medicinal chemists, and this has culminated the discovery of several lead molecules in numerous
disease conditions. In this study we are mainly focusing on Benzofuran derivatives which show potent
biological activities such as anti inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anticancer,
cytotoxic, antiplasmodial, trypanocidal activities as well as enzyme inhibitory activities.
KEYWORD: Heterocyclic compound, Benzofuran, Biological activity.
LPAIFQP-2018-018
CONCEPT OF GAMP-5 IN PHARMACEUTICAL
Mukem Bhattarai*, Laxmi Thakur and Dr. Bhupendra Shrestha
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Himalayan Pharmacy
Institute, Majhitar, E. Sikkim-737136, India ABSTRACT
Today‟s innovate manufacturing techniques are focused on computerized automated technologies. To
comply with regulation, provide a cost effective framework of good practice and ensure computerized
system fit for use, Good Automated Manufacturing Practice (GAMP)-5 guidelines are released in
February 2008 at the ISPE (International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering) Manufacturing
Excellence Conference in Tampa, Florida. These guidelines are latest up to date thinking in approach
to validation of GxP computerized system. The five concepts to GAMP-5 are: Product and Process
Understanding, lifecycle approach within QMS, scalable life activities, science based Quality Risk
Management, Leveraging supplier Involvement. GAMP-5 is guidelines, not regulations. It is therefore
not mandatory to follow this methodology. However, the framework outline in this guidance
document provides a comprehensive approach to computer system validation that is generally
accepted within the industry. Moreover the risk based approach advocates in the line with the
application of EMA & USFDA regulations governing computerized system validation, Annex 11 and
21 CFR part 11 respectively. The new revolutionary concept in GAMP-5 brings together the latest
industry and thinking in GxP computerized validation system into concise guidance. Using scientific
risked based approach to validation and leveraging vendor documentation, regulated companies can
reduce the time and cost necessary for validation and maintain their system in compliant state. Some
application of GAMP-5 in Pharmaceutical Industries like monitoring manufacturing, production and
storage environments, monitoring autoclaving process, water purification, freeze drying, etc.
KEYWORD: Guidelines, GxP, EMA, USFDA, validation.
LPAIFQP-2018-019
GROWING APPLICATIONS OF “CLICK CHEMISTRY” IN
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Bramhajit Chatterjee*, Debarupa D. Chakraborty
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Click chemistry, a class of biocompatible small molecule reactions is typically applied in
bioconjugation, permitting the adhering substrates of choice with specific biomolecules. It‟s not a
single specific reaction, however depicts the way of developing products that follow examples in
nature, which also produce substances by joining small modular units. It encloses a group of powerful
linking reactions which are easy to perform, having high yields and needs no or minimal purification,
and are also versatile in joining diverse structures without prerequisite of protection steps. These
reactions takes place solely between azide and alkyne components. It is a newer approach to synthesis
of drug-like molecules that might accelerate the process of drug discovery by utilizing a few practical
and reliable reactions. It has stimulated enormous amount of interests in numerous research fields,
being utilized in everything from microelectronics to virus labelling and also in the treatments for
cancer. It‟s found varied applications across wide disciplines, including materials research, polymer
chemistry, and pharmaceutical sciences. Click chemistry might also provide a powerful and attractive
alternative to conventional chemistry.
KEYWORD: Click chemistry, Bioconjugation, Drug Discovery.
LPAIFQP-2018-020
BIOSIMILARS IN RHEUMATOLOGY: THE NEED, THE
CHALLENGE, THE FUTURE
Gopal Pokhrel*, Arpan Sedhai
Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute,Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136,
Sikkim University ABSTRACT
In the last 10 years, the growing approval and marketing of biological agents has significantly
ameliorated the outcomes of rheumatic diseases despite conventional treatments. Patents for many
key biological agents will soon expire. Third-party companies are, therefore, in the process of
developing their own versions, termed biosimilars. The development of biosimilar therapies for the
treatment of patients with rheumatic diseases could potentially result in substantial cost savings for
patients and health care providers, and consequently, increased availability of effective therapies.
However, legislation that regulates the manufacture, registration and approval of biosimilar therapies
varies considerably between different countries. In addition, major safety and efficacy concerns must
be addressed before a rheumatologist can routinely substitute an innovator pharmaceutical with a
biosimilar product.
KEYWORD: Biosimilars, rheumatic disesase, patent.
LPAIFQP-2018-021
NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY (NRT)
Biswaraj Paul, Amitav Roy, C. Sundarapandian
Department of pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, E.Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Nicotine is mainly responsible for tobacco dependency. Nicotine has a very high addiction potential
and is the most common substance of dependence in India. World Health Organization estimates that
the global yearly death toll as a result of tobacco use is currently six million (including exposure to
second hand smoke). Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has been shown to be a more effective aid
to smoking cessation than physician encouragement and advice as well as individual and group
behavior modification techniques. Worldwide, NRT is available in a variety of formulations, such as
chewing gum, transdermal patches, anasal spray, an inhaler, sublingual tablets and lozenges. There is
no difference in efficacy between the five forms of NRT currently available. NRT in combination
with varenicline or bupropion would be of a greater benefit than NRT alone. Symptom: Stopping
smoking is difficult who smoke regularly. They experience withdrawal symptoms that begin within
hours of smoking the last cigarette. Symptoms will depend on level of addition. Factor such as how
long they used tobacco and how much tobacco they used on daily basis will impact them severity of
symptoms. It was found that combined NRTs provide better relief of withdrawal symptoms. For
example, the combination of a nicotine patch and another acute dosing formulation provides steady
nicotine (through the patches) and immediate self-titrated relief (through the acute NRT such as a
nicotine nasal spray, nicotine lozenge or nicotine gum) of the withdrawal symptoms. Among the side
effects reported were slight throat irritation, sore mouth, increased salivation and hiccups due to
excessive swallowing of dissolved nicotine. Other adverse effects were gastrointestinal disturbances,
including flatulence and borborygmi, headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting.
KEYWORD: Tobacco, Smoking cessation.
LPAIFQP-2018-022
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A GLOBAL CONCERN
Rachna Sharma*, Pankaj Dhakal
Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute,Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136,
Sikkim University, India
ABSTRACT
Antibiotic resistance is a concern of global issue, emerging as a great challenge for the discovery of
new drug to overcome bacterial resistant strains. Resistance is developed as ability of mutant
chromosome to move to other bacterial cell via transfer of plasmid, also mutation of gene encoding
for enzyme which could interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis etc. According to a surveillance done
by WHO, the bacterial resistance seems to be at accelerating rate including all nation. Also the
economic burden to overcome this resistance issue has attributed to financial crisis. New strategy for
the change in prescribing habit, dose reduction and various new method for developing new
antibiotics which may be carried out as ultimatum to antibiotic resistance.
KEYWORD: Antibiotic resistance, mutation, plasmid.
LPAIFQP-2018-023
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY GREEN CHEMISTRY: AN
ENVIROMENT FRIENDLY APPROACH
Ananya Das*, Kritika Joshi, Debarupa D. Chakraborty
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute,Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136, Sikkim University
ABSTRACT
Green chemistry, an area of chemistry and chemical engineering addressed on the designing of
products and processes that curtail applicability and generation of hazardous substances. Biodiesel
refers to all kinds of alternative fuels derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. The American
Society for Testing and Materials Standard, describes biodiesel as esters monoalkyl of fatty acids of
long chain that are produced from vegetable oil, animal fat or waste cooking oils in a chemical
reaction known as transesterification. Waste cooking oil is a promising alternative for producing
biodiesel. The aim of this study was to produce biodiesel from used cooking oil. The work was carried
out using oil and alcohol with addition of catalyst.The characterization of biodiesel was done by
measuring acid value, saponification value, density, unsaponified matter, viscosity, refractive index
along withcomparison with the standard values. The reaction yield was also calculated.The reaction
used for making this process is economically viable for the industrial scale production of biodiesel.
KEYWORD: Biodiesel, Vegetable oil, Waste Cooking Oil.
LPAIFQP-2018-024
PHARMACY PROFESSION IN INDIA: A DECADE OF PROGRESS
AND CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE
SonalMig Pradhan*, Anura Chettri, Nimesh Sharma, Suman Chettri, Urvashee Gogoi
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute,Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136, Sikkim University
ABSTRACT
The Profession of Pharmacy forms an integral part of the healthcare system worldwide. India has long
been known as the birthplace of the traditional medicine systems of Ayurveda and Siddha and still
continues to be a popular destination for medical tourists from around the world. Presently India is a
hub of Pharmaceutical Industry which has impacted the Pharmaceutical education sector to grow
vigorously.Changing times have led to emergence of newer specialized areas pharmaceutical
regulatory affairs, intellectual property management, pharmacoeconomics, clinical research
management, and pharmaceutical care.In comparison to the western world however the pharmacy
profession in India still battles a number of challenges. The Pharmacists are still underutilized and
their role as health care professionals is not deemed important by either the community or other health
care providers.To be at par with their Western counterparts, the Indian educational and pharmacy
practicing standards require extensive revision. This paper offers a critical assessment of the evolution
and prevailing situation of the pharmacy profession in India, challenges and possible strategies to
raise the status of pharmaceutical education and the profession as a whole.
KEYWORD: Pharmacy education, profession, challenges.
LPAIFQP-2018-025
A REVIEW ON PRUNUSNEPALENSIS: AN INDIGENOUS FRUIT OF
MEGHALAYA
Banshailang Nongsiej*, Greadency Mynthlu, Neisanuo Tsira, Honey Jajo,
Tiewlasubon Uriah
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute,Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136, Sikkim University, India
ABSTRACT
Prunus Nepalensis belong to the family Rosaceae and has many biochemical importance. It is widely
available in northeast states of India ie Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura, Arunachal
Pradesh and Assam, and it is indigenous to Meghalaya. Locally it is called sohiongin (khasi)
Meghalaya, shulongthi in (lotha) Nagaland, arupati in Sikkim, sembo in Arunachal Pradesh and lum-
lar in Mizoram. This fruit has been consumed by the tribals since ancient times. The phytochemical
constituents of this plant has been reported to contain carbohydrate, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols,
anthraquinones, phlabotannin, protein, saponin, tannins, ascorbic acid, reducing sugar, pectin,
alkaloids. The fruits are rich in vitamins, minerals and biochemical properties. Prunus Nepalensis
fruits are used as juice, jam, squash, wine and medicinally itacts as astringent, leaf is used as diuretics
and in the treatment of oedema. The methanolic fruit extract possesses excellent scavenging property
due to the presence of plant constituents such as flavonoids and phenol. Iron overload induced
hepatotoxicity in mice was also reported and the plant extract showed normalised liver architecture
comparable to standard drug Desirox. It has been reported that it contains high potential natural
colourant which can prevent chronic diseases. Reports revealed that the fruit exist in two varieties big
and small, naturally the bigger variety has high mineral content and therefore is beneficial as
nutritional diet. Sohiong wine consumption has been suggested as promising source of antioxidants
with a plethora of health promoting functions.
KEYWORD: Prunus Nepalensis, antioxidant, hepatoprotective activity.
LPAIFQP-2018-026
IMPURITY PROFILING –A SIGNIFICANT APPROACH IN
PHARMACEUTICALS
Bidhya Sharma*, Jarina Khatun, Debakanta Saha, Dipankar Nath
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136, Sikkim University, India
ABSTRACT
There is an ever increasing interest in impurities present in Active pharmaceutical Ingredient‟s
(API‟s). Now a days, not only purity profile but also impurity profile has become mandatory
according to various regulatory authorities .In the pharmaceutical world, an impurity is considered as
any inorganic or organic material, or residual solvents other than the drug substances, or ingredients,
arise out of synthesis or unwanted chemicals that remains with APIs .Impurity profiling includes
identification, structure elucidation and quantitative determination of impurities and degradation
products in bulk drug materials and pharmaceutical formulation. The control of impurities in
Formulated products and API‟s were regulated by various regulatory authorities like ICH, USFDA,
Canadian Drug and Health Agency .Impurity profiling is very important in modern pharmaceutical
analysis due to the fact that unidentified, potentially toxic impurities are hazardous to health and in
order to increase the safety of drug therapy, impurities should be identified and determined by
selective method. Now a day, it is mandatory requirement in various pharmacopoeias to know the
impurities present in APIs and finished drug products. Thus impurity profiling can act as a Quality
Control tool. It can provide crucial data regarding the toxicity, safety, various limits of detection and
limits of quantitation of several organic and inorganic impurities, usually accompany with APIs and
finished products. There is strong requirement to have unique specifications/standards with regard to
impurities.
KEYWORD: Impurity profiling, Safety, Analysis.
LPAIFQP-2018-027
REVIEW ON THE PRINCIPLE & APPLICATION OF NANOFIBERS FOR
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM Ateeb Das, Dr. Bhupendra Shreshtha
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, Himalayan Pharmacy
Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim, India ABSTRACT Nanofibers are fibers with diameters in the nanometer range. Nanofibers can be generated from
different polymers and hence have different physical properties and application potentials. Examples of
natural polymers include collagen, cellulose, silk fibroin, keratin. Examples of synthetic polymers
include poly (lacticacid) (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyurethrane (PU). Polymer chains are
connected via covalent bonds. The diameters of nanofibers depend on the type of polymer used and the
method of production. According to the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), nanotechnology is
defined as the utilization of structure with at least one dimension of nanometer size for the construction of
material, devices or systems with novel or significantly improved properties due to their nano size.
Nanotechnology alters physical properties of a substance on molecular level, it blurs the boundaries
between physics, chemistry and biology. Nanofiber exhibit special properties mainly due to extremely high
surface to weight ratio compared to conventional fibers. These Special properties make them suitable for a
wide range of applications from medical to consumer products and industrial to high-tech applications for
aerospace, capacitors, transistors, drug delivery systems, battery separators, energy storage, fuel cells, and
information technology. Three distinct techniques have proven successful in routinely creating nanofibrous
tissue structures: self assembly, phase separation, and electrospinning. The electrospinning method is the
most simple and efficient. Electrospinning as a polymer-processing technology has been known for more
than 70 years. Patents involving electrospinning first appeared in the 1930s. Nanofibers can be used as
drug vehicles in immediate release, extend release and delayed release. This paper details the different
nanofiber manufacturing methods and its processes. Further it explores the different principles of drug
delivery and the application of nanofiber in pharmaceutical Drug Delivery System (DDS).
KEYWORD: Nanofibres; Nanotechnology; Electrospinning.
LPAIFQP-2018-028
ISOSBESTIC POINT OF PARACETAMOL
Pravat Manna1*, Prabir Samanta
2, Dr. Bhupendra Shrestha
1
1Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, Himalayan Pharmacy
Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim, India-737136, India 2B.Pharm, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy, Chakdaha, Nadia,
West Bengal, 741222, India
ABSTRACT
Spectrophotometry is a technique which has proved to be very useful in solving particular analytical
problems. The UV spectrophotometry process have different advantages including determination of λmax,
quantitative determination in presence in turbidity or overlapping absorption peaks. Spectroscopy methods
for the quantitation of organic compounds often employ measurement of the absorbance or absorptivity of
solution in the UV. A point common to all curve produced in the spectra of a compound taken at various
pH value is called isobestric point. At this wavelength the absorbance depends on the total molar
concentration of the absorbing species, in this point the wavelength at which each difference curve crosses
the zero line. So the objective of this this comprehensive study is to develop an analytical method
employing UV- visible spectrometry to determine isosbestic point of paracetamol. Stock solution was
prepared &specific wavelength also be selected. In different pH condition different peak are seen. The
intersecting wavelengthwas found at 223 nm and that is defined as isosbestic point of paracetamol.
Isosbestric point can be used to tune absorbance for total reaction because it remains constant over the
entire reaction or used as a Quality Assurance method and to verify the accuracy in the wave length of a
spectrophotometer.
KEYWORD: UV spectrophotometry; Isosbestric point; λmax.
LPAIFQP-2018-029
UPLC-A RECENT TREND IN ANALYSIS
Snigdha Paul*, Poulomi Ghosh, Monalee Som, Dipankar Nath
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Himalayan Pharmacy
Institute, East Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
The separation of any materials into its constituent element is called analysis, and HPLC (High
Performance Liquid Chromatography) is a form of liquid chromatography to separate compounds that
are dissolved in solution. It also identify and quantify each component in a mixture. Whereas UPLC
(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) can be regarded as the latest invention for Liquid
Chromatography and a modified version of HPLC. It brings drastic changes in sensitivity, resolution,
speed of analysis. It has instrumentation that can be operated at higher pressure then HPLC and uses
fine particles less than 2.5µm. When many scientists experienced separation barrier with conventional
HPLC, UPLC extended and expanded the utility of chromatography. UPLC can also be used with
other technique such as Mass Spectrometer (MS), Ion Chromatography (IC) etc.
KEYWORD: UPLC, HPLC, Chromatography, Instrumentations.
LPAIFQP-2018-030
CLOPIDOGREL ATTENUATES STRESS INDUCED DEPRESSION
1Pobitra Borah*,
2Sairam Krishnamurthy
1Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim,
737136, Sikkim, India 2Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and
Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University),
Varanasi, 221005, U.P., India
ABSTRACT
Stress may augment the risk of depression through platelet aggregation. Alteration in platelet
functions in stress will lead to depression and amelioration of depression like symptoms by an
antiplatelet drug in experimental rats will indicate the involvement of platelets in aggravating the
depression like symptoms. Male Wistar rats were subjected to modified stress re-stress (SRS) model
of Stress protocol which consists of 2 hour restraint and footshock of 2mA intensity for 10 seconds
followed by halothane anaesthesia on day 2 (D-2). After that, rats were exposed to footshock on D-8
and at 6-day intervals on D-14, D-20, D-26, and D-32. Clopidogrel(15mg/kg p.o.) and
Paroxetine(10.0 mg/kg p.o.) were evaluated for their effect on depression-like behaviors as well as on
the platelet related parameters after the modified stress re-stress (SRS) exposure. Modified SRS
exposed rats in forced-swim test showed immobility which indicates depression-like symptoms and
the decrease in bleeding time shows alterations in platelet activity. Similarly, Platelet, WBC and RBC
count were elevated in the rats after exposure to modified SRS model on D-32. Stress exposed rats
also showed decrease in cortical blood flow compared to the control rats which may possibly alter the
normal functioning of the brain leading to depression. The potential importance of increased platelet
count and decreased bleeding time in stress exposed rats is bolstered by its significant positive
correlation to cortical blood flow. Clopidogrel and Paroxetine ameliorated modified SRS-induced
depression-like behavior in Forced swim test on D-32. Clopidogrel and Paroxetine not only mitigates
the SRS-induced decrease in bleeding time, cortical blood flow and but also help in maintaining the
platelet, WBC and RBC count in the SRS exposed rats. Clopidogrel mitigates the depression like
symptoms which suggest that there is involvement of platelet activation in aggravating the depression
like symptoms in stress exposed animals.
KEYWORD: Stress, Depression, Clopidogrel.
LPAIFQP-2018-031
GXP: APPROACH TO QUALITY PRODUCT
Nirmalya Khan*, Dr. Bhupendra Shrestha
Department of pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute
Majhitar, Sikkim -737136, India
ABSTRACT
One of the biggest concerns that the pharmaceutical industry constantly attempts to address is the safety of
its products. GxP is a collection of regulation that aims to resolve this matter in a systemic and wholesome
manner. The concept of GxP in pharmaceuticals was established by the USFDA. The term itself encircles
many different regulations in many different fields. The Gstands for “good” and the P stands for
“practice”. The „x ‟in the middle is a variable that can be substituted with any word that appropriately
completes the acronym, for example x is replaced by M make it GMP which represents “ Good
Manufacturing Practice “ other are GAP,GEP, GBP, GVP, GPP. GxP extends to many regulated industries
such as cosmetics and food as well besides pharmaceuticals. Regulators for GxP are spread out throughout
the world .Some of the popular regulators include FDA in the US , TGA in Australia , HS-SC in Canada.
GxP in simple terms, it is a set of guidelines in place to ensure that products are services are safe. To
elaborate on this point,GxP enforces regulated industries to stick to very specific and secure procedures,
ensures safe clinical trials involving human subjects and also establish effective research standards for
non-clinical laboratory trials. The purpose of the GxP quality guidelines is to ensure a product is safe and
meets its intended use. GxP guides quality manufacture in regulated industries including food, drugs,
medical devices and cosmetics.The most central aspects of GxP are: Traceability: the ability to reconstruct
the development history of a drug or medical device, Accountability: the ability to resolve who has
contributed what to the development and when. Documentation is a essential tools for ensuring GxP
adherence.
KEYWORD: GxP, regulation, USFDA.
LPAIFQP-2018-032
ANTIDIABETIC PLANTS USED IN DARJEELING HIMALAYAN
REGION Prabal Sharma*, Jyochhana Priya Mohanty, Prosanta Pal
Department of Pharmacognosy, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Darjeeling Himalayan Region is situated between 26º 27‟ and 27º 13‟N latitude and87º 59‟ and 88º
53‟ E longitude. It is one of the major part of the Eastern Himalayas.Darjeeling Himalayan Region is
rich in floral diversity, many endemic elements and a number of species,which have become rare,
threatened or endangered. Till today no medicine has been discovered which can cure diabetes
completely. So In this study, a survey was conducted to explore the medicinal plants with antidiabetic
potential used by the traditional herbal healers in this region and to develop a safe medicine for
diabetes. A survey was conducted in different areas of Darjeeling Himalayan Region between
August,2016 to June,2017. The major ethnic groups of this region are Nepalis, Lepchas and Bhutias.
The tribal people including local healers and village elders were interviewed to collect the
ethnomedicinal information about the medicinal plants used to treat diabetes. It was found that a total
of 21species of plant belonging to 18 different families are utilized as antidiabetic agents by the ethnic
people Darjeeling Himalayan region. People use these plants in different forms such as juice, extract,
decoction, paste, infusion, powder, etc. It can be concluded that the practice of traditional medicine is
still alive in this region. The information provided by this study can help in pharmacological research
and can provide great help in selecting plant material for drug discovery.
KEYWORD: Darjeeling Himalayan Region, antidiabetic plants, diabetes.
LPAIFQP-2018-033
EBOLA VIRUS: A REVIEW
Sulav Bhattarai, Raju Dhungel, Dr. Shubhrajit Mantry
Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
This review is on Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the rapidly growing globalised world. In 2014 and
2015, the largest Ebola virus disease outbreak in history affected large populations across West
Africa. Ebola virus derived its name from the Ebola River in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
(formerly Zaire) where the first Ebola virus disease outbreak was identified in 1976. The goal of this
report is to provide an update on the epidemic and review current progress in the development,
evaluation and deployment of prevention and treatment strategies for EVD. Ebola Viruses do not
replicate through cell division, but instead insert their own genetic sequencing into the
deoxyribonucleic acid of the host cell and subsequently hijack all cellular processes, including
transcription and translation. In essence, the host cell becomes a factory of viral proteins. As new viral
capsules are formed, they bud from the host cell, taking a part of the host cell‟s outer membrane, thus
cloaking themselves against detection by the host‟s immune system. In some cases, the patient‟s
immune system can produce enough antibodies to defeat the infection. With EVD, the virus can often
reproduce so rapidly that the immune system never catches up. The natural reservoir of EBOV is
believed to be bats, particularly fruit bats, and it is primarily transmitted between humans and from
animals to humans through body fluids. Symptoms of EVD include abrupt onset of fever, myalgias,
and headache in the early phase, followed by vomiting, diarrhea and possible progression to
hemorrhagic rash, life-threatening bleeding, and multi organ failure in the later phase. There are no
approved treatments or vaccines available for EVD until today; the mainstay of therapy is supportive
care. However, there are a bunch of therapeutic approaches on the track which could have the real
impact on control and prevention of this global threat. High fatality, combined with the absence of
treatment and vaccination options, makes Ebola virus an important public health pathogen and
biothreat pathogen of category A.
KEYWORD: Ebola Virus Disease, Democratic Republic of Congo.
LPAIFQP-2018-034
IN-VITRO ANTIUROLITHIATHIC EFFECT OF
OROXYLUM INDICUM
Debajyoti Saha*, Vijay Tamang, Pobitra Borah
Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim,
737136, Sikkim, India ABSTRACT
Urolithiasis is the condition where crystals are formed in the urinary tract due to decreasing urine
volume or by increasing excretion of stone forming components. Decoction of roots and leaves of
Oroxylum indicum (Family-Bignoniaceae) are widely used in prophylaxis and treatment of kidney
stones in Traditional system of medicine. In the present study the In-vitro antiurolithiasis activity of
Oroxylum indicum has been reported. Calcium oxalate crystal (Calcium oxalate stones represent up to
80% of analyzed stones) has been prepared and calcium oxalate crystals dissolution was compared to
the standard (Cystone). The ethanolic extract obtained from the leaves possess the maximum
antiurolithiatic activity. These results indicate potential of O.indicum in the treatment of urolithiasis.
KEYWORD: Urolithiasis, Oroxylum indicum, decoctiion, calcium oxalate
LPAIFQP-2018-035
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS IN PRESENT INDIAN MARKET:
A REVIEW
Ashmita Saha, Tenzin Samphel Sermu, Sujit Roy, Anupam D K Mishra
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar,
East Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Oral hypoglycaemic agents are given orally to reduce the blood glucose level in diabetic patients,
which is easier method of drug administration. These drugs are of value only in the treatment of
patients with type 2 (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus whose condition cannot be treated by diet alone.
These drugs may also be used with insulin in the management of some patients with diabetes mellitus.
The development of the oral agents was a great public health advance for persons with early diabetes
and fearful of insulin injections. While useful, the oral agents have marked limitations and some are
effective only temporarily. Before evaluating the effectiveness of treatment, a therapeutic goal must
be determined always and rational use of oral hypoglycaemic agents is necessary. This article reviews
different types of oral hypoglycaemic agents in present Indian market.
KEYWORD: Oral hypoglycaemic
LPAIFQP-2018-036
A PLACEBO EFFECT IS A HUGE PROBLEM FOR BIG
PHARMA COMPANY
Koushal Singh*, Bibeshna Upreti, Manita Pradhan, Dipankar Nath
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
A placebo is a substance, such as a pill or shot, that doesn‟t contain any active medicine. Today, to
win FDA approval, a new medication must beat placebo in at least two authenticated trials. A placebo
is used in clinical trials to test the effectiveness of treatments and is most often used in drug studies.
For instance, people in one group get the tested drug, while the others receive a fake drug, or placebo,
that they think is the real thing. This way, the researchers can measure if the drug works by comparing
how both groups react. Some patients who take the fake medicine (placebo) also appear experience
improvement and sometime even outperform the real treatment. How placebos work is still not quite
understood, but it involves a complex neurobiological reaction. Person‟s belief may generate
measurable effects. If the available market drugs are tested in different location might fail to
outperform fake medicine.
KEYWORD: neurobiological reaction, clinical trials, outperform fake medicine.
LPAIFQP-2018-037
CORIANDRUM SATIVUM (DHANIA) HAVING HIGH IMMUNE
PROPERTY
Nitesh kumar sharma*, Dipankar Kumar Bhagat, Sudip Das
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute,Majhitar, East Sikkim,737136, INDIA
ABSTRACT
This review discusses the chemical constituent, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of
Coriandrum sativum. According to the wide range of pharmacological activities, Coriandrum sativum
should be considered as a promising source of many drugs because of its safety and effectiveness. It is
concluded that coriander powder or extract may potentially be used as an antibiotic alternative in
poultry production.Coriander is an annual, herbaceous plant which originated from the Mediterranean
and Middle Eastern regions and known as medicinal plants. Coriander contains an essential oil (0.03-
2.6%). The different parts of this plant contain monoterpenes, limpnene, a-pinene, g-terpinene, p-
cymene, citronellol, borneol, camphor, coriandrin, geraniol, dihydrocoriandrin, coriandronsA-E,
flavonoids and essential oils. It also contained high nutritional values including proteins, oils,
carbohydrates, fibers and wide range of minerals, trace elements and vitamins.Inclusion of 2.0%
coriander powder in broiler diets lowered total cholesterol while blood urea was significantly higher
in birds on T4 compared to T1 and T2. Furthermore, there were no treatment effects
on Lactobacillus bacteria; however, the population of E. coli was significantly higher in the ileum of
chickens fed T0. Noticeable significant improvements of antibody titer against Newcastle, infectious
bronchitis, and infectious bursal disease were observed in birds receiving coriander extract in water.
Immunoglobulin G antibody against sheep red blood cells showed significant improvement in birds
fed T3; likewise, immunoglobulin M was significantly higher in birds on T2 and T3 at 28 d of age.
These results revealed that coriander extract or powder can be used as antibiotic alternative in broiler
feeds.
KEYWORD: Coriandrum sativum, Monoterpenes, limpnene
LPAIFQP-2018-038
ANTIVIRAL POTENTIAL OF ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS FOUND
IN SIKKIM HIMALAYAN REGION
Himangshu Kalita*, Prosanta Pal
Department of Pharmacognosy, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Antiviral drugs are a special class of drug used specifically for treating viral infections than both gram
positive and gram negative bacterias. Specific antiviral drugs are used for specific viral infections but
broad-spectrum antivirals are potent against a wide range of viruses. The natural product has a long
traditional use in the treatment of different viral infections. Most of the traditional medicines are well
tolerated by the patient, more effective for long-standing health, cost is much less than prescription
medications and widespread availability. Due to several advantages day to day the demand for herbal
medicine is increasing. So in this survey an approach was created to explore the ethnomedicinal plants
found in sikkim Himalayan region. Communities, Cultures, Religions and Customs of different hues
intermingle freely here in Sikkim to constitute a homogeneous blend. The predominant communities
are the Lepchas, Bhutias and Nepalese. A survey was performed after interacting with a number of
traditional healers of this region and 15 different species of medicinal plants were found which can be
extensively used as anti viral agents. So conclusion can be drawn that ethnomedicinal plants can be
used in the treatment of viral diseases.
KEYWORD: Antiviral, ethnomedicinal plants, Sikkim Himalayan Region.
LPAIFQP-2018-039
A SURVEY ON ANTIALLERGIC ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS
FOUND IN SIKKIM HIMALAYAN REGION
Rochana Maitra*, J.P. Mohanty, Prosanta Pal
Department of Pharmacognosy, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
There are a number of medicinal herbs that have a long history of using in the treatment of allergy.
Allergy is said to be a damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially food, pollen,
fur or dust, which has become hypersensitive. Skin diseases are normal and frequently occurring
health problem affecting all agents from the neonates to the elderly and cause harm in number of
ways. Many people may develop skin diseases that affect the skin, including cancer, herpes, and
cellulitis. The skin is one of the largest immunologic organs and is affected by both external and
internal factors as well as immune responses. At this present scenario the number of synthetic anti
allergic compound is very less. So an attempt was created to explore the anti allergic ethnomedicinal
plants found in Sikkim Himalayan region. Sikkim is rich in medicinally important flora and fauna.
Several crude drugs have been extensively used traditionally by different communities like Lepchas,
Bhutias, and Nepalese. So a survey on medicinal plants were carried out after talking with different
traditional healers and old peoples of this region. We found 20 different plant species which can be
used in the treatment of allergy. The different forms like raw form, juice, dry powder, paste,
decoction of crude drugs are generally used to cure this specific disease. The plant is a biosynthetic
laboratory which can produce different componds from complex reactions.Some of them may have
potent anti allergic property. The present study has complied and enlisted the antiallergic plants of
Sikkim Himalayan region which can be used by future workers to find out the suitable natural anti
allergic compounds.
KEYWORD: Antiallergic, immune response, ethnomedicinal plants, sikkim himalayan region.
LPAIFQP-2018-040
A REVIEW ON ANTIULCER ACTIVITY OF ETNOMEDICINAL
PLANTS FOUND IN SIKKIM HIMALAYAN REGION
ArghyaSaha Chowdhury*, J.P. Mohanty, Prosanta Pal
Department of Pharmcognosy, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim, 737136
ABSTRACT
Ulcer is a common gastrointestinal disorder which is seen among many people. Ulceration occurs
when there is a disturbance of the normal equilibrium caused by either enhanced aggression or
diminished mucosal resistance. It may be due to the regular usage of drugs, irregular food habits,
stress, and so forth. The formation of peptic ulcer depends on the presence of acid and peptic activity
in gastric juice plus a breakdown in mucosal defenses. A number of synthetic drugs are available to
treat ulcer. But these drugs are expensive and are likely to produce more side effect when compared to
herbal medicine. The literature revealed that many medicinal plants and polyherbal formulations are
used for the treatment of ulcer by various ayurvedic doctors and traditional medical practitioners. A
survey has been performed and 20 different plant species were enlisted after interacting with a number
of traditional healers of different communities like Lepchas, Nepalese, Bhutias. These medicinal plant
parts in the form of pastes, decoctions, raw, juices, dry powder have been extensively used to cure
different stages of ulcers. Due to several metabolic reactions plant can produce a number of phyto
constituents. Some of them may have potent activity against ulcers. So the approach was made to
enlight antiulcer medicinal plants which would be useful for future researcher to isolate specific
biomolecules with potent antiulcer properties.
KEYWORD: polyherbal formulations, ulcers, gastric juices, mucosal defences.
LPAIFQP-2018-041
MICROCHIP IMPLANTATION – THE FUTURE OF
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Rishi Choudhury*, Suraj Mistri, Subham Ghising, Dipankar Nath
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
With the advancement of technology, implantable controlled-release systems have emerged as a
promising new class of drug delivery technique that will improve the effect of drugs in our body.
Scientists have developed an implantable microchip that both stores and administers medication.
These microchips that deliver medicine in doses either pre-determined or controlled by doctors could
be the next big thing in the drug delivery system. By the use of multiple reservoirs of discrete drug
doses, microchips represent a new technology capable of on-demand release of various drugs over
long periods of time.Implantable drug delivery devices have been constructed in a variety of ways
using micro and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS or NEMS)- based technology. The
widespread application of microchip technology has the potential to be a major step forward to
improve the present healthcare system and lowering the expenditure along with lessening the risk of
health hazards.
KEYWORD: microchip implantation, nanoelectromechanical, health hazards.
LPAIFQP-2018-042
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - A STEP TOWARDS IMPROVED
HEALTHCARE
Prasanti Sharma*, Himal Banjara, Dr. Kalyan Roy
Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim, 737136
ABSTRACT
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the development of computer systems that simulate human intelligence
and perform tasks such as visual perception, speech recognition and decision making. In the medical
field, the applications of AI are innumerable which if explored can prove to be an indispensable tool
for the benefit of mankind. Today, AI is being used in areas concerning diagnosis and therapeutics of
various diseases which can prove extremely beneficial to patient health. AI in the medical field can
help process massive amounts of healthcare data and provide clinically meaningful results. This will
assist physicians in clinical decision making and also provide up-to-date information from a wide
variety of sources including journals, textbooks for improved patient care. AI can also help provide
customized treatment recommendations according to individual patient needs, look into a patient‟s
family medical history and hence provide information regarding the chances of disease inheritance,
therefore assisting the etiological discovery process for a disease. AI can also help reduce diagnostic
and therapeutic errors associated with human practices by assisting physicians make better clinical
decisions. AI can yield over 90% accuracy regarding diagnosis and treatment suggestions. Feedback
about the suggestions provided can also be fed that helps improve its accuracy. In light of the
technological advancements taking place at exceptional speed, it is important that all students,
medical professionals, teachers and researchers remain aware and updated about the role and
advances of AI in the field of medicine which will help ameliorate the healthcare system.
KEYWORD: diagnostic tool, treatment recommendations, reduced therapeutic errors.
LPAIFQP-2018-043
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL TOOTHPASTE
Sarika Bhattarai*, Rakshya Bhattarai, Anjali Sharma, Jyochhana Priya Mohanty,
Prosanta Pal
Department of Pharmacognosy, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Herbal toothpaste is a herbal formulation containing natural ingredients which is used to clean and
maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth and to promote oral hygiene. The objective of this study is to
prepare herbal toothpaste and to evaluate its effectiveness. The dried coarsely powder of neem leaves, bay
leaves were extracted by cold maceration technique using distilled water for seven days. Herbal toothpaste
was prepared by mixing and trituration method. The glycerite of traganth was placed in the mixer and
mixed until a smooth consistency obtained. The mixture was triturated first with methyl parahydroxy
benzoate then with calcium sulphate, tri calcium phosphate and turmeric. Then all the extract were
dissolved in minimum quantity of distilled water and mixed. Finally distilled water was added until the
desired consistency is achieved and finally the mixture was blended with required amount of eugenol. The
formulated toothpaste was evaluated by some physicochemical parameters like colour, appeareance,
cleaning ability, foaming power, pH,abrasiveness and antimicrobial activity was performed by following
agar well diffusion method. The formulation showed good efficacy in terms of foaming ability, pH,
cleaning ability, abrasiveness when compared with the marketed formulation. The percent of moisture and
volatile content in the formulation were found to be little more as compared with the marketed
formulation. The formulated herbal toothpaste showed good antibacterial activity against bothgram
positive and gram negative bacterial strains. So we propose that the formulated toothpaste is safer than
fully synthetic toothpastes.
KEYWORD: Herbal Toothpaste, Neemleaves, bay leaves
LPAIFQP-2018-044
DEVELOPMENT OF A UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR
PARACETAMOL IV INJECTION
Shajidul Karim*, Sudarshan Sharma, Dr. Bhupendra Shrestha
Department of P.A & Q.A, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
The development of a simple, rapid and precise spectrophotometric method for the routine quantitative
determination of samples will definitely reduce unnecessary tedious sample preparation and cost of
materials and labours. In this current research UV spectroscopic method was developed for determination
of Paracetamol IV injection. The method was developed using calibration curve method. Parameters like
linearity, accuracy, precision, linearity and robustness was performed as per ICH guidelines. The
calibration curve obtained by plotting concentrationvs absorbance was linear over the concentration range
of 1-20 µg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.997.The spectral analysis showed the λmax of Paracetamol
at 257 nm. Paracetamol percentage purity was found to be 101.76%. Accuracy was determined with
percentage recovery of 104.6%. The precision was measured in terms of repeatability which was
determined by sufficient number of aliquots of homogenous sample. The percentage RSD for paracetamol
was found to be 3.02%. This showed that the precision of the method was satisfactory. It could be
concluded from the results obtained in the present investigation that the validated method is simple, rapid,
precise and accurate for determination ofParacetamol IV. Thus, the proposed method can be used for
routine quality control analysis of Paracetamol in intravenous formulation.
KEYWORD: IV Injection, spectral analysis, RSD
LPAIFQP-2018-045
FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF THE ETHANOLIC
LEAF EXTRACT OF SECHIUM EDULE
Rajiv Rakshit*, Priyanka Kumari, Donryngkhat Kharpan, Angila Theengh
Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Sechium edule is an edible plant belonging to the family of Cucurbitaceae. The plant is locally called
as Iskush in Nepali and Chayote in English. The plant has been established for its use as anti-epileptic,
antiulcer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antioxidant in various researches. The leaves of the
plant were studied for its antioxidant activity in-vitro method using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) scavenging assay and the ability to scavenge peroxide free radicals. The result showed that
the ethanolic extract of the leaves exhibited percentage inhibition and IC50 value of 36.28% and
54.15µg/ml respectively for DPPH assay and percentage inhibition and IC50 value of 54.94% and
24.38µg/ml respectively for Peroxide radical assay. This report supports that the plant Sechium edule
leaves has antioxidant property and can be used for furtherstudies.
KEYWORD: Sechium edule, antioxidant, free radical
LPAIFQP-2018-046
A REVIEW ON: HEMP SEED OIL AND ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL
ACTION
Gulshan Raj Sharma*, Md Rumman Pervej, Malsomdong Darnei, AngilaTheengh
Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim,India
ABSTRACT
Hemp seed oil is obtained from the seeds of Cannabis sativa. It is rich in α-lanolenic acid (15%-25%)
and it is one of the few plant seed oils containing more than small amount of γ-lanolenic acid (1%-
6%). This α-lanolenic acid γ-lanolenic acid and other fatty acid in Hemp seed oil are present in the
form of triglycerides or neutral fats. This α-lanolenic acid gets metabolized to Eicosapentaenoic acid
which is a precursor of anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic eicosanoids where as γ-lanolenic acid
shows anti-platelet aggregation and vasodilation. These factors may contribute to the various useful
effect of Hemp seed oil such as- it has cholesterol lowering effect, lowers blood pressure, improves
digestion, reduces inflammation and increases immune system effectivity. Furthermore it also
possesses antibacterial activity and is used as an active ingredient in many cosmeceutical preparations
due to its anti-aging, acne reducing and atopic eczema curing properties. The presence of small
amount of γ-lanolenic acid is attributable to its mild anticancer property. The present study is to
review the various pharmacological effect of hemp seed oil in various ailments.
KEYWORD: Hemp seed oil, α-lanolenic acid, γ-lanolenic acid
LPAIFQP-2018-047
A REVIEW ON CELL THERAPY FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Rishab Roy, Pobitra Borah and Kalyan Roy
Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo,
E. Sikkim, 737136, India ABSTRACT
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous
system, which gives rise to focal lesion in the gray & white matter & diffuse neurodegeneration in the
entire brain.Failure of endogenous processes of repair and remyelination is the basic rationale for cell
therapy which is a regenerative process. Although it is not clear yet to what degree the MS brain is
manageable for repair. Stem cell therapy depends on therapeutic plasticity, by which neural precursors
can replace damaged oligodendrocyte and mylin. It also facilitates intrinsic capacity of the brain for
recovery and protect brain cells from further injury by attenuating auto immune process. Stem cells of
different sources are responsible for these immunomodulatory neurotrophic activities. Whetherthe
therapeutic properties of transplanted cells are maintained with the duration of time is not fully
understood. Cells may target both affected white matters tracts and the perivascular niche where the
trafficking of immune cells occurs by using different routes of administration. The application of this
therapy will be broadly accepted once the purification, mass generation and safety are guaranteed.
This article provides an overview about the cell therapy as a newer therapy for MS and its complexity,
advantages and difficulties.
KEYWORD: Multiplesclerosis , cell therapy, stem cells
LPAIFQP-2018-048
REVIEW ON: VISCOSUPPLIMENTATION THERAPY IN
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Priyanka Gupta*, Mintu Talukdar, Asif Iqbal, Arnab Bagchi
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
Osteoarthritis is the commonest form of joint disease, a condition of multifactorial origin that leads to
joint cartilage degeneration and affects all components of the joint. With the aging of the world‟s
population, the prevalence of age related disease is continually increasing. Among the treatment
methods, “viscosupplimentation” has been gaining more prominence. Viscosupplimentation consists
of injection of exogenous hyaluronic acid into diarthrodial joints for restoring the rheological
properties of the synovial fluid, producing mechanical analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Hyaluronic
acid is high viscosity polysaccharides that is produced naturally by the cells of the synovial
membrane. Biochemically it is classified in the GAG group. Osteoarthritic joints present high
activation of synoviocytes, produce a variety of cytokines and enzymes related to this disease, such
as IL-β1, IL-6, IL-8,TNF-α and NO. Hyaluronic acid is an important modulator, especially through
interaction with CD44 receptors that are present in fibroblast. In addition to the mechanical effects of
promoting better force distribution, diminishing the pressure due to weight and recovering the
rheological properties of the synovial fluid, hyaluronic acid also acts biochemically.
KEYWORD: GAG-Glycosaminoglycon, IL-Interleukin, NO-Nitric Oxide.
LPAIFQP-2018-049
NEEDLE FREE INJECTABLE TECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW
Smita Rai, Sushilta Pradhan, Urvashi Sharma, Dr. Shubhrajit Mantry
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
Needle free injection technology (NFIT) is an extremely broad concept which include a wide range of drug
delivery system that drive drugs through the skin using any of the forces as Lorentz, Shock waves, pressure
by gas or electrophoresis which propels the drug through the skin, virtually nullifying the use of
hypodermic needle. The needle injection has many complications like anxiety, fever, avoidance, disgust
and needle stick injuries. Therefore, NFIT is used to overcome these complications. This technology is not
only beneficial for the pharma industry but developing world too find it highly useful in mass
immunization programmes. In NFIT a jet of fluid is accelerated to high speed providing it significant
penetrating power through a fine diameter nozzle when placed against skin. The transmission of diseases is
prevented, it has a take home option and since, we can also deliver solid dosage form through it, can be
used to overcome the stability factor encountered in liquid dosage form. The NFIT devices can be
classified based on their working, type of load, mechanism of drug delivery and site of delivery. To
administer a stable, safe and an effective dose through NFIT, the sterility, shelf life and viscosity of drug
are the main components which should be taken care of. Technically superior needle-free injection systems
are able to administer highly viscous drug products which cannot be administered by traditional needle and
syringe systems, further adding to the usefulness of the technology. NFIT devices can be manufactured in
a variety of this, however the widely employed procedure to manufacture it is by injections molding
technique. The NFI system have many emerging applications some of which are like its use in diabetes by
giving regulated and user friendly insulin injections, its use in treating hemophilia, for giving local
anesthetics etc.
KEYWORD: Immunization, Needle stick injuries, Sterility
LPAIFQP-2018-050
CHRONOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: A REVIEW
Rohan Sarkar*, Siddhartha Paul, Dr. Shubhrajit Mantry
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
The purpose of writing this review on chronotherapeutic drug delivery systems (ChrDDs) is to review the
literatures with special focus on ChrDDs and the various dosage forms, techniques that are used to target
the circadian rhythms (CR) of various diseases. Chronotherapy considers a person‟s biological rhythms in
determining the timing and amount of medication to optimize a drug‟s desired effects and minimize the
undesired ones. Study of influence of biological rhythm on the effects of medication is known as
chronopharmacology while the science of study of biological rhythms is known as chronobiology. If
symptoms of a disease display circadian variation, drug release should also vary over time. Drug
pharmacokinetics can also be time-dependent; therefore, variations both in a disease state and in drug
plasma concentration need to be taken into consideration in developing drug delivery systems intended for
the treatment of disease with adequate dose at appropriate time but also pharmacokinetics of
medication..The effectiveness and toxicity of many drugs vary depending on the dosing time .Such
chronopharmacological phenomena are influenced by not only the pharmacodynamics Such novel drug
dosage forms should be effective, safe, robust (predictable drug release rate in biological systems) and
clinically justified, with spatial and temporal control ability after administration by different routes.
KEYWORD: Chronotherapeutic, circadian rhythms, chronobiology.
LPAIFQP-2018-051
SNAKE BITE AND ITS TREATMENT
Abhijit Biswas*, Utpal Kumar Saha, Rajat Das, Sujit Das
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
Snake bite in India is a great cause of death because of the lack of awareness about snakes and snake
bite. A lack of awareness in general about snakebites also means that few rural doctors know how to
treat such or administer anti-venom. Snake-bites claim about 45,000 to 50,000 lives across India every
year. The major cause of death is due to superstition and treatment by “Ojhas” in rural areas, wrong
first aid treatment and late admission to the hospitals. The availability of anti-venom itself is an issue.
Here we review the literature to present the proper identification of snake and treatment of snake bites
of (1) Indian Cobra or Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) (2) The King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) (3)
Green pit viper (Trimeresurus septentrionalis). In case of Indian Cobra (Spectacled Cobra) bite the
Local symptoms include swelling in the bite area; other general symptoms include weak limbs, eyelid
drooping and extreme salivation accompanied by vomiting and sweating. The venom acts by
paralyzing muscles, and in the most severe bites it can lead to respiratory failure or cardiac arrest and
ultimately to death. In case of The King Cobra bite the toxins affect the victim's central nervous
system, resulting in severe pain, blurred vision, vertigo, drowsiness, and eventually paralysis. If the
bite is serious, it progresses to cardiovascular collapse, and the victim falls into a coma. Death soon
follows due to respiratory failure. In case of Green pit viper bite Hypofibrinogenemia with normal
levels of the other clotting factors was observed. Clinical features of these venomous snakebites vary
from asymptomatic to fatal bleeding. Identification of the snake is very important for treatment of
snake bite. Now a day‟s previous techniques of first-aid measures such as tourniquets, incision, and
suction are not recommended.
KEYWORD: King Cobra, Indian Cobra, Green pit viper, Anti-venom, Hypofibrinogenemia.
LPAIFQP-2018-052
AN AWARENESS & BRIEF DISCUSSION ABOUT DIABETIC
NEUROPATHIC PAIN (MAINLY IN LEGS)
Ajoy Barman* Soumyadip Bhowmik, Dr. Shubhrajit Mantry
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus has become one of the largest global health care problems of the 21st century.
Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN) may be present in as many as one in five patients with diabetics.
No single treatment exists to prevent or reverse neuropathic changes or provide total pain relief. Also
which diabetics patient having nerve pain specially in legs, he/she is not able to do exercise properly
so eventually diabetics not to be controlled. Treatment of PDN is based on three major approaches:
intensive glycaemic control and risk factor management, treatments based on pathogenetic
mechanisms, and symptomatic pain management. Clinical guidelines recommend pain relief in PDN
through the use of antidepressants such as amitriptyline and duloxetine, the γ-aminobutyric acid
analogues gabapentin and pregabalin, opioids and topical agents such as capsaicin. Of these
medications, duloxetine and pregabalin were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) in 2004 and tapentadol extended release was approved in 2012 for the treatment of PDN.
Proposed pathogenetic treatments include α-lipoic acid (stems reactive oxygen species formation),
benfotiamine (prevents vascular damage in diabetes) and aldose-reductase inhibitors (reduces flux
through the polyol pathway). There is a growing need for studies to evaluate the most potent drugs or
combinations for the management of PDN to maximize pain relief and improve quality of life. A
number of agents are potential candidates for future use in PDN therapy, including Nav 1.7
antagonists, N-type calcium channel blockers, NGF antibodies and angiotensin II type 2 receptor
antagonists.
KEYWORD: Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN) , Diabetes mellitus.
LPAIFQP-2018-053
HEALTH IMPACT OF E-CIGARETTE Ankita Das
*, Sahita Roy, Pranab Biswas, Arpita Chatterjee, Ankita Pradhan,
Arnab Bagchi
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
An electro cigarette or e-cigarette is a handled electronic device that triesto create the feeling of tobacco
smoking. It works by heating a liquid to generate an aerosol commonly called a “vapor” that the user inhales
using e-cigarettes is sometimes called vaping. The liquid in the e-cigarette called “e-liquid”, is usually made of
nicotine, propylene glycon, glycerin, and flavorings. Not all e-liquids contain nicotine.Some medical authorities
recommend that e-cigarettes have a role in smoking cessation, and others disagree.Public Health England
recommends that stop smoking practitioners should advise people who want to try e-cigarettes if they are failing
with conventional NRT; and advise people who want to quit to switch to e-cigarettes. Hazards associated with
products currently on the market are certainly much lower than smoking. However, harms could be reduced
further through appropriate product standards. The AAPHP suggests those who are unwilling to quit tobacco
smoking or unable to quit tobacco smoking with medical advice and pharmaceutical methods. The world health
organization‟s view regarding SHA is that while there are limited number of studies in this area it can be
concluded that SHA is a new air contamination source for particulate matter which includes fine and ultrafine
particles as well as 1,2-propanediol,some VOCs, some heavy metals and nicotine. The legal status of e-
cigarettes is currently pending in many countries and smokers will get the maximum health benefit if they
completely quit nicotine by having the vapor.
KEYWORD: NRT- Nicotine replacement therapy, SHA-second Hand Aerosol, VOC-Volatile Organic
Compounds, AAPHP-American Association of Public Health Physicians.
LPAIFQP-2018-054
COMMON COLD CURE A STEP CLOSER FOR VACCINES
Sudeep Majumdar*, Dibyojyoti Das, ArnabBagchi
Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo,
E. Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
Cure for the common cold has moved a step closer after scientists claimed to have “cracked” the genetic code
which underpins the illness‟s many strains. Developing vaccines to tackle colds is considered largely futile
because the virus mutates. However, researchers now say a simple gene-targeting drug able to cure all examples
of the virus may be available within ten years. But now a British-Finnish team has established that the virus
forms as a result of multiple dispersed sites in the genome acting together. McLean and his colleagues set out to
build a new vaccine based on this alarm defence. They whipped up batches of internal proteins from
rhinoviruses and injected them into mice. The scientists found that the immune system of the mice could learn to
recognize the proteins. If they mixed rhinoviruses with mouse blood, immune cells aggressively attacked
infected cells. What‟s especially exciting about this approach is that the proteins from one type of rhinovirus can
trigger a response to other types as well. That‟s because the internal proteins they‟re targeting are pretty much
the same from one type to another. It‟s probably impossible for them to evolve into different shapes, because
they stop doing their essential work. When Martin Moore got into the cold vaccine game, he didn‟t try to find a
new strategy the way the Imperial scientists did. Instead, he tried to update an approach that had been pioneered
by University of Virginia scientists in the 1970s. Moore and his colleagues published the resultsin NC, and
they‟re now moving forward with some additional studies that they hope will open the way to a human trial. It‟s
still an open question which strategy will win out McLean and his colleagues still need to show that a vaccine
using a single protein can protect against the full range of rhinoviruses that cause the most colds. After giving up
on a cold vaccine 40 years ago, Hamory likes to hear people talk this way again. I‟m tremendously excited,” he
said. “I think it‟s absolutely spectacular that people are going back to an important problem that‟s laid fallow for
so many years.
KEYWORD: NC- Nature Communications.
LPAIFQP-2018-055
A REVIEW ON: TRADITIONAL HERBAL REMEDIES PRACTISED
IN SIKKIM
Selim Akhtar*, Suraj Saha, Saraswati Kumari Giri, Dipankar Nath
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, E. Sikkim, 737136, India ABSTRACT
The rich flora of Sikkim has a number of medicinal plants described in Ayurvedic texts. There are
about 490 plants used by the tribal people for various diseases in Sikkim Himalayas region, out of
which few are in utilized on commercial basis. Traditional medical practices and their associated
cultural values are based round Sikkim's three major communities Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepalis.
Ayurveda, the oldest traditional medicine is mostly deals with the plants. According to world health
organization statistics, about 25% of the preserved human medicine is derived from plants and 80%
people still depend on traditional system of medicine. It is also estimated by World Health
Organization (2006) out of 58 million deaths 2005, 35 million were result of chronic diseases. This
will increase by 17% in next 10 years, out of this 17.52% million death in heart diseases, 7.58 million
in cancer and 4.5 million in respiratory diseases. Research in going on worldwide in the effectiveness
of herbal medicines for chronic diseases like – Cancer, Heart disease , Bronchitis, Autoimmune
disorders , Rheumatism , cancer, AIDS etc. and drug resistance Malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis,
Dengue, Plague etc. The unique geographical position and wide range of topography, high fertile soil ,
sufficient rainfall and presence of large number of perennial stream makes the state of Sikkim one of
the treasure house of bio-diversity in the country. Sikkim has vast reserve of medicinal plants and rich
culture of folk medicine. So our study mainly focussed on the traditional system of medicine which is
practised by the local tribes from many years for the treatment of various diseases.
KEYWORD: Sikkim, Medicinal plant, Traditional Medicine
LPAIFQP-2018-056
NANOSPONGES: AN EFFECTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Utsav Sharma*, Sonam Lhamu Bhutia, Sabnam Gupta, Dipankar Nath
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar,
Rangpo, East Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
The future of effective drug delivery system have arrived. Nanosponges are tiny sponges with a size
of about a virus, which can be filled with a wide variety of drugs and are made ofbiodegradable
polyester and can withstand high temperatures. The nanosponges have the ability to include wide
variety of drugs, both lipophilic as well as hydrophilic drugs and release them in a controlled and
predictable manner at the target site. Because of their small size and spherical shape nanosponges can
be developed as different dosage forms like parenteral, aerosol, topical, tablets and capsules. They are
biologically safe and simple to produce. Its activity can be control, predictable release, solubility of
drug can be increased and preparation requires simple chemistry. It can also be used in oral
administration of insulin, tumor targeted taxol delivery, improved ophthalmic delivery using smart
hydrogel nanoparticle.
KEYWORD: Biodegradable polyester, Nanosponges, administration.
LPAIFQP-2018-057
MAGIC MUSHROOM: AS A TREATMENT FOR DEPRESSION
Subham Paul*, Subhankar Banik, Chintu Lahkar, Arnab Bagchi
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, East Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
The aim of this review is to feasibility, safety, and efficacy of psilocybin in patients which is found in
Mushroom, with unipolar treatment-resistant depression. Magic mushroom belongs to psilocybin
mushroom, also known as psychedelic mushroom, is one of a polyphyletic group of mushroom that
contain any of various psychedelic compounds including psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin.
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring plant alkaloid found in the Psilocybe genus of mushrooms. Over
100 species are classified in the group of psilocybe. Psilocybin is a serotonin receptor agonist that
found in the cap and stem of the mushroom. Psilocybin is a Prodrug of psilocin (4-hydroxy-
dimethyltryptamine), a serotonin receptor agonist and classic psychedelic drug whose principle
psychoactive effects are mediated by serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor Agonism. Psilocybin therefore
has a novel pharmacology in the context of currently available antidepressant medications, because
selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors are not direct 5-HT2A receptor agonists. Recent studies have
assessed the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for various conditions, including end-of-life anxiety,
obsessive-compulsive disorder, and smoking and alcohol dependence, with promising preliminary
results.
KEYWORD: Magic mushroom, psilocybin, serotonin, depression, Anxiety.
LPAIFQP-2018-058
EMBRACE: WARMTH FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES
Md. Mehebub Alam*, Samim Akhtar, Nowsed Iqbal, Dr. Shubrajit Mantry, Sudip Das
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, East Sikkim, 737136, India
ABSTRACT
Infant hypothermia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Four million infant deaths
per year globally are believed to be due to hypothermia, a largely preventable cause. Developed
nations with easily accessible healthcare resources and infrastructure are able to overcome the
challenges of infant thermoregulation. However, current global birth practices have yet to sufficiently
address this challenge. The Embrace Infant Warmer costs a fraction of the price of current equipment
used for keeping babies warm. The design looked something like a sleeping bag. It wrapped around a
premature infant, and a pouch of phase change material (PCM) kept the baby body at exactly the right
temperature and maintained this temperature for up to 4hrs. The embrace incubator is small and light,
making it easy and inexpensive to transport to rural villages. With education and distribution of low
cost/low resource infant warmers there is opportunity to increase infant survival in this country.
KEYWORD: Hypothermia, Embrace Warmer, Phase Change Material
LPAIFQP-2018-059
MAJOR THREAT FOR NATION: DISPOSAL OF BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE
Subhra Das Roy*, Satyaki Ghosh, Sudip Das, Dr. Shubhrajit Mantry
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, East Sikkim, 737136
ABSTRACT
The Aim of this article is to provide a background, importance, significance of proper medic disposal,
recycling, the correct methods to dispose of unwanted expired medication and the biomedical waste.
Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid such as discarded blood, unwanted microbiological culture
stock and identifiable body parts. Medicinal disposal is an alarming issue today and gaining more and
more awareness from the healthcare professionals as well as consumers. The waste products may be
over the counter personal care products like cosmetics container and sometimes accessories such as
scrap, used test strips etc. Biomedical wastes are the threat to human and environmental health, it
requires special handling. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or
disposal of waste materials classified as infectious or bio-hazardous and could potentially lead to the
spread of infectious disease . The environment or aesthetics waste management can involved solid
,liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances with different method and fields of expertise for each
.Whether it comes from a industry, hospital, clinic, pharmacy or private household. The knowledge on
method of disposal of unused medicines is equally important as that of consumption of medicines. Till
date, researchers have acknowledged many human and veterinary pharmaceutical compound at
serious concentration in drinking water resources and which are major contributor to environmental
pollution .Emphasis is also given on pharmacist role in proper disposal of unwanted and expired
medicine makes a significant impact on environment as well as prevents accident , poisoning and
international violence .
KEYWORD: Medication Disposal, Recycling, Pollution, Health Effects, Biomedical Waste.
LPAIFQP-2018-060
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION TO TREAT NEUROLOGICAL
DISORDERS
Priyanka Bouri*, Dr. Kalyan Roy, Angila Theengh
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, East Sikkim, 737136
ABSTRACT
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective way to treat various neurological disorders, where
specific areas of the brain are targeted for implantation of neuro stimulation. These implants send
electric impulse. Each neurological disease has its specific targeted neurons which can be identified
by the help of scan of the patient‟s brain and the electrodes are implanted, for example in case of
Parkinson‟s disease the neurons are presents in the sub thalamic nucleus and for the Epilepsy the
targeted neurons are present in the thalamus. Deep Brain Stimulation is used for the treatment of
essential tremors, Parkinson‟s disease, Epilepsy, Tourette syndrome, chronic pain. The present study
was done to review the focus in Deep Brain Stimulation of Parkinson‟s disease and Epilepsy.
KEYWORD: Deep Brain Stimulation, Parkinson‟s disease, Epilepsy.
LPAIFQP-2018-061
AQUEOUS BASED FILM COATING OF METFORMIN
HYDROCHLORIDE TABLETS: INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS AND
SURFACTANTS ON COATING PROPERTIES
Probjot Thapa*, Raksha Gurung, Phunchok Norbu Sherpa, Dr. Amitava Roy
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Rangpo, East Sikkim, 737136
ABSTRACT
Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) 5cPs, an aqueous soluble polymer was employed for
enteric coating metformin hydrochloride (Met-Hcl) tablets 250mg. Proper optimization for the
aqueous based film coating formulation was undertaken primarily employing plasticizers like
polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and propylene glycol (PG). The defect free selected formulations were
further subjected for studying the effects of surfactants like Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) and
Tween-80 along with the plasticizers. The quality of the aqueous film coats or the plasticizer
efficiency in case of PEG-400 is in the order 1.5%>0.5%>1.0% and for PG 1%> 4%> 3% which can
be stated on the basis of less incidence of major coat defects like chipping, cracking, orange peel,
roughness, blistering, blooming, picking. The quality of aqueous film coat or the surfactant efficiency
in case of SLS+PEG-400 is in the order 0.3%< 0.5%< 0.1% and SLS+PG is in the order 0.5%<
0.1%< 0.3%. In case of Tween-80+PEG-400 the order is 0.3%< 0.5%< 0.1% and Tween-80+PG is in
the order 0.3%< 0.1%< 0.5%. Elegant film formation can be stated from fewer incidences of coat
defects. The obtained coated tablets eventually satisfied all the normal physical parameters like
thickness, weights, and weight gain, drug content, crushing strength, percent friability, disintegration
time, dissolution profile and possible drug-polymer interactions. ANOVA was undertaken followed
by Dunnet multiple comparison for the dissolution profile considering uncoated as the standard. The
difference was considered significant at p≤ 0.01.
KEYWORD: Aqueous film coating, Metformin Hydrochoride tablets, Plasticizer, Surfactants.
LPAIFQP-2018-062
A TRADITIONAL APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT OF
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
1Tanya Gupta*,
2Puja Thakur,
1Pobitra Borah
1Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim,
737136, Sikkim, India 2Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology
(Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, U.P., India
ABSTRACT
The exploration and exploitation of herbal medicines and the age-old classical Ayurvedic treatise have
been continuing since ages for the prevention, treatment, and management of cardiovascular diseases.
A key target of this article is to figure out precise, categorised and relevant data of few medicinal
plants and Ayurvedic formulations that have a traditional reputation in the management of
cardiovascular diseases, and to develop a futuristic idea on the escalating multidisciplinary research in
potent cardioactive and their derivatives having landmark therapeutic effect. A further
multidirectional research with the objective of discovering potent cardioactive(s) from plethora of
botanical resources is a pre-requisite to minimize the conventional use of synthetic and semi-synthetic
drugs with higher untoward effect(s). An imperative scientific and computer aided assessment should
be employed in order to investigate the pinnacle of traditional evidence of cardio potent herbal
medicines and Ayurvedic formulations.
KEYWORD: Cardiovascular Diseases, Herbal drugs, Ayurvedic formulations.
LPAIFQP-2018-063
POTENTIAL IMPACT ON FUTURE TRENDS IN THE
PHARMACEUTICAL FIELD Bishal Kumar Dey*, Gauri Sankar Gogoi, Mritunjoy Adhikari, Mehedi Hassan,
Arnab Bagchi Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136, Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
The social, demographic and economic context in which the pharmaceutical industry operates is changing
dramatically. For many years, pharmaceutical companies decided what their products were worth and priced
them accordingly. But healthcare policy-maker, payers and patient groups are now playing and increasingly
important role in the valuation process and this trend will accelerate, as healthcare expenditure everywhere
continuous to soar. By 2020, we believe that pharmaceutical companies will therefore have to collaborate much
more closely with everyone in the healthcare arena. They will have to-Recognized the interdependence of the
pharmaceutical and healthcare value chain. Ensure that they invest in developing medicines that market really
wants. Built marketing and sales function that are fit for the future. Pharmaceutical companies needs to work
much more closely with healthcare payers and providers as in determining the short of medicines the market
actually wants to buy. Parma has traditionally been very cautious about using different pricing, fearing that it
encourages arbitrage between countries with higher and lower price for the same medicine. But any organisation
that wants to benefits from the increase in global affluence will have to tailor its product, services and prices to
the needs of these new consumers. Indeed, we predict that by 2020 most pharmaceutical companies will use
different pricing, based on variations in income to increase sales in developing countries. They may adopt a
flexible technique by branding and packaging the same medicine differently for rich and poor markets, and
tracking those using e-tagging technologies. In the past, the industry launched new products with big-budget
campaigns. But, by 2020 new medicines have rapidly evolving labels, as the indicator for which they can
prescribed are extended, new dosing schedules are developed and their side effects become more obvious. If
pharma is to create a new marketing and sales model that is fit for 2020, it will have to begin by analysing its
own value chain to identify opportunities for working more closely with healthcare payers and providers.
KEYWORD: policy-maker, arbitrage, e-tagging technology.
LPAIFQP-2018-064
ONCE-A-WEEK A PILL CAN SAVE MILLIONS Rezaul Hoque*, Ruth Sabitri Biswakarma, Anima Singha, Arnab Bagchi
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136, Sikkim, India ABSTRACT
HIV therapy involves a combination of drug that must be taken once or twice daily, making treatment adherence
challenging for many people. The oral medicines for HIV has to be taken every day, however, some studies
have suggested that missing even two days of pill can give the virus a window of opportunity to return to
detectable levels. The researchers have found a solution to this problem, in the form of a capsule that only needs
to be taken once per week. Replacing daily pills with a weekly regimen could help patient stick to their dosing.
This advance could make it much easier for patient to adhere to the strict schedule of dosing required for the
drug cocktails used to fight the virus. The research, which was conducted by Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) and Brigham and Women‟s Hospital -both located in Boston, MA -on Jan 9 2018, have
developed an ingestible capsule that is made up by combining a daily dose of HIV medicine into one weekly
capsule that can slowly release medicaments inside our digestive system. Robert Langer, a scientist, who helped
create this capsule. These capsule consist of Star-shaped structure which was initially designed in 2016 by
Lyndra Inc. with a six arms that can be loaded with medicaments, folded inward, and encased a smooth coating.
Oral doses of these three HIV-fighting compounds are Rilpivirine, Dolutegravir and Cabotegravir. After the
capsule is swallowed, the arms unfold and attach to the stomach, gradually release their medicaments. The
capsule then travels down the digestive tract and disintegrate when the course is over. Progress like this in
medications for as well as social awareness and destigmatization of HIV have greatly improved quality of life
for those living with it. We believe these therapies could dramatically improve the probability of treatment
success for patient who often forgets to take their medicine. A longer-acting, less invasive oral formulation
could be one important part of our future arsenal to stop the HIV/AIDs.
KEYWORD: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV), Unite Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS)
LPAIFQP-2018-065
ROLE OF THE CANNABIS IN THE TREATMENT OF NEOPLASTIC
DISEASE Biswajit Das* Arjun Prasad Diganta Das, Sujit Das
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136, Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Cancer is a group of disease involving abnormal cell growth. Cannabis consist of dried flower and
subtending leaves and stems of the female plant Cannabis sativa ,Cannabis sativa forma indica,
Cannabis ruderalis . Cannabis has been used in medicine for thousands of years prior to achieving its
current illicit substance status. Herbal cannabis contains over 400 compound and at least 60
cannabinoids. Cannabis research is challenging since the plant is illegal in most of the countries.
Research grade samples of the drug are difficult to obtain for research purpose unless granted under
authority of the national government. The most active chemical components present in cannabis are
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids (CBD). They are cause to death of certain
type of cancer cell. Cannabis can be helpful in treating nausea vomiting for cancer chemotherapy.
Cannabis are mainly affecting against the malignant disease. Cannabinoids could be used to
concurrently optimize the management of multiple symptoms of cancer. The process of treating
cancer with cannabis is known as cannabinoid therapies. It is varied and versatile and can be offered
as pharmaceuticals, dried botanical materials, organic oil, cannabis extracts. A few studies have found
that inhaled cannabis can be helpful treatment of neuropathic pain. Cannabis derivatives also used in
treatment of AIDS wasting syndrome, epilepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, glaucoma, cardiovascular
disease etc.
KEYWORD: Cannabinoids, Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabinodal, Cannabis sativa,
Cannabis sativa forma indica, Cannabis ruderalis.
LPAIFQP-2018-066
BIOLOGICAL CLOCK OF THE HUMAN BODY
Rinchen Palzong Bhutia*, Imlijungshi Walling, Sujit Das
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136, Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Punctuality is a necessary etiquette in modern times for the mental and social well-being. If we take a
look way back into the stone age, even before the philosophy of time was established, homo sapiens
were governed by a biological clock which regulated their sleep-wake cycle affecting their mood,
mental alertness, hunger and heart function. And even today, the millennials have the same
endogenous biological clock which has been long since forgotten. This biological clock in human
body is often known as Circadian Rhythm. The word circadian meaning “roughly daily” was derived
from the Latin terms Circa, „about‟ and dien, „day‟. A circadian rhythm is any biological process that
displays a self sustained or adjusted cycle of about 24 hours. They are featured by sleep/wake cycle
and are internally produced in all living things. They are adjusted daily by external factors especially
sunlight or other bright lights and temperature. A hormone, melatonin secreted by pineal gland plays a
major role in the regulation of circadian rhythm. Melatonin helps control our sleep and wake cycle.
Human infant‟s melatonin levels become regular in about the third month after birth, with the highest
levels measured between midnight and 8:00 am. Human melatonin production decreases as a person
ages. Also, as children become teenager, the rightly schedule of melatonin release is delayed, leading
to later sleeping and waking times. In the present scenario we have been ignoring the taking of our
biological clock which directly affect our sleep wake cycle that affect our mood , day to day activity
and our mental and social well being. In order to have a healthy state of mind, we must have a healthy
hygiene and must follow our primal instincts of our biological clock.
KEYWORD: Circadian Rhythm, Melaton.
LPAIFQP-2018-067
HEALTH AND FITNESS Sisir Chhetri, P.Kenny Rongmei, Sonuar Ahmed
Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim, 737136, Sikkim, India
ABSTRACT
Health and fitness is the key to a long active and enjoyable life. It is correctly stated that health is the
actual wealth that a person can retain. Teachers assign this topic to their student to enhance their
knowledge about staying healthy and fit, and create awareness among other as well. It also result in
the development of healthy lifestyle for children. We, „student‟ need to realize the important of
staying healthy and fit. Also being the future generation, they can play a vital role in creating
awareness and maintaining a stable health regime. Being healthy and fit in simple terms means taking
good care of the body. We should remember that a healthy mind resides only in healthy body. God
health of both mind and body helps one maintain the required energy level to achieved success in life.
All of us must strive to achieve wholesome health. Healthy habits improve our physical appearance,
mental stability, ability to perform activities in a better way, which helps us to lead a stress-free
lifestyle. Maintaining happy moods, high energy levels etc. Each individual should take of one‟s
health on a priority; no single day should be skipped for making efforts or maintaining physical and
related to boosting our mental strength and health. So happiness can be consider as the result as well
as the part of a healthy and fit lifestyle. Health is the most important thing that a person should take
care of leading a healthy lifestyle leads to happiness, success and achievements.
KEYWORD: Health and fitness, health regime, Maintaining happy moods.