GRAMMAR

يدماح نيدلا ردب : قيسنتو بيترت

Reference : “ Grammar For All Levels ” By Adnan Naim

Prepared by : Mulla (2002) May 2002 (version 0)

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n English Alphabetic ةيزيلجنإلا ةيدجبألا n Parts of Speech مالكلا ماسقأ n Sentences لمجلا عاونأ n Verb to BE “ نوكي”لعف n Verb to DO “ لمعي”لعف n Verb to HAVE “ كلمي”ل عف n Nouns ءامسألا

– Countable Nouns ةدودعملا ءامسألا – Spelling Rules for Plurals عمجلا ءالمإ دعاوق – Uncountable Nouns ةدودعملا ريغلا ءامسألا – Definite & Indefinite Articles ةركنلاو فيرعتلا تاودأ

n Pronouns رئامضلا – Object Pronouns هب لوعفملارئامض – Reflexive Pronouns ةيساكعنالا رئامض – Relative Pronouns لصولا رئامض

n Making Questions ةلئسألا نيوكت n تالامعتسا How n some/ ضعب any/ يأ n Making Negative يفنلا نيوكت n TENSES ةنمزألا

– Present Simple Tense طيسبلا عراضملا – Past Simple Tense طيسبلا يضاملا – Future Simple Tense طيسبلا لبقتسملا – Present Continuous Tense رمتسملا عراضملا – Past Continuous Tense رمتسملا يضاملا – Future Continuous Tense رمتسملا لبقتسملا – Present Perfect Tense ماتلا عراضملا – Past Perfect Tense ماتلايضاملا – Future Perfect Tense ماتلا لبقتسملا – Present Perfect Continuous رمتسملا ماتلا عراضملا

n Imperatives رمألا ةغيص n Modals ةصقانلا لاعفألا n Comparing Adjectives تافصلا ةنراقم n Adverbs لاوحألا فورظلا n Active & Passive لوهجملل ينبملاو مولعملل ينبملا n Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ةيدعتملا لاعفألاو ةمزاللا لاعفألا ... n Prepositions رجلا فورح n Question-Tags ةليذملا ةلئسألا n Conditional “if” ” ةيطرشلا“ ول n Reported Speech لوقنملا مالكلا n Countries and Nationalities تايسنجلاو نادلبلا

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English Alphabetic ةيزيلجنإلا ةيدجبألا

1. Capital Letters ةريبكلا ةيزيلجنإلا ةيدجبألا

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

2. Small Letters ةريغصلا ةيزيلجنإلا ةيدجبألا

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

l Consonant Letters ةنكاسلافورحلا

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z

l Vowels Letters ةكرحتملا فورحلا

a e i o u

Parts of Speech

مالكلا ماسقأ

فيرعت لاثم Noun مسا Ahmed, book

Pronoun ريمض ..…… .I, he, she, it, etc هلحم لحي وأ مسا ىلع لدي ام وه Verb لعف ام تقو يف ءيش ثودحىلع لدي ام وه Play, played, will play

Adjective ةفص هلبق نوكتو مسالا فصت ةملك نع ةرابع وه rich man ينغ لجر

ةغللا سكعب فوصوملا مسالا تقبس انه ةفصلا نأ ظحال فوصوملا مسالا دعب ةفصلا اهيف نوكت يتلا ةيبرعلا

Adverb لاح

ديزت وأ لعفلا فصت ةملك نع ةرابع وه احوضو ةفصلا

Ahmed writes quickly. .ةعرسب بتكي دمحأ

Preposition رجلا فرح نيبتل ريمضلا وأ مسالا عم يتأت ةملك وه

ىرخأ ةملكب هتقالع

Ahmed goes to school ةسردملا ىلإ بهذي دمحأ

They traveled by plane ةرئاطلاب اورفاس مه

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Conjunction فطعلا فرح ةلمج وأ ةملك و ةملك نيب ام لص ت ةملك وه

.ةلمجو Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday.

سمأ انوراز دمحأ و يلع

Interjection بجعت فرح نع ربعت تاحيص وأ تاوصأ نع ةرابع وه

بجعتلاAlas! She died.

.تتام دقل! فسألل اي

:ةيزيلجنإلا ةغللا يف تاودأ ثالث كانهa, an, the

فرحب أدبي يذلا ةركنلا مسالا لبق aمدختست .نكاس

This is a book. .باتك اذه

أدبي يذلا ةركنلا مسالا لبق anمدختست .كرحتم فرحب

This is an apple. .ةحافت هذه

Article ةادأ

فيرعتللtheمدختست This is the book I bought yesterday.

.سمأ هتيرتشا يذلا باتكلا وه اذه

:ةظحالم لـثم لـعف نودب يأ ةيمسا ةلمجلا اهيف نوكت دق يتلا ةيبرعلا ةغللا فالخ لعف ىلع يوتحت نأو دبال ةيزيلجنإلا ةلمجلا نأ ركذلاب ريدجلا

Ali doctor :لوقن ايفرح ةيزيلجنإلا ىلإ اهتمجرت اندرأ ولو ) بيبط يلع:(حبصتف لعف اهل عضن نأ حيحصلاو لعف ىلع اهئاوتحا مدعل ةئطاخ ةيزيلجنإ ةلمج هذهو : Ali is a doctor

Sentences لمجلا عاونأ

1. Simple Sentences ةطيسب لمج 2. Compound Sentences ةبكرم لمج 3. Complex Sentences ةدقعم لمج

1. Simple Sentences ةطيسب لمج

: طقف دحاو لعف ىلع يوتحت يتلا ةلمجلا يه : لاثم

1) I saw a boy. 2) The boy was riding a bicycle.

: ةطيسب ةدحاو ةلمج نوكنل نيتلمجلا طبر نكميI saw a boy riding a bicycle.

2. Compound Sentences ةبكرم لمج

فرحب امهطبر متي ثيح لقتسم ىنعم ام هنم لكلو ضعبلا امهضعبب ةلص امهل نيتطيسب نيتلمج نم بكرتت يتلا ةلمجلا يه and/ but /or: لثم فطع

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: and امهضعب نيب ةقالع امهل نيتلمج طبرت :فطعلا واو Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.

:ةدحاو ةلمج نوكنل نيتلمجلا طبر نكمي . Anas helped himandAhmed did his homework

but: نيضقانتم وأ نيفلتخم نيئيش نع نيتلمج طبرت :نكل Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.

: ةدحاو ةلمج نوكنل نيتلمجلا طبر نكميKhaled is rich but he is unhappy.

or: رايخ امهيف نوكي نيتلمج طبرت :وأ

We can play football. We can watch TV. :ةدحاو ةلمج نوكنل نيتلمجلا طبر نكمي

We can play football or we can watch TV.

3. Complex Sentences ةدقعم لمج

: نيتلمج نم ةبكرم و دحاو لعف نم رثكأ ىلع يوتحت يتلا ةلمجلا يهMain Clause ةيساسأ ةلمج

عاونأ ةثالث يهو : Subordinate Clause ةيوناث ةلمج n Noun Clause ةيمسأ ةلمج n Adjectival Clause ةيفصو ةلمج n Adverbial Clause ةيفرظ ةلمج

Clause & Phrase ةلمجلا هبش و ةلمجلا

n A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete meaning.

:لاثم. مات ىنعم اهل و لعف ىلع يوتحت تاملك ةعومجم يه ةلمجلا I saw the man who was carrying a stick. n A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but

without a verb. :لاثم. لعف نودب ةلمجلا نم اءزج نوكت تاملك ةعومجم نع ةرابع ةلمجلا هبش

I saw the man carrying a stick.

Verb to BE “ نوكي”لعف

n It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

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:دعاسمو يسيئر لعفك مدختسي

Subject لعاف Present عراضم Past يضام Past participle لوعفملا مسأI am was been

He, She, It is was been We, They, You are were been

.ةتباث قئاقح وأ تاداع نع ريبعتلل عراضملا ةغيص مدختسن .يضاملا يف ىهتناو لصح ءيش نع ريبعتلل يضاملا ةغيصمدختسن

: Examples ةلثمأ 1. I am a pupil. 2. They are boys.

Negative Sentences with the verb to BE لعفلاب ةيفنملا لمجلا “نوكي”

n We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word not after the verb to be.

هدعب ةملك عضوب )نوكي(لعف عم ةيفنم لمج نوكن .(not)

Affirmative تابثإ Negative يفن

I am at home. I am not at home.

You are tall. You are not tall.

Making Questions with the verb to BE لعف عم لاؤسلا نيوكت “نوكي”

n “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers : ةرصتخم تاباجإلا و) ال(و ) معن(ـ ب ةلئسألا

Short Answers ةرصتخم تاباجإ “Yes” or “No” questions

ال و معن ـب اهتباجإ ةلئسأ Affirmative تابثإ Negative يفن

Be +Subject

لعاف + Complement

ةلمكت Yes + Subject + Be No + Subject + Be + not

Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not. Were the boys at school? Yes, they were. No, they were not.

Verb to DO “ لمعي”لعف

n It is used as a principal and a helping verb. :دعاسم لعفو يسيئر لعفك مدختسي

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Subject لعاف

Present عراضم

Past يضام

Past participle لوعفملا مسأ

I, you, we, they do did done He, She, It does did done

.ةتباث قئاقح وأ تاداع نع ريبعتلل عراضملا ةغيص مدختسن .يضاملا يف ىهتناو لصح ءيش نع ريبعتلل يضاملا ةغيص مدختسن

Verb to HAVE “ كلمي”لعف

n It is used as a principal and a helping verb. دعاسم لعفو يسيئر لعفك مدختسي :

Subject لعاف

Present عراضم

Past يضام

Past participle لوعفملا مسأ

I, you, we, they have had had He, She, It has had had

.ةتباث قئاقح وأ تاداع نع ريبعتلل عراضملا ةغيص مدختسن .يضاملا يف ىهتناو لصح ءيش نع ريبعتلل يضاملا ةغيص مدختسن

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb لعف عم ةيفنملا لمجلا يسيئر لعفك“ كلمي”

Subject لعاف

+ do/does/did + not + have

+ Complement ةلمكت

I do not have a car. He does not have A new watch.

They did not have breakfast this morning.

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb لعف عم لاؤسلا نيوكت يسيئر لعفك“ كلمي”

Short Answers ةرصتخم تاباجإ “Yes” or “No” questions

ال و معن ـب اهتباجإ ةلئسأ Affirmative تابثإ

Negative يفن

Do/Does/Did +Subject

لعاف +have +

Complement ةلمكت

Yes + Subject + do/does/did

No + Subject + do/does/did

+not

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Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I do not.

Does he have a new watch? Yes, he does. No, he does

not

Did they have Breakfast

this morning?

Yes, they did. No, they did not.

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

لعف دعاسم لعفك“ كلمي ” n Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense.

.ماتلا عراضملا نمز نوكيل دعاسم لعفك كلمي لعف مدختسي :ةلثمأ

n They have lived here for two years. n Adel has just finished his work.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb لعف عم ةيفنملا لمجلا دعاسم لعفك“ كلمي”

لعفلا اذه دعبnot عضن كلمي لعف عم يفن نيوكتل . :ةلثمأ

I have lived here for a long time. I have not lived here for a long time.

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb م لاؤسلا نيوكت دعاسم لعفك“ كلمي”لعف ع

n “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers ةرصتخم تاباجإلا والو أ معنـب ةلئسألا :

.لعافلا ىلع لعفلا اذه مدقن دعاسم لعفك كلمي لعف عم لاؤس نيوكتل :لاثم

n They have lived here for a long time. n Have they lived here for a long time? n Yes, they have. No, they have not.

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

لعف عم ىرخأ تامادختسا “كلمي” n To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, had to.

: لاثم. يضاملا و عراضملا يف ةرورضلا نع ربعيل I have to leave now. n With some model auxiliaries.

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:لاثم. ةصقانلا لاعفألا ضعب عم You had better see a doctor. n To show that something is caused by another person.

: لاثم. رخآصخش ةطساوب لصح ام ائيش نأ نيبيل I have my shoes cleaned every week.

Nouns ءامسألا Nouns are words we use to name:

ركذل اهمدختسن يتلا تاملكلا يه ءامسألا : .روعش ، راكفأ ، ناكم ، ءيش ، صخش ، ملع ، مسا

صاخشأ People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …

ءايشأ Things book, table, sugar, fruit, … نكامأ Places school, street, city, house, ….. راكفأ Ideas freedom, honesty, truth, ….

روعش Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….

Countable & Uncountable Nouns ةدودعملا ريغ و ةدودعملا ءامسألا

n Countable Nouns: are things that be counted as one, two, three, and so on.

ث ، نانثا ، دحاو ـب اهدع نكمي يتلا ءايشألا يه: ةدودعملا ءامسألا .اذكهو ةثال n Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.

اهلبق مقر عضو نكمي ال يأ اهدع نكمي ال يتلا يه: ةدودعم ريغلا ءامسألا .

Countable Nouns ةدودعملا ءامسألا

n These nouns have singular and plural forms. .عمجو ةدرفم غيص اهل ءامسألا هذه

n Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an. . a/anمادختسا عيطتست ةدودعملا ةدرفملا ءامسألا لبق

n You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as: a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.

.ةقباسلا تاملكلا نودب اهدرفمب ةدودعم ةدرفم ءامسأ مادختسا عيطتسن ال

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Spelling Rules for Plurals عمجلا ءالمإ دعاوق

We form plurals of most nouns by adding “s” to the singular noun.

ةفاضإب ءامسألا مظعم نم عمجلا ن .درفملا مسالل”s“ وكن

Singular Plural

one book two books one horse many horses

ةـصاخ تالاــح

es اهل فيضن sh, ch, z, x, sفورحلا ب يهتنت يتلا ءامسألا

Singular Plural

match matches bus buses dish dishes box boxes

فذحت ،نكاس فرح هقبسو y فرحب يهتنت يتلا ءامسألا yفيضنو ies

Singular Plural

city cities baby babies

فيضن ،كرحتم فرح هقبسو yفرحب يهتنت يتلا ءامسألا s طقف.

Singular Plural

boy boys key keys

فيضن ،نكاس فرح هقبسوoفرحب يهتنت يتلا ءامسألا es

Singular Plural

potato potatoes tomato tomatoes

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فيضن ،كرحتم فرح هقبسو oفرحب يهتنت يتلا ءامسألا sطقف .

Singular Plural

radio radios zoo zoos

وأ fفرحب يهتنت يت لا ءامسألا fe فرح ىلإ اهلوحن vفيضنو ، es

Singular Plural knife knives shelf shelves

:ريخألا مسالا بسح عمجت ةبكرملا ءامسألا

Singular Plural classroom classrooms policeman policemen

: ةذاشلا ءامسألا ضعب كانهSingular Plural

man men woman women child children

person people foot feet tooth teeth goose geese mouse mice

Uncountable Nouns

ةدودعملا ريغلا ءامسألا n Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.

es , s ةفاضإب اهل عمج ال يتلا يه: ةـــلثمأ

n salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.

وأ aمادختسا عيطتست ال an ةدودعملا ريغلا ءامسألا لبق .

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ةدودعملا ريغلا ءامسألا نم اديزمflour قيقد salt حلم meat محل

information تامولعم coffee ةوهق knowledge ةفرعم

butter دبز food ماعط tea ياش

sugar ركس gold بهذ blood مد

news رابخأ glass جاجز cheese نبج

milk بيلح paper قرو bread زبخ

rice زر wood بشخ furniture تاشورفم

rain رطم steel ديدح grass بشع

cloth شامق music ىقيسوم marble ماخر

.درفملا ةلماعم لماعت ةدودعملا ريغلا ءامسألا عيمج :ةلثمأ

n Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia. n Milk has many minerals.

. عمجلا ةلماعم لماعي هنأف دودعم ريغلا مسالا لبق ةيمكلا ىلع لدت تاملك تعضو ول نكلو

n Two cups of tea are not enough for me. n Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

Definite & Indefinite Articles

ةركنلا و فيرعتلا تاودأ a/an

are used as indefinite articles. ةركن تاودأك نامدختست . The

is used as definite articles. فيرعتلل ةادأك مدختست. n We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.

.نكاس فرحب أدبت يتلا ءامسألا لبق aعضن n We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.

. كرحتم فرحب أدبت يتلا ءامسألا لبق anعضن

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an” ةركنلا تاودأ

n We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.

نكاس فرحب أدبت يتلا ءامسألا لبقaعضن . n We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.

. كرحتم فرحب أدبت يتلا ءامسألا لبق anع ضن

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Vowels : ةكرحتملا فورحلا a – e – i – o – u

We use a/an:

Before a singular countable noun. ةدودعملا ةدرفملا ءامسألا لبق. a table

an egg

Before a job, a particular group of people or a

nationality.

نم ةنيعم ةعومجم وأ ةفيظولا لبق .ةيسنجلا وأ سانلا

Saleh is a doctor He is an engineer. She is

an English women.

With numbers that mean every. لك”ينعت يتلا ماقرألا عم“

He washes his hands ten times a day. (means

every day).

We DO NOT use a/an:

No article is used with abstract nouns and the

names of metals.

ءامسألا عم ةادأ يأ مدختست ال .نداعملا ءامسأ و ةيونعملا

Love, beauty, hatred, wood, silver, gold

No article is used before plural or uncountable

nouns.

وأ عمجلا لبق ةادأ يأ مدختست ال .ةدودعم ريغلا ءامسألا

There are books on the table. Milk is good for you.

The Definite Article “The”

فيرعتلا تاودأ “لأ”

The is used before: لبق“ لا”فيرعتلا ةادأ مدختست :

A noun that is the only one of its kind.

دحا و ىوس هعون نم دجوي ال يذلا مسالا.طقف

The river Nile The Ka’aba

Names of rivers, seas, oceans, etc…. راحبلا و را .خلا........ألا ءامسأ The Arabian Gulf

The Red Sea A noun which is the object

of a sentence. ةلمجل هب لوعفم نوكي يذلا مسالا. Umar answered the question.

The names of musical instruments. ةيقيسوملا تالآلا ءامسأ. Can you play the duff?

Names of some countries. نادلبلا ضعب ءامسأ. The United Kingdom The U.S.A.

With some time expressions. تقولا ىلع ةلادلا ريباعتلا ضعب عم. at the weekend

in the evening

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With dates. خيراوتلا عم. On the first day of every month.

With some general expressions. ةماعلا تاريبعتلا ضعب عم. Listen to the radio/news.

Go to the market/desert.

Use article with the name that is repeated.

يذلا مسالا عم لأ فيرعتلا ةادأ مدختسن .ةيناثلا ةرملل ركذ

I saw a man. The man was young.

No article is used with the names of studies of

subjects.

داوملا ءامسأ عم ةادأ يأ مدختست ال .ةيساردلا

I do not like science. My favorite subject is

mathematics. No article is used before

such words as school, home, bed, work, etc.

لثم ةنيعم ءامسأ لبق ةادأ يأ مدختست ال ....لمع ،ريرس ،لرتم ،ةسردم

I am going to school. I always go to bed early.

No article is used before such words such as day and

month names.

لثم ةنيعم ءامسأ عم ةادأ يأ مدختست ال .روهشلا و مايألا

on Monday, in June in summer (sometimes in the

summer). before breakfast.

Pronouns رئامضلا

A pronoun replaces a noun . مسالا لحم لحي ريمضلا

Subject Pronouns

لعافلا رئامض

Object Pronouns

هب لوعفملا رئامض

Possessive Adjectives

ةيكلملا تافص

Possessive Pronouns

ةيكلملا رئامض

Reflexive Pronouns

ساكعنالا رئامض I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its itself

We us our ours ourselves you you your yours yourselves they them their theirs themselves

• We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are

talking about . . ثدحتن ءيش يأ نع وأ نم عم ملع ىلع نوكن امدنع مسالا نم الدب ريمضلا مدختسن

: Example لاثم Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.

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Object Pronouns هب لوعفملا رئامض

n We use an object pronoun هب لوعفملا ريمض مدختسن.

– After a preposition. رجلا فورح دعب Do you live near them? Send the box directly to me.

– After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend, pass, take, show.

The little boy made it for her.

Reflexive Pronouns ةيساكعنالا رئامض

n Reflexive pronouns are used: ةيساكعنالارئامض مدختسن . – for emphasize ديكأتلل

Did you do the decorations yourself ? I did the painting myself.

– With some special expressions ةصاخلا ريباعتلا ضعب عم Help yourself . Enjoy yourself. Behave yourself. I live by myself. (I live alone)

Relative Pronouns لصولا رئامض

• The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.

.ضعبب اهضعب لمجلا طبرل لصولا رئامض مدختستةيتآلا تاوطخلا عبتا لمجلاطبرل و : اهعقوم نع ثحبن مث ةيناثلا ةلمجلا يف ةرركتم ةملك نع ثحبن-1 . who لمعتسن القاع العاف تناك اذإفلعفلا دعب ةملكلا دوجوب كلذ فرعنوwhom لمعتسن القاع هب الوعفم تناك اذإو لمعتسن لقاع ريغ تناك اذإو .

which. ب مدختستفthatامأ . لمجلا عيمج يف اهلامعتسا لضفن ال اننأ الإ ةقباسلا تاملكلا نم ةملك يأ لد

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.whoseةملك لمعتسن ةيكلملل تناك اذإو ىلوألا ةلمجلا يف هلثم تفذح يذلا مسالا عضو ةيناثلا ةلمجلا نم ةرركتملا ةملكلا فذحا-2 .

Who يتلا ،يذلا ]لقاعلا لعافلل[

عافلا لحم لحتلwhoمدختست : يلاتلا لاثملا ظحال. ةلمجلا لوأ هدوجوب لعافلا فرعن اعبطو لقاعلا ل Here is the man. The man is a doctor.

يف اهلثم انفذح يتلا ةملكلا دعب ةيناثلا ةلمجلا عضن مث whoاهنم الدب عضنو ةيناثلا ةلمجلا نم The manةملك فذحن : حبصتف ىلوألا ةلمجلا

Here is the man who is a doctor. :ةلثمأ

1) The man came here. The man was a doctor. The man who was here is a doctor 2) My friend swims well. He lives here. My friend who lives here swims well.

Whom يتلا ،يذلا ] لقاعلا هب لوعفملا[

: يلاتلا لاثملا ظحال. لعفلا دعب هدوجوب هب لوعفملا فرعن اعبطو لقاعلا هب لوعفملا لحم لحتل whomلمعتست The man came here. I visited him.

عضن مث ةيناثلا ةلمجلا نم himةملك فذحن whom ةملكلا دعب ةيناثلا ةلمجلاو لوصوملا مسالا عضنو ،ةيناثلا ةلمجلا لوأ :حبصتف) ريمضلااهيلإ دوعي يتلا (اهلثم انفذح يتلا

The man whom I visited came here.

:ةلثمأ1) The man was working with me. I paid him. The man whom I paid was working with me. 2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower. This is the girl whom you gave a flower.

Which يتلا ،يذلا ] هب لوعفملا وأ لعافلا دامجلل[

دعب دجويف هب لوعفملا امأ ةلمجلا لوأ هدوجوب لعافلا فرعن اعبطو لقاع ريغلا لوعفملا وأ لعافلا لحم لحتل whichلمعتست : يلاتلا لاثملا ظحال. لعفلا

He found his book. He lost it yesterday. ةملك ىلع دوعت him ةملك نأ ىرن his book اهنم الدب عضنو اهفذحنف which عضن مث ةيناثلا ةلمجلا لوأ يف

: حبصتف) ريمضلا اهيلإ دوعي يتلا(اهلثم انفذح يتلا ةملكلا دعب ةيناثلا ةلمجلاو لوصوملا مسالا He found his book which he lost yesterday.

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: ةلثمأ1) This is the house. I live in it. This is the house which I live in. 2) This book is cheap. It is very useful. This book which is very useful is cheap.

That يتلا ،يذلا ] هب لوعفملا وأ لعافلا لقاعلا ريغ و لقاعلل[

ةادأ يأ لحم لحت يأ لقاع ريغو لقاعلا هب لوعفملا وأ لعافلا لحم لحتلthatلمعتست اهحرش قبس : ةيلاتلا ةلثمألا ظحال. This is the boy. You met her. This is the boy that (whom) you met. I have a bird. It sings. I have a bird that (which) sings.

Whose يتلا ،يذلا ] ةيكلملل[

: يلاتلا لاثملا ظحال. ةيكلملل whoseلمعتست This is the man. His car hit the boy. This is the man whose his car hit the boy.

ـل ةكولمم carةملك نأ دجن انه the manلوصوملا مسالا هنم الدب عضنو ةيكلملا ريمض فذحنف whose عضن مث .car ةملك اهدعب

Making Questions ةلئسألا نيوكت

: ةيادبلا يف دعاسملا لعفلا عضن لاؤس ىلإ ةيربخلا ةلمجلا ليوحتل Helping Verbs: يه ةدعاسملا لاعفألا

n am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will – would – shall – should – can – could – may – might – must – ought to

: ةـلثمأ

n They are doctors. Are they doctors? n She can help us? Can they help us? n I will go to the market? Will you go to the market?

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دعاسم لعف ةلمجلاب نكي مل اذإ

مدختسن sنودب عراضملا لعفلا عم ) 1 do: : ةـلثمأ

n They play tennis. Do they play tennis? n I write books. Do you write books?

دعاسملا لعفلا دوجول كلذو) لوألا فيرصتلا(هلصأ ىل إ لعفلا ةداعإ ظحالمدختسن sهب يذلا عراضملا لعفلا عم ) 2 does: : ةـلثمأ

n Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis? n Huda watch TV. Does Huda watch TV?

دعاسملا لعفلا دوجول كلذو) لوألا فيرصتلا(هلصأ ىلإ لعفلا ةداعإ ظحال :did مدختسن يضاملا لعفلا عم ) 3 : ةــلثمأ

n They watched TV last night. Did they watch TV last night? n I played football yesterday.

Did you play football yesterday?

دعاسملا لعفلا دوجول كلذو) لوألا فيرصتلا(هلصأ ىلإ لعفلا ةداعإ ظحال : ةــظحالم وأ Yesـب اهتباجإ نوكت ةقباسلا ةلئس ألا عيمج No لاؤس ةادأب أدبت مل ا . أل كلذو

: ىمست يتلاو ةيلاتلا لاؤسلا تاودأ ىدحإب أدبي نأ بجيف ةنيعم ةمولعم ءاطعإ لاؤسلا نم فدهلا ناك اذإWh Questions

Where? ناكملا نع لاؤسلل نيأ

When? نامزلا نع لاؤسلل ىتم

Why? ببسلا نع لاؤسلل اذامل

What? ءيش نع لاؤسلل اذام/ ام

Which? نيئيش نيب رايتخالل يأ

Who? لقاع لعاف نع لاؤسلل نم

Whom? لقاع هب لوعفم نع لاؤسلل نم

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Wh Questions (Cont.)

Whose? ةيكلملا نع لاؤسلل نمل

How? ةلاحلا نع لاؤسلل فيك

How many? ددعلا نع لاؤسلل ددع مك

How much? ةيمكلا نع لاؤسلل ةيمك مك

How long? لوطلا نع لاؤسلل لوط مك

How old? رمعلا نع لاؤسلل رمع مك

How far? ةفاسملا نع لاؤسلل دعب مك

Steps for Making a Question

لاؤسلا نيوكت تاوطخ

: لثم ،هنع لاؤسلا دارملا ءزجلل ةبسانملا لاؤسلا ةادأ رتخا) 1When, Where, Why………..etc

. ةرشابم لاؤسلا ةادأ دعب يأ لعافلا لبق) دجو نإ (helping verbدعاسملا لعفلا عض ) 2 : مدختسا دعاسم لعف ةلمجلاب نكي مل اذإ) 3مدختسنsنودب عراضملا لعفلا عم * do مدختسن sهب يذلا عراضملا لعفلا عم * does didمدختسن يضاملا لعفلا عم * هلصأ ىلإ لعفلا ةداعإ ةظحالم عم اندنع نم اهانمدختسا يتلا وأ الصأ ةلمجلاب دوجوملا ءاوس دعاسملا لعفلا دعب لعافلا عض) 4 . لوألا هفيرصت يأ .لاؤسلا باوج هنأل هنع لاؤسلا دارملا ءزجلا فذحا) 5

:ةــــلثمأ

They are going to eat meat. What are they going to eat?

ىلعareانمدق اننأ ظح ال* they ةملك انفذح مث دعاسملا لعفلا يه ا أل meatلاؤسلا ىلع باوجلا ا أل .

They played tennis at school. Where did they play tennis?

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يضاملا يف لعفلا نأل و دعاسم لعف دوجو مدعلdidانمدختسا اننأ ظحال * عإل لعفلا نمed فذح اضيأ ظحالو. ىلإهتدا لاؤسلا ىلع باوجلا اat school انفذح اننأ ظحالو. هلصأ أل.

: ةظحالم :لثم ىنعملا عم بسانتت يكل رئامضلا ضعب رييغت ظحال

I حبصت you you حبصت I your حبصت my you حبصت we

لاؤسلا ةادأ عضن لب اندنع نم ادعاسم العف مدختسن ال لعافلا نع لاؤسلا ناك اذإ who و القاع لعافلا ناك اذإ what . القاع ريغ لعفلا ناك اذإ : ةلثمأ

Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window? The book describes accidents. What describes accidents?

Howتالامعتسا

He was very pleased to meet his friend. How was he to meet his friend? ةيفيكلا وأ ةلاحلا نع لاؤسلل How

Thirty boys are in this class. How many boys are in this class? ددعلا نع لاؤسلل How many

I am twenty years old. How old are you? رمعلا نع لاؤسلل How old

You paid five pounds for this coat. How much did you pay for this coat? ةيمكلا نع لاؤسلل How much

It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh. How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh? تافاسملا نع لاؤسلل How far

This rope is two meters long. How long is this rope? لاوطألا نع لاؤسلل How long

This fence is four meters high. How high is this fence? تاعافترإلا نع لاؤسلل How high

Sami is meter and a half tall. How tall is Sami? صاخشألا لاوطأ نع لاؤسلل How tall

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some/ ضعب any/ يأ

لاؤسلا وأ ةيفنملا تسيلو ةيربخلا لمجلا يف ا someمدختست .اوخأو1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there. 3) He is somewhere.

يفنلاو لاؤسلا عم ا anyمدختستو .اوخأو : لاؤسلا عم

1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home? 3) Is he anywhere?

: يفنلا عم1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody. 3) He is not anywhere.

Making Negative

يفنلا نيوكت

دعاسملا لعفلا دعبnotةملك عضن يفن ىلإ ةيربخلا ةلمجلا ليوحتل : Helping Verbs: يه ةدعاسملا لاعفألا

am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will – would – shall – should – can – could – may – might – must – ought to

: ةــلثمأ n They are happy. They are not happy? n He can help us? He can not help us?

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be

(Affirmative) تابثإلا يف (Negative) يفنلايف

Long Forms Short Forms

I am I’m He is He’s She is She’s It is It’s

You are You’re We are We’re

They are They’re

Long Forms Short Forms

I am not I’m not He is not He’s not She is not She’s not It is not It’s not

You are not You’re not We are not We’re not

They are not They’re not

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. اندنع نم دعاسم لعفب يتأنف دعاسم لعف ةلمجلا يف نكي مل اذإعضن مث (do, does, did): يه ةدعاسملا لاعفألا هذهو (not) فيرصتلا يأ هلصأ ىلإ لعفلا ةداعإ ةظحالم عم هدعب . لوألا

يلاتلا لودجلا يف امك ةملكلا يفنب ةلمجلا يفننف ةلمجلا يف ةيتآلا تاملكلاىدحإ تناك اذإ: ةظحالم :

Affirmative تابثإ Negative يفن some ضعب no, any both……and و....نم لك neither………….nor either…..or وأ......امإ neither………….nor sometimes انايحأ never as………as لثم.......هلثم not so…………..as all لك not all every لك no, not every

TENSES ةنمزألا

1. Present Simple Tense طيسبلا عراضملا

. قئاقحلاو تاردقلاو ديلاقتلاو تاداعلا نع ريبعتلل نمزلا اذه مدختسيدر . ا لعفلا يأ لعفلل لوألا فيرصتلا نم نمزلا اذه نوكتي

: لثم تاملك عم ةداع نمزلا اذه يتأيevery لك always امئاد usually ةداع

generally ا مومع often ابلاغ sometimes انايحأ

rarely اردان never ادبأ from time to time رخآل نيح نم

:ةــلثمأ1. I go to school everyday. 2. They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m. 3. We often drink coffee in the morning. 4. She is never late to school.

فيضن بئاغ درفم لعافلا ناك اذإ: ةظحالم sلعفلل ةدايز . 1. Ali drinks milk every morning. 2. A cow gives us milk.

2. Past Simple Tense طيسبلا يضاملا يضاملايف عقو ثدح نع ريبعتلل نمزلا اذه مدختسي .

. ةذاشلا لاعفألا ةظحالم عم edةفاضإ يأ لعفلل يناثلا فيرصتلا نم نمزلا اذه نوكتي

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: لثم تاملك عم ةداع نمزلا اذه يتأيyesterday سمأ last يضاملا ago ىضم

in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH: لثم يضاملا يف خيرات يأ وأ

I, He, She, it was They, We, You were

:ةـلثمأ1. I watched television last night. 2. They visited their uncle yesterday. 3. We went to Makkah two months often.

3. Future Simple Tense طيسبلا لبقتسملا . لبقتسملا يف هثودح عقوتم ثدح نع ريبعتلل نمزلا اذه مدختسيوأ will نم نمزلا اذه نوكتي shall لعفلل لوألا فيرصتلا مث .

. رئامضلا يقاب عم يتأتف willامأ we و Iملكتملا ريمض عم shallيتأت . رئامضلا عيمج عم اهلدب will ةملك تلح دقو ةثيدحلا ةيزيلجنإلا يف اهمادختسا ردن shallنكلو

: لثم تاملك عم ةداع نمزلا اذه يتأيtomorrow ادغ next مداقلا in the future لبقتسملا يف

in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH: لثم لبقتسملا يف خيرات يأ وأ

:ةـلثمأ1. I will go to school tomorrow. 2. They will play foot ball next Friday. 3. He will join the army in the future.

مادختساب طيسبلالبقتسملل رخأ نيوكت كانه : am , is , are going to

4. Present Continuous Tense رمتسملا عراضملا

.طقف نآلا عقي ثدح نع ريبعتلل نمزلا اذه مدختسي :نم نمزلا اذه نوكتي

am / is / are ing + +لعف I am + verb + ing He, she, it is + verb + ing They, we, you are + verb + ing

:لثم تاملك عم ةداع نمزلا اذه يتأي now نآلا at the moment ةظحللا هذه يف look رظنا

listen عمتسا at the present time رضاحلا تقولا يف

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:ةـــلثمأ1. I am reading a story at the moment. 2. They are watching television now. 3. Look! the bus is coming.

ىذألاو روعشلا نع ربعت لاعفألا هذهو رمتسملا يضاملا وأ رمتسملا عراضملا ءاوس رارمتسالا يف عقت نأ نكمي ال لاعفألا ضعب :لاعفألا هذه نمو ساسحإلاو

like بحي love want بحي لضفي prefer ديري

wish ىنمتي hate هركي dislike هركي feel رعشي

hope لمأي hear think عمسي seem دقتعي ودبيappear رهظي fear ربتعي consider ىشخي fit بساني

believe قدصي trust قثي understand مهفي

. Past Continuous Tense يضاملا رمتسملا .رخأ لعف عوقو ءانثأ يضاملا يف عقو لعف نع ريبعتلل نمزلا اذه مدختسي

:نم نمزلا اذه نوكتي was / were لعف+ + ing

:لثم تاملك عم ةداع نمزلا اذه يتأي when امدنع while امنيب as نأ ثيح because نأل

:ةظوحلم .هثودح ءانثأ عقو يذلا يأ رمتسملا يضاملا للخت يذلا و طيسبلا يضاملا نمز هعم يتأي ام ةداع نمزلا اذه :ةــلثمأ

While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room. صللا لوخد رخآلاو مونلا وهو رمتسم يضام امهدحأ نيثدح ىلع يوتحت ةلمجلا هذه ) يتفرغ صل لخد ، امئان تنك امنيب(

.مونلا ءانثأ لصح يذلا ةفرغلا When we were eating , my father came .

يذلا يدلاو ءيجم رخآلاو لكألا وهو رمتسم يضام امهدحأ نيثدح ىلع يوتحت ةلمجلا هذه ) يدلاو ءاج ، لكأن انك امنيب(

.لكألا ءانثأ لصح

ىنعملا ريغتي نأ نود ةلمجلا طسو طبرلا ةادأ عضو نكمي : ةظحالم :يلي امك ةقباسلا ناتلمجلا حبصتف

A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .

طيسبيضام

طيسبيضام

رمتسم يضام

رمتسم يضام

طيسبيضام

رمتسم يضام

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امئان تنك امنيب يتفرغ صل لخد

My father came when we were eating . لكأن انك امنيب يدلاو ءاج : ةظحالم

فصتنم يف تعقو اذإ فذحتو whileةملكب ةلمجلا تأدب اذإ ةلصافلا بتكت .ىلوألا ةلمجلا طيسب يضام وهو ئجافم رخآلا و رمتسم ليوط لوألا نالعف اwhileةدعاق نأ امئاد ركذت .

6. Future Continuous Tense رمتسملا لبقتسملا .ةرتفل رمتسيو لبقتسملا يف هثودح عقوتم ءيش نع ريبعتلل نمزلا اذه مدختسي

:نم نمزلا اذه نوكتي ( will + be لعف+ + ing )

:لثم تاملك عم ةداع نمزلا اذه يتأي at نمزلل دنع by نوضغ يف in لولحب

from…to ىلإ..نم all عيمج، لك after دعب

:ةـــلثمأ1. By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo. 2. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .

7. Present Perfect Tense ملا ماتلا عراض

ىتح ةدوجوم هراثآ تلازالو يضاملا يف ىهتنا وأ تاظحل لبق ىهتناو يضاملا يف لصح ثدح نع ريبعتلل نمزلا اذه مدختسي .نآلا : نم نمزلا اذه نوكتي

has / have لعفلل ثلاثلا فيرصتلا+ :لثم تاملك عم ةداع نمزلا اذه يتأي

since ذنم for ةدمل just وتلا يف yet نآلاىتح ever دبألا يف never ادبأ

recently اثيدح already امامت

:ةــلثمأ1. I have lived in Riyadh for six years. 2. I have not visited him since 1995. 3. Ahmed has already finished his homework. 4. She has written three letters just now.

طيسبيضام

رمتسم يضام

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Since & For

• Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now” .نآلا ىتح و يضاملا يف ةددحم ةرتف وأ ةطقن نم ارابتعا“ ذنم”ةملك ينعت

• For means “a definite period of time” .ةينمز ةرتف ىلع“ ةدمل”ةملك ينعت

Since ذنم For ةدمل

2 o’clock a moment Monday 3 minutes

yesterday an hour last night many hours

last week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months 1996 a year

last century 10 years he came………… a century

8. Past Perfect Tense ماتلا يضاملا

يضاملا نمز يف ام ةظحل يف ىهتنا و لصحثدح نع ريبعتلل نمزلا اذه مدختسي . : نم نمزلا اذه نوكتي

had لعفلل ثلاثلا فيرصتلا+ :لثم تاملك عم ةداع نمزلا اذه يتأي

after ذنم before ةدمل

which نآلا ىتح as soon as دبألا يف

:ةــلثمأ1. I had washed before I prayed. 2. They went home after they had finished their work. 3. Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought. 4. As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.

.ماتلا يضاملا ءاهتنا دعب ثدح يذلا طيسبلا يضاملا نمز هعم يتأي ام ابلاغ نمزلا اذه نأ ظحال

9. Future Perfect Tense بقتسملا ماتلا ل . لبقتسملا يف ام نمز يف هؤاهتنا و هثودح عقوتم ثدح نع ريبعتلل نمزلا اذه مدختسي :نم نمزلا اذه نوكتي

will + have لعفلل ثلاثلا فيرصتلا+ :لثم تاملك عم ةداع نمزلا اذه يتأي

by لولحب at دنع

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:ةـلثمأ1. By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work. 2. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.

10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense رمتسملا ماتلا عراضملا

. نآلا ىتح رمتسم هنكل و يضاملا يف مت و هنم ءزج عقو ثدح نع ريبعتلل نمزلا اذه مدختسي :نم نمزلا اذه نوكتي

has / have + been لعف+ + ing

:لثم تاملك عم ةداع نمزلا اذه يتأ يfor ةدمل since ذنم

:ةــلثمأ1. I have been studying English for six years. 2. She has been sleeping since 2 o’clock.

:ةيلاتلا ةلثمألا ظحال : Present Perfectماتلا عراضملا و رمتسملا ماتلا عراضملا نيب قرفن يكل

• Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred cakes on the table.

ن :وكن نيتلمجلا هذه نم Present Perfect Continuous Tense رمتسملا ماتلا عراضملا

• She has been making cakes for three hours. Present Perfect Tense ماتلا عراضملا

• She has made 100 cakes.

Imperatives رمألا ةغيص • Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the

affirmative or negative to indicate instructions, invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.

وأ تاظحالملاو تاراشإلا ،ىوعدلا ،تاميلعتلا نع ربعتل تابثإلا يف نوكت امأ لمجلا ةيادب يف مدختست لاعفأ يه رمألا ةغيص .لعفي اذام صخش رابخإ

• The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read, open,….etc.

. لوألا فيرصتلا يأ لعفلل ةطيسبلا ةغيصلا رمألا ةغيص مدختست :ةــلثمأ

Give Instructions تاميلعت ءاطعإ • Mix the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative تابثإ )

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• Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative تابثإ )

Make Invitations ىوعدلا ةغيص • Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative تابثإ ) • Please start; do not wait for me. (Negative يفن )

Tell someone what to do هلعفيس ام صخش رابخإ • Open your book. (Affirmative تابثإ ) • Do not forget to post the letter. (Negative يفن )

Give Warnings تاريذحت ءاطعإ • Keep out. Danger. (Affirmative تابثإ )

Make Signs & Notices تاظحالم و تاراشإ نيوكت • Push. (Affirmative تابثإ ) • Insert 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative تابثإ ) • Keep off the grass. (Affirmative تابثإ )

Make Requests بلطلا نيوكت • Please open the door. (Affirmative تابثإ )

Modals ةصقانلا لاعفألا

n A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can have

several meanings and time frames, depending on the context in which it is used.

هيف مدختست يذلا ىوتحملا بسح ةينمز لاكشأ و يناعم ةدع هل نكلو صاخشألاعيمج عم ةدحاو ةغيص هل صقانلا لعفلا . n Form ةغيصلا

shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to + )لعفلل لوألا فيرصتلا( n Modals have no infinitives or past participles.

.ثلاث فيرصت وأ ردصم صقانلا لعفلل سيل Modals

ةصقانلا لاعفألا Expresses : نع ربعت Example لاثم

Promise دعو You shall take a reward.

Determination ميمصت He does not want to obey me: but he shall. shall

Threat ديد You shall be punished if you come late.

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Duty بجاولا You should obey your teachers. should

Advice or opinion يأرلا وأ ةحيصنلا You should stop smoking.

The simple future tense. طيسبلا لبقتسملا ةغيص He will visit us tomorrow. will

Determination or promise .I will travel when I like دعولا وأ ميمصتلاWe will do as you wish.

might Possibility ةيناكمإلا I hoped that I might succeed. I thought that the weather might change

can, am/is/are able to

Ability ةردقملا He can do it carefully. He is able to solve the problem.

shall be able, will be

able Ability in the future لبقتسملا ىلع ةردقملا I shall be able to help you.

could Past, present or future possibility

لبقتسملا/ عراضملا / يضاملا يف ةيناكمإلا

Fahad could drive his car a year ago. Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.

Do not leave now. It could rain now. must Necessity ةرورضلا You must listen to your teachers.

had to The past form of must :past necessity

يضاملا يف ةرورضلا Faisal could not come to our dinner party.

He had to stay home to study.

ought to Advice ةحيصنلا You ought to help the poor.

ought to have

Actions that were advisable in the past يضاملا يف اهلمع نسحتسملا نم ناك ثادحأ

You ought to have studied. (You did not. That was a mistake)

Short Answers ةرصتخم تاباجإ

Affirmative تابثإ Negative يفن Question تابثإAffirmative Negative

They should eat now.

They should not eat now.

Should they eat now? Yes, they should. No, they should not.

He will leave. He will not leave. Will he leave? Yes, he will. No, he will not.

He would succeed. He would not succeed. Would he leave? Yes, he would. No, he would not.

I might succeed. I might not succeed. Might I succeed?

I may sleep. I may not sleep. May I sleep? I can do it. I can not do it. Can I do it? Yes, you can. No, you can not.

He could talk. He could not talk. Could he talk? Yes, he could. No, he could not.

We could have a test tomorrow.

We could not have a test tomorrow.

Could we have a test tomorrow? Yes, you could. No, he could not.

You must go now. You must not go now. Must you go now? Yes, I must. No, I must not.

You ought to help them.

You ought not to help them.

Ought you to help them? Yes, I ought to. No, I ought not.

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Comparing Adjectives تافصلا ةنراقم

1. Comparing Short Adjectives ةريصقلا تافصلا ةنراقم

: نيصخش وأ نيئيش نيب ةنراقملا. 1ةملك مث ةريصقلا تافصلا بلغأل erةقحاللا ةفاضإ ظحالن ةنرا قملا نم عونلا اذه يف than

• Ali is older than Ahmed. • My Car is faster than yours.

طقفrفيضن اننأف eفرحب ةفصلا تهتنا اذإ . • safe safer than • simple simpler than

ىلإ yـلا بلقن اننأف y فرحب ةفصلا تهتنا اذإ i فيضن مث erةداعلاك .

• easy easier than • heavy heavier than

:نيصخش وأ نيئيش نم رثكأ نيب ةنراقملا . 2ظحالي و ةنراقملا ةفصلا قبست يتلا theةملك ةيمهأ انه ظحالن ةرملا هذهestةفاضإ .

• Everest is the highest mountain. • This is the biggest building in Riyadh.

فيضن ال اننأف e فرحب ةفصلا تهتنا اذإ eةديدج . • safe the safest

لا بلقن اننأفy فرحب ةفصلا تهتنا اذإ فيضن مث iىلإ y ـ est ةداعلاك. • easy the easiest

2. Comparing Long Adjectives ةليوطلا تافصلا ةنراقم

:نيصخش وأ نيئيش نيب ةنراقملا. 1 . نيدعابتم نيكرحتم نيفرح نم رثكأ ىلع يوتحي عطقم لك ،عطقم نم رثكأ نم ةفصلا نوكتت انه

beautiful ليمج difficult بعص dangerous رطخ correct حيحص Important مهم fluent حيصف

. est الو erلبقي ال تافصلا نم عونلا اذه ةملك مث moreةملك تافصلا هذه قبست نيئيش نيب ةنراقملا ةلاح يفف than

• Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.

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• French is more difficult than English. : نيصخش وأ نيئيش نم رثكأ نيب ةنراقملا. 2 the most ةملك تافصلا هذه قبست نيئيش نم رثكأ نيب ةنراقملا ةلاح يف

• My red car is the most beautiful car in her city. • This is the most important subject in this book.

: ةـظحالمىنعملا ةفصلا نينثأ نيب ةنراقم نينثأنم رثكأ نيب ةنراقم

ديج good better than the best ئيس bad worse than the worst

)دودعملل(ريثك )دودعملا ريغل(ريثك

many much more than the most

)دودعملا ريغل(ليلق little less than the least ديعب far farther than the farthest

• Adel is better than his brother at school. • This girl is the worst one in her class.

as……..as لثم هلثم )طبضلاب( not as….as لثم هلثم سيل

as……..as لثم هلثم )طبضلاب(

.نيتفص نيب ةاواسم دوجو نيح حالطصالا اذه مدختسي• Ali is as tall as his brother. • This bag is as big as my bag.

not as……..as لثم هلثم سيل نيتفص نيب ةاواسم دوجومدعةلاح يف حالطصالا اذه مدختسي .

• Ali is not as tall as his brother. • This bag is not as big as my bag.

Adverbs ] لاوحألا[فورظلا

• An Adverb always modifies a verb. امئاد لعفلا فصي فرظلا

• Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjectives.

ةفاضإب ن .ةفصلل lyوكت فورظلا مظعمslow slowly nice nicely happy happily careful carefully

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There are many kinds of adverbs: :فورظلا نم عاونأ ةدع كانه

1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done. . ثدحلا عوقو ةيفيك نع ربعت يتلا فورظلا : كولسلا ىلع ةلادلا فورظلا

• I closed the window carefully. • The soldier fought bravely.

2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done. .لعفلا ثودح نمز ةيفيك نع ربعت يتلا فورظلا : نامزلا فورظ

• I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow. • What’s going to happen next?

3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.

. ثدحلا عوقو ناكم نع ربعت يتلا فورظلا : ناكملافورظ

• I shall stand here. • I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.

Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time.

تافص وأ فورظ نوكت نأ نكمملا نمlyـب يهتنت يتلا تاملكلا ضعب : لثم. تقولا ىلع لدت تاملكلا هذه مظعم.

daily ايموي weekly ايعوبسأ

monthly ايرهش yearly ايونس

• A daily newspaper is published daily. • We get up early to catch an early train.

4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something. : فورظلا هذه نمو. ءيشلا ثودح تارم ددع نع انربخت يتلا :راركتلا ىلع ةلادلا فورظلا

always امئاد often ابلاغ usually ةداع sometimes انايحأ seldom اردان Rarely ادج اردان Never ادبأ Occasionally رخآل يح نم

Verb to BE: دعاسملا لعفلا دعب راركتلا فرظ يتأي :نوكي لعف Ali is always on time. Other Verbs: يداعلا لعفلا لبق راركتلا فرظ يتأي :ىرخألا لاعفألا

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Ali sometimes reads a book.

Adverbial Clause of Time تقولا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا

Conjunctions: طبرلا تاودأ when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with the main sentence.

. ةيسيئرلا ةلمجلا عم تقولا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا طبرت هذه طبرلا تاودأ :لاثم

• I found a watch. I was walking in the street. • I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

Adverbial Clause of Place ناكملا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا

Conjunctions: طبرلا تاودأ where, wherever These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with the main sentence.

.ةيسيئرلا ةلمجلا عم ناكملا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا طبرت هذه طبرلا تاودأ :لاثم

• Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

Adverbial Clause of Cause ببسلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا

Conjunctions: طبرلا تاودأ because, since, as These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with the main sentence.

.ةيسيئرلا ةلمجلا عم ببسلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا طبرت هذه طبرلا تاودأ : لاثم

• I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

Adverbial Clause of Manner كولسلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا

Conjunctions: طبرلا تاودأ

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As, as if, as through These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the main sentence.

. ةيسيئرلا ةلمجلا عم كولسلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا طبرت هذه طبرلا تاودأيقيقح ريغ يضامas if دعب يتأي امئاد . : لاثم

• He speaks as if he were a king. ريغ ا wasنم الدب wereمادختسا ظحال لايخ درجمو ةيقيقحأل .

• It looks as if it would rain. نم الدب wouldمادختسا ظحال willعقوت درجم ا أو يقيقح ريغ يضام وهو .

Adverbial Clause of Purpose ضرغلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا

Conjunctions: طبرلا تاودأ that, so that, in order that These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.

. ةيسيئرلا ةلمجلا عم ضرغلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا طبرت هذه طبرلا تاودأ a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.

.لبقتسملا وأ عراضملا يف يسيئرلا لعفلا نوكي امدنع) ردصملا+امبر(مدختسن : لاثم

n He works hard. He wishes to succeed. n He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.

b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.

.طيسبلا يضاملا يف يسيئرلا لعفلا نوكي امدنع) ردصملا+امبر(مدختسن : لاثم

n He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

Adverbial Clause of Result ةجيتنلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا

We use:

so + adverb + that such + noun+ that

to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.

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.ةيسيئرلا ةلمجلا عم ةجيتنلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا طبرل تاغيصلا هذه مدختست

: لاثم

• The man is so weak that he can not walk. • He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast

ضقانتلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا Conjunctions: طبرلا تاودأ though, although

• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence.

. ةيسيئرلا ةلمجلا عم ضقانتلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا طبرت هذه طبرلا تاودأ :لاثم

• He is poor. He is happy. • Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast ةنراقملا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا

Conjunctions: طبرلا تاودأ as….as, so……as These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence.

. ةيسيئرلا ةلمجلا عم ةنراقملا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا طبرت هذه طبرلا تاودأ : لاثم

• Nabeel is as clever as his father. • Sami is not so strong as his brother.

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Adverbial Clause of Condition ةلاحلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا

Conjunctions: طبرلا تاودأ if, unless These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the main sentence.

. ةيسيئرلا ةلمجلا عم ةلاحلا ىلع ةلادلا ةيفرظلا لمجلا طبرت هذه طبرلا تاودأ :لاثم

• If we are ill, we go to bed. • If we work hard, we will succeed. • If we worked hard, we would succeed. • If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself. • Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.

as……..as لثم هلثم ]طبضلاب [ not as….as لثم هلثم سيل

as……..as لثم هلثم ]طبضلاب [

.نيلاح نيب ةاواسم دوجو نيح حالطصالا اذه مدختسي• Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.

not as….as لثم هلثم سيل

نيلاح نيب ةاواسم دوجومدعةلاح يف حالطصالا اذه مدختسي . • Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.

Active & Passive لوهجملل ينبملاو مولعملل ينبملا

.امولعم اهلعاف نوكي يتلا ةلمجلا وه مولعملل ينبملاب دصقي.ةيمهألا ليلق وأ مولعم ريغ اهلعاف نوكي يتلا ةلمجلا وه لوهجملل ينبملاب دصقي

:لوهجملل ينبملا و مولعملل ينبملا نم عاونأ ةدع كانه • Statements ةيربخلا لمجلا • Questions ةـــلئسألا • Command رــــمألا

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A. Statements ةيربخلا لمجلا

Ahmed broke the window yesterday. وهو مولعم اهيف لعافلا نأل كلذوActiveمولعملل ينبم ةلمجلا هذه Ahmed .

The window was broken yesterday. The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.

أل كلذوPassiveلوهجملل ينبم ةلمجلا هذه عضو وأ ىلوألا ةلمجلا يف امك Ahmedوهو مولعم ريغ اهيف لعافلا ن .ةيناثلا ةلمجلا يف امك byــب اقوبسم هب لوعفملا ناكم

: ةيلاتلا تاوطخلا عبتن ةيربخلا لمجلا ةلاح يف Passiveلوهجملل ينبملا ىلإ Activeمولعملل ينبملا نم ليوحتلل

)ةرشابم لعفلا دعب هدوجوب هب لوعفملا فرعي. (العاف حبصي هب لوعفملا. 1هب لوعفملل ابسانم ةلمجلا نمز سفن يفto beلعف عضن . 2 . .ثلاثلا فيرصتلا يف يلصألا لعفلا عض. 3 .اريمض ناك اذإ بطشي دقو byــب اقوبسم لعافلا عضن . 4رييغت نود ةلمجلا ةيا. 5 يف وه امك عضوي ةلمجلا يف ةدايز يأ. :ةـــــلثمأ

Active مولعملل ينبم Passive لوهجملل ينبم

Ali writes letters. Letters are written (by Ali).

Huda wrote the lesson. The lesson was written (by Huda).

Saleh will buy a car. A car will be bought (by Saleh).

Khaled is helping Ahmed. Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).

She has eaten the apple. The apple has been eaten (by her).

يلي امك ةفلتخملا ةنمزألا عمto beلعف فرصي :

am, is, are طيسبلا عراضملا was, were طيسبلا يضاملا

shall be, will be طيسبلا لبقتسملا am being, is being, are being رمتسملاعراضملا

was being, were being رمتسملا يضاملا has been, have been ماتلا عراضملا

had been ماتلا يضاملا

can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to be دعاسم لعف لك

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B. Questions ةلئسألا

لوهجملل ينبملا ىلإ Activeمولعملل ينبملا نم ليوحتلل Passive ةيلاتلا تاوطخلا عبتن ةلئسألا ةلاح يف :

)ةرشابم لعفلا دعب هدوجوب هب لوعفملا فرعي. (العاف حبصي هب لوعفملا. 1 .لاؤسلا نمز سفن يف to beلعف عضن . 2 .ثلاثلا فيرصتلا يف يلصألا لعفلا عض. 3 .اريمض ناك اذإ بطشي دقو byــب اقوبسم لعافلا عضن . 4رييغت نود ةلمجلا ةيا. 5 يف وه امك عضوي ةلمجلا يف ةدايز يأ. :ةـــــلثمأ

Active مولعملل ينبم Passive لوهجملل ينبم

Does Ahmed write letters? Are Letters written (by Ali)?

Did he eat the cake?. Was the cake eaten (by him)?

Will Ali buy a new car? Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?

Why is he using a pen? Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).

Who broke the window? By whom the window was broken?

C. Command رمألا

لوهجملل ينبملا ىلإ Activeمولعملل ينبملا نم ليوحتلل Passiveبتن رمألا ةلاح يف : ةيلاتلا تاوطخلا ع ةلمجلا لوأ يفletةملك عض . 1 . )ةرشابم لعفلا دعب هدوجوب هب لوعفملا فرعي. (العاف حبصي هب لوعفملا. 2نوكيف رمألا يأ نمزلا سفن يف to beلعف عض . 3 be. . ثلاثلا فيرصتلا يف يلصألا لعفلا عض. 4 :ةـــــلثمأ

Active مولعملل ينبم Passive لوهجملل ينبم

Write the lesson. Let the lesson be written.

Open the door. Let the door be opened.

Send this letter to your friend. Let this letter be sent to your friend.

:ةـــظحالموأ لاؤسلا اذه ةغيص ىلع ةظفاحملا بجي اذل اليذم الاؤس وأ ةيفنم لوهجملل ينبملا ىلإ اهليوحت دارملا ةلمجلا نوكت دق

.لوهجملل ينبملا ىلإ ليوحتلا دنع لييذتلا

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:ةــلثمأ

Active مولعملل ينبم Passive لوهجملل ينبم

Ali does not write letters Letters are not written (by Ali). Dickens wrote those novels, didn’t he? Those novels were written by Dickens, weren’t they? Dickens didn’t write that play, did he? That play wasn’t written by Dickens, was it?

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ةيدعتملا لاعفألاو ةمزاللا لاعفألا

: Intransitive Verbs )ةمزاللا لاعفألا( :لثم. هب الوعفم ذخأت ال يتلا يه

The sun rises. : Transitive Verbs ) ةيدعتملالاعفألا(

:لثم .رثكأ وأ ادحاو هب الوعفم ذخأت يتلا يهAli raised his hand.

ةيدعتم لاعفأ يوحت يتلا لمجلا امأ ،ا* نكميف هب لوعفم دوجو مدعل لوهجملل ينبم ىلإ اهليوحت نكمي ال ةمزاللا لاعفألا . لوهجملل ينبم ىلإ اهليوحت :لاثم. لوهجملل ينبم ىلإ اهليوحت نكمي اذل نيلوعفمل ةيدعتملا لاعفألا ضعب كانه*

Nora gave Huda a flower . نيتقيرطب ىنبت : a) Huda was given a flower (by Nora). b) A flower was given to Huda (by Nora)

هريخأت نيحHudaلقاعلا هب لوعفملل to عضو ظحال .

Prepositions رجلا فورح

ملعتل ىلثملا ةقيرطلاو . ةلمجلا يف هعقوم بسح كلذو ىنعم نم رثكأ دحاولا فرحلل نوكي دقف ،ةكباشتمو ةريثك رجلا فورح . ةلصفنم فورحك تسيلو لمج لالخ نم اهيلع بردتلا يه رجلا فورح

A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object. There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.

ةلاد رج فورحو نمزلا ىلع ةلاد رج فورح اضيأ دجويو هب لوعفملاو لعافلا نيب ةقالعلا ىلع رجلا فورح لدت . ناكملا ىلع

هب لوعفم

هب لوعفم

لعافلا لعفلا

هب لوعفم

لعافلا لعفلا

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Use of Prepositions رجلا فورح مادختسا

Prepositions رجلا فورح Use مادختسالا Example لاثم

Day مايألا On Monday

Day + morning, night مايألا ةرتفلا+ On Friday morning

Afternoon, evening, date خيراتلا My birthday is on June 10.

Special days ةصاخ مايأ I will travel on National Day.

on

To mean above قوف ىنعمب The tea is on the table.

Season لصف The trees grow in spring.

Year ةنس I was born in 1968.

Month رهش The test is in May.

The morning حابصلا I go to work in the morning.

The evening ءامسلا I go home in the evening

in

To mean above لخادلا يف He is in the mosque.

Time تقولا I will come back at 2 o’clock.

Festival تالافتحالا و دايعألا I will meat you at the school festival.

Meal times تابجولا تاقوأ I will talk to my father at lunch.

The weekend عوبسألا ةيا We will travel at the weekend.

Noon رهظلا We pray at noon everyday.

Night ليللا We sleep at night.

at

To mean place ناكملل He is at the grocer’s.

Prepositions of Place ناك ملا ىلع ةلادلا رجلا فورح

Prepositions رجلا فورح Use مادختسالا Example لاثم

at an exact place ددحم ناكم يف He lives at number 5, King Fahad Street.

at work لمعلا يف Ahmed is at work. at

at the table ةلواطلا ىلع They are standing at the dinner table

under تحت ىنعمب The cat is under the table.

in front of مامأ ىنعمب The teacher is in front of the class.

to direction/place هاجتا/ناكم I go to school everyday.

To mean inside لخاد ىنعمب Put this book in the box.

In a country دلب يف I live in Saudi Arabia.

in

In a town./street ةنيدم يف عراش يف / I live in Al-Madina.

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in bed شارفلا يف The baby is in bed.

In a building or area ةقطنم وأ ىنبم يف You were in the club last night.

In a chair يسركلا ىلع Ali is sitting in his chair.

with ـب ىنعمب I write with a pen.

from نم ىنعمب I am from Riyadh.

behind فلخ ىنعمب The wall is behind the class.

between نيب ىنعمب Samah is sitting between Fatma and Salwa.

TV نويزفلتلا ةشاش ىلع Ali watches football on TV every Saturday. on Time ددحملا تقولا He arrives on time.

More Examples ةلثمألا نم اديزم

Prepositions رجلا فورح Example لاثم

in يف The medicine is in the bottle. on ىلع The knife is on the table.

at برقلاب ،دنع Someone is at the door. near رقلاب نم ب Ahmed is sitting near the window. between نيب The house is between the school and the mosque.

opposite لباقم The bank is opposite to the post office. into يف ،لخاد The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.

onto ىلع The water is spilling onto the floor. off ىلع نم The man is falling off the chair. out of قوف نم The child is falling out of the window.

across لالخ ،ربع The carpenter cut across the wood. over/above ىلعأ ،قوف The light is over (above) the table.

under/below .The fire is under (below) the stairs لفسأ ،تحتthrough لالخ ،ربع The ball is going through the window.

among طسو The teacher is sitting among the students. in يف The medicine is in the bottle. on ىلع The knife is on the table.

at برقلاب ،دنع Someone is at the door. near نم برقلاب Ahmed is sitting near the window. between نيب The house is between the school and the mosque.

opposite لباقم The bank is opposite to the post office. into يف ،لخاد The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.

onto ىلع The water is spilling onto the floor. round لوح The car is going round the tree.

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in front of مامأ The child is sitting in front of the TV. behind ءارو ،فلخ The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils. on top of ىلع ،قوف The sweets are on top of the table. at the side of بناجب The garage is at the side of the house.

along لوط ىلع The man is walking along the street. next to راوجب The bank is next to the baker’s.

Question-Tags ةليذملا ةلئسألا

لداعت يهو ةليذملا ةلئسألا اهيلع قلطي ةلئسألا نم عونلا اذه لاؤس نع ةرابع وهو . ةيبرعلا ةغللاب“ ؟كلذك سيلأ” يتلا ةلمجلا تناك اذإف . يفنلأ وأ تابثإلا ثيح نم ةلمجلا هذه فلاخي ام ةداع لاؤسلا اذهو هقبست ةيربخ ةلمج عبتي رصتخم .اتبثم لاؤسلا نوكي ةيفنم تناك اذإ و يفنلا يف لاؤسلا اذه نوكي ةتبثم هقبست

.لاؤسلا فلاخي يأ يفنلا وأ تابثإلا ثيح نم ةلمجلا عبتيف لاؤسلا اذه باوج امأ* .ةبوتكملا ةيزيلجنإلا يف همادختسا لقي هنأ الإ ةيزيلجنإلا ةغللاب ثدحتلا دنع اريثك لوادتم ةلئسألا نم عونلا اذه*

Questions that we expect the answer “Yes” “معن“ـب اهيلع ةباجإلا عقوتن ةلئسأ

: هيلع ةباجإلاو لاؤسلا اذه رظنا* There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there? Yes , there is.

.Yesتابثإلاب نوكيف باوجلا امأ . ايفنم) لييذتلا(اهيلع لاؤسلا ءاج اذل ةتبثم ةلمج لاؤسلا اذه تمدقت يتلا ةلمجلا *عضن مث دعاسملا لعفلا مدقن عونلا اذه نم الاؤس نوكن يكلو* notيفنلل كلذو هدعب . : يلاتلا لاثملا رظنا نآلا و

* You come from the United States, don’t you? Yes, I do.

دعاسم لعف دوجو مدعل كلذوdoمادختساب لاؤسلا لييذت مت لاثملا اذه يف * .

Questions that we expect the answer “No” ـب اهيلع ةباجإلاعقوتن ةلئسأ “ال“

1) You don’t come from Algeria, do you? No, I don’t. 2) It doesn’t take long time be car, does it? No, it doesn’t.

دعاسم لعفكdo/doesانمدختسا اذل طيسبلا عراضملا نمز يف لاؤسلا نأ انه ظحال * . 3) You didn’t travel last year, did you? No, I didn’t.

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دعاسم لعفك didانمدختسا اذل طيسبلا يضاملا نمز يف لاؤسلا نأ انه ظحال * .

Conditional “if” ةيطرشلا“ ول”

1) if + present عراضم will + لوأ فيرصت If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. ) تيبلايف ىقبأس ، ادغ رطمت نإ(

If you eat too much, you will become fat. لاثم :

2) if + past يضام would + لوأ فيرصت . هعوقو ليحتسم وأ نكمم ريغ ثدحلا اذه

If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English. مويلا ايح نوكي نأ ليحتسم ريبسكشنأ ظحال ىلع لدي ال هنكل ةلمج عم طيسبلا يضاملا لعفلا انمدختسا اننأ اضيأ ظحال . . يضاملا

ةدعاقلا يه هذهو ةلمجلا نم يناثلا ءزجلا يف) would+ ردصملا (انمدختساو :

if + subject + past subject+ would +لوأ فيرصت

نأ اضيأ ظحال be ىلإ لوحتتwereمادختسا عيطتسن الو ةدعاقلا هذه يف wasادرفم لعافلا ناك ول ىتح . If I were you, I would buy a new car. لاثم : 3) if + had + ثلاث فيرصت would have + ثلاث فيرصت If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy. If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Ka’aba.

4) if + present عراضم present عراضم .ةتباثو ةمئاد ةقيقح لعفلا ةجيتن اهيف نوكت يتلا ةلاحلا يف بيكرتلا اذه مدختسي

If you boil water, it becomes steam. ) اراخب حبصي هنأف ،ءاملا انيلغ اننأ ول( لبقتسملا يف تسيلو عراضملا يفbecomesةملك تءاج اذل نيعم تقوب ةديقم تسيلو ةتباث ةقيقح هذهو .

5) if + present عراضم instructions تاميلعت If the radio is too loud, turn it off. Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud. If you are under 17, don’t drive a car. Or Don’t drive a car if you are under 17.

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Reported Speech لوقنملا مالكلا

.رشابم ريغلا مالكلا اضيأ ىمسي لمجلا نم عونلا اذه

Indirect Speech

There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech. : رشابملا ريغو رشابملا مالكلا نم عاونأ ةعبرأ كانه

1) Statement ةيربخلا ةلمجلا 2) Question لاؤسلا 3) Command بلطلا 4) Exclamation بجعتلا

Statement ربخلا ةلمجلا ةي

لوقنم مالك ىلإDirect رشابم نم ةيربخ ةلمج ليوحتل* Reportedةيلاتلا تاوطخلا عبتن : لوقلا لعف مث ريمضلا وأ مسالا عضن-1 طبرلا ةادأ عضن -2 saidاهنع ءانغتسالا اننكميو . رئامضلا هذه مهأ و ىنعملا بسح رئامضلا لوحن -3 :

I he, she we they My his, her our their

يلي امك ةنمزألا لوحن-4 : Present عراضم Past يضام Past يضام Past Perfect مات يضام

يلي امك تدجو نإ تاملكلا ضعب لوحن -5 : Now نآلا then ذئنيح here انه there كانه Last night انه the night before كانه this انه that كانه yesterday انه the day before كانه tomorrow انه the following day كانه

Direct رشابم Indirect رشابم ريغ

“I live in Riyadh” He said that he lived in Riyadh. “We are happy” They said that they were happy.

She said: "I have not been in the school library recently”.

She said that she had not been to the school library recently.

He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow”. He told me that he would see me the next day.

فاضأ ينعت يتلاوand added that: ةرابع اهنم الدب عضن دحاو ملكتم صخشل نيتلمج نيب(.) كانه ناك اذإ :

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They said to him: “We shall see you tomorrow. We shall visit Ahmed”.

They told him that they would see him the next day and added that they would visit Ahmed.

مجلا ةنمزأ ريغت ال ذئنيح عراضمsay, saysلوقلا ةملك تناك اذإ : رئامضلا يف طقف نوكي رييغتلا امنإ ةل

She says: “I will cook the food tomorrow”. She says that she will cook the food tomorrow. We say: “We are playing football now”. We say that we are playing football now.

Question لاؤسلا

لوقنم مالك ىلإ Directرشاب م نم لاؤس ليوحتل* Reported ةيلاتلا تاوطخلا عبتن : لعفلا -1 askedيلي امك يهو ، لاؤسلا نمز ددحي :

Present عراضم Past يضام Past يضام Past Perfect مات يضام

طبر ةادأك اهسفن مدختست لاؤس ةادأ ىلع يوتحي لاؤسلا ناك اذإ-2 . مج ىلإ لاؤسلا ليوحت متي-3 .دعاسملا لعفلا ىلع لعافلا ميدقتب وه و ةيربخ ةل ةلمجلا ىنعم بسح رئامضلا ضعب رييغت ظحالي-4 .

Direct رشابم Indirect رشابم ريغ “What is your name?”. He asked me what my name was. “Why are you late?” The teacher asked me why I was late.

“Where is your book?”. He asked me where my book was.

لاؤس ةادأ ىلع يوتحي ال يذلا لاؤسلل طبر ةادأكifمدختست :

“Is your school very large?”. He asked me if my school was very large.

وأ do ىلع يوتحي وأ أدبي لاؤسلا ناك اذإ does بلا يضاملا نمز ىلإ لعفلا لوحو اهفذحا .طيس

“Where do you live”. He asked me where I lived. “Does he go to school?”. I asked him if he went to school.

طيسبلا يضاملا نمز ىلإ لعفلا لوحو اهفذحا didىلع يوتحي وأ أدبي لاؤسلا ناك اذإ ).had+ ثلاث فيرصت (

“Where did you go yesterday?”. Sami asked me where I had gone the day before. “Did Ahmed buy a new car?”. Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car.

رئامضلا يف طقف نوكي رييغتلا امنإ ةلمجلا ةنمزأ ريغت ال ذئنيح عراضمask, asksلاؤسلا ةملك تناك اذإ :

“Who is your English teacher?”. They ask me who my English teacher is. “What are your marks?”. He asks me what my marks are.

Command بلطلا

لوقنم مالك ىلإ Directرشابم نم ةيبلط ةلمج ليوحتل * Reported ةيلاتلا تاوطخلا عبتن : مدختسن -1 . رمألا هب دصقي مالكلا ناك اذإ ) orderedرمأ (

مدختسنو . لسوتلاو ءاجرلا هب دصقي مالكلا ناك اذإ ) beggedءاجر (

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مدختسنو . ةحيصنلا هب دصقي مالكلا ناك اذإ ) advisedحصن ( مدختسنو . ةبترملا يف هيواسي صخش ىلإ صخش نم هجوم مالكلا ناك اذإ ) toldربخأ (

ةملك عضو ةحوتفملا ساوقألا فذحا -2 toلعفلا لبق . يتملك فذحا -3 Please, doاتدجو نإ ةلمجلا نم . قبس امكو ىنعملا بسح رئامضلاو تاملكلا ضعب ريغ-4 .

Direct رشابم Indirect رشابم ريغ He said to the servant: “bring me a glass of

water”. He ordered the servant to bring him a

glass of water. The son said to his father: “please , give me

some money”. The son begged his father to give him

some money.

The doctor said to me: “Drink a lot of water”. The doctor advised me to drink a lot of water.

He said to me: “Do not go to the market tonight”.

He told me not to go to the market that night.

Exclamation بجعتلا

: ةيلاتلا تاوطخلا عبتن Reportedلوقنم مالك ىلإ Directرشابم نم بجعت ةلمج ليوحتل * لثم اهيلع لدت ةملك اهنم الدب عضو بجعتلا ةملك فذحا-1 :

With regret مدنب With anger بضغب With joy حرفب With admiration باجعإب

With sadness نزحب

ةملك عضو ساوقألا فذحا-2 that ةيربخلا ةلمجلا يف قبس امكو ىنعملا بسح لاعفألا و رئامضلا و تاملكلا ريغ-3 .

لثم بجعت ةملكك لمعتسا ماهفتسا فرح امإ بجعتلا تاملك: ةظحالم :how, what بجعت ةمالع دوجوب اهفرعتو لثم ا ةلمجلا ةيايف اذب بجعت ةملك وأ :Alas, Hurrah, Oh بجعتلا ةمالع دوجوب اهفرعتو !.

Direct رشابم Indirect رشابم ريغ

He said : “Alas! I will not find my money”. He said with sorrow that he would not find his money.

He said : “How foolish I have been”. He said with regret that he had been foolish.

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Countries and Nationalities تايسنجلاو نادلبلا

: الثم لوقنف ةيسنجلا نيوكتل كلذ و دلبلا مسال“ ي”فرح فيضن ام ةداع ةيبرعلا ةغللا يف

يدوعس: ةيدوعسلا i, n, ian, ish, ese :يه و ةفاضإلل ةلمتحم فورح سمخ كانهف ةيزيلجنإلا ةغللا يف امأ

: ةلثمألا ضعب هذهو. فورحلا هذهل ةتباث ةدعاق كانه سيل و

Country Nationality Saudi Arabia Saudi

Algeria Algerian Oman Omani Libya Libyan

Palestine Palestinian Syria Syrian

Britain British Turkey Turkish China Chinese

Lebanon Lebanese France French

Switzerland Swiss