OCT. 17, 1857.] LEADING ARTICLES. [BRITSIS MEDICAL JOURRAL.

not a few in the discussions at the meetings of the Associationfor the Promotion of Social Science.

Before we conclude our reniarks, we must not omit to recordour admiration of the plhilosoplhical sentiments uttered by theP'resident of the Sectiou of Public Ilealth. Recognising thefact that it is not merely in the deatlis, but in the impairedconstitution of the people, that the evils of sanitary neglect areshown, he expresses a belief to wlhich all sanitary reformers willgive their adhesion:-

" I believe that, whatever exceptions may be found in indi-vidual instances, when you come to deal with men in the mass,pbysical and moral decay necessarily go to-etlier: and it wouldbe small satisfaction to know that ye hltd th-ough a series ofages successfully resisted every external agency, if we learnt toolate that that vigour and energy for which ours stands confess-edly preeminent among the i-nces of the world were being un-dermined by a secret but irresistible agency, thlc offspring ofour own neglect, against whichl science and Ihnmautity lhadwarned us in vain."

Sir Benijamin Brodie, too, in bis address in the section ofSocial Economy, touched on a sulbjent which has for a longtime engaged the attentioni of the medical profession: and wetrust that some practicable suggestions may emanate from theAssociation as to the management of our so-called publiccharities, the abuses atteindant on wliich anre matter of noto-riety.

In the section of Sanitary Science, we have noticed with sa-tisfaction that several of the members of our Association havebeen taking an active part. MNr. Michael of Swansea has reada paper on " The Influence of Habitation on the Community;"an(d Mr. Rumsey of Cheltenham one,on "1 Density of Popula-tion and Localisation of Dwellings." But we must leave anaccount of these and of the further proceedings of the Associa-tion to a subsequent number.

THE WEEK.MR. GRIFFIN'S letter in thiis day's JOURNAL illustrates anotherof the annoyanices to wlich the Poor-law medical officer isliable; or rather, we should say, it illustrates two grievances.First, his average salary per case is one shlilling and three-pence tlhree farthings, while that of onie of his colleagues isfouirteen shillings andi seven pence-ratler more than eleventinmes the amount of Mr. Griffin's. Secondly, for the saidaverage of fifteen pence three farthings he is expected to pro-vide aud pay for the necessary professional aid in performinganiputations and other " capital " opcrrations. On these pointshie remonstrates once more with the Poor-law Board; and inthe course of his letter he alludes to the circumstance that" whlile lii colleagues have not performed any operations ofimportance during tlle last two years and a half (except in oneinstance tapping a womnan), he lhas lead to amputate a limbabove the knee, remove part of n hanid, a tumour of inmportancefrom a child's side, resect an elbow-joint, and operate forstrangulated hernia." Suroly the labourer in such cases iswvorthy of more than fifteeni pence for his hire ?

The London police are iaving their ingenuity employed in.ndleavouring to discover the victim and detect the perpetratorsof a most remarkable murder. On the morning of yesterday(Fiiday) week, two young men, while in a boat on the Thames.

found a carpet-bag resting on one of the abutments of WaterlooBridge. It contained the remais of what appebared to be amiddle aged man. They consisted of a iinuber of bones,formning nearly a complete skeleton, but wanting the head,lhands, and feet. The greatest portion of the fleslh lhad beenremovedl, but a considerable part of the breast and the p(rtionof the side iiitlder the armp'it still remained attaclhed to theribs. The whole had evidently been soaking in brine forseveral days, anid a portion was in perfect preservation; butsoine parts, wlhere the salt had iiot taken effect, were somewhatdecomposed. The 'bones liad been divided with a very finesaw, which, however, had becn used unskilfully, as by a per-sonnot accustomed to use suclh instruments. There was a deepgash in the breast, as if from a stab with a knife. The bagalso contained a suit of clothes, of good quality. The clotheswere pierced, both before and belhind, in several places, asfrom stabs-seven being about thie region of the lheart. Asyet, all eft'orts to discover who the victim was bave faile(l.From the clotlhes being of foreign make, it is suppused thlat Ilewas a stranger in tlhis country.

LE.TTERS AND COMMUNICATIONS.Letters or communications for the JOLRNAL should be ad.

dressed to D)r. W9YNTErt, Coleherne Court, Old BJrompton, S.W.Letters regarding the business department of the JOURINAL,

and corrected proofs, should be sent to 37, Great Queen Street,.Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C.

LIST OF MEMBERSS: NOTICE.IN accordance with Law 24, a list of members of the 3RITISHMEDICAL ASSOCIATION will slhortlv be published. Gentlemenwhose designations or addresses are incorrectly given in thelast list, or on the wrappers of their Journals, will oblige by atonce forwarding the necessary corrections to the Editor ofthe JO1JRNAT., 37, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields,London, W.C.

ADMISSION OF MEM.3ERS, AND PAYM4ENT OFSUBSCRIPTIONS.

TimE General Secretary of the British Medical Associationbegs to call thke attention of members to the Laws regardingthe ADMISSION Of 1MmiEnRS, and tlhe PAYMENT of their Sun-SCRIPTIO.KS.

" Admi.:sion of Mcwnbers. Any qualified nmedical practitioner,not disquialified by any bye-law, who shall be recommendedas eligible by aniy thiree imeinllers, shall be aRdmitted a menberat any time by tlhe Coiiuinittee of Couneil, or by the Couricilof aEny Brauchi."b

" Subscriptions. The subscription to the Association shall beOnie Guinea annuiially; anid each member, on paying hiis suib-scriptioti, shall be entitled to receive the publicationis of theAssociation for the CUlTent year. The subscription shall datefrom the 1st January i; eaclh year, and(I sl11l be considered asdue unless niotice of witlhldrawal be given in writing to theSecretary on or before the -25tl1 of l)Deeember previous."

EJither of thle following modes of paiyment may be adopted:-1. Playnent bv Post-Office Order to the Trreasurer (Sir C.

Hastings, M..D., WVorcester), or to the uindersigned.2. Payment to the Secretary of the I3rancli to wvhich the

member belongs.:'. Mlembers residing in the Mletropolis and vicinity can make

their payments through the publisher of the B111TISL M1EDICALJOURNAL, Mr. Tlhomas Joln Honeyman, 37, Great QueenStreet, Lincoln's lun Fields, AV. C.

I'Hrr.TP I. WILLIA.VMS, General Secretary.Worcester, October 1857.

869

ASSOCIATION INTELLIGENCE.

lIATII AN'D DBRISTOL BRANCII: ORDINARYMIE.ETING.

Ax[Ordirnary Mecting of this Branch wa.s held at the York-House, Bath, on- seiliber 2-1th, at 7 A.M.. PrPICILAnRD,Esql., l'lrc:ident. in tlje Clhair. There were also present: J. S.Eartrium, EIjB.Bath) ; W. II. 11rae, Esiq. (Ilitlh); XV. Bulshi,Esq. (Bathi); WV. J. Chlurch1, Esq. (Bath); 1.. Cockey, Esq.(Fronme); J. Crang, Esq. (Timsbury); N. Cris), Esjq. (Bristol):WV. Duavies, MI.D. (Bathi,; J. G. Davey, MI.D. (Noitiwoods); C.Edwards, Esq. (Batth?easton); F. Flower, Esq. (Chilconipton);E. L. lox. M.D. (Bristol); Jas. Godfrey, Esq. (Bristol); W.Henderso,Mni.M). (Bristol); W. B. Heraplath, M.D. (Bristol); R.C. llollaiidl. E]sq. (Blathi); J. C. Jeniniiigs, Esq. (Mnalmsbury) -G. King. Esq. (Blatik); J. Lancaster, Esq. (B1ristol); C. Leonard,E-sq. (Bristol) ; F. Miason1, Esq. (Bathi); E. S. Mlayor, E'sq.(Bristol); J. Mletford, Esq. (Bristol) ; G. Norman, Esq. (Bath);J. ParsonIs, Esq. (Beckington); G. Skinner, Esq. (Bath); J.K. Spender, Esq. (Bath); R. N. Stone, Esq. (Bath); S. H.Swayne, Esq. (Bristol); J. A. Symonds, AM.D. (Bristol); G.Terry, Esq. (Mehlls); J. Tunstall, M.D. (Bath). Mr. White ofFrome atteinded as a visitnr.The nminutes of the last ordinary meeting were rea(l and

conftirued.NEW MEMXERS.

E. L. Fox, TL.D., anid IV. Henderson, M.D., of Bristol, wereballotedl for, annd unanimously elected members of theBranch.

SI7GX1 AS AN ARTICLE OF DIET IN DIABETES.BY W. BUDD, M.D.

'In the absence of Dr. Budd, the paper was read by Dr.I-leapatli. It will be published in the JOURNAL.]

Dr. SyvoNus, nfter remarking on the higlly interesting andvaluable charncter of Dr. Budd's communication, said that thecase, if it proved nothing else, proved the advantage of an en-tire change of diet. Whether tlle ingestion of sugar can begood as a chemical element, would have to be proved by a col-lection of several cases. It must not be forgotten that a likeimprovement lhas been observed in a vast number of cases inwhichl a chbange had been made from a miixed diet to one thatexclidledI saccharine and farinaceous articles. Dr. Symondsalluded to cases, in which all the characteristic synmptoms andchemical evidences of diabetes returned wlhen the patients haddeviated from the strict rules of diet. He thought that Di.Bemard had proved by experiments that diabetes consistedessentially in excess of the glycogentic function of tlje liver;that is,in its inuking sugar in excess, and at the expense of thealbuminoidl constituents of the blood. If the use of sugar infood shlotld be found to restrain this miiorbid increase of func.tion on the part of the liver, it would be a remedy. Dr. Sy-monds alludeled to the anlvantage derived for a time from medi-cines, such as nitric acid, carbonate of ammonia, and particu-larly creosote and opium, tonics, cod-liver oil, etc.; and saidthat, as it lhas been found by MA. Bernard and others, that theproduction of suigar in the bloodl was ver-y miuchl influenced byimpressions maide on distant organs, as the br-ain and even thelungs, nnd reflected oni the liver, it was probable that ourvariois remelial miieasurees and pYlans of diet were successful orDot in diabetes according as they imiiprovede the functions ofthe stomiach, duodenuim, and intestines, calmned the nervoussystem, an(L directly or indireetly aniieude(d the wI"tion of theliver. Perhaps it, wouild he provtul thlat tde exclutsion of sac-chmaine food, in the establiAhed systenm of treatnment of thisdisease, had done good by its influlelnCe on the digestive func-tions, rathier tlhan by its chlemical restrictions; and, on theother land, thtat, wlhen a patient was getting worse under sucha diet, andi( craving for sometlhing different, the chlange even toa sacchlarie ali ent might, for a tinme at least, improve hiscondition, as in the ease juist detailel.

Dr. DAVILs said tihat tihe great olbject in. the treatm<ent of dia-betes was to improve, by every menans, the powers of digestion.The proof by Bernard of the forniation of sigar in the liverfrom nitrogenous food takes froro tihe received treatment itschief support, and rendlers it less incumb)ent to exclude thesaccharine and tmylttceous elements from the diibcetic (lict.

Dr. Hrn.rAPATIr would call the attention of the nmeeting to thefollowing points in Dr. Budd'a; case:-I. The patient was only18 years of age, and an agricultural lhtbourer. lt w*as, therefore,one of thlose evanescent auid mIiorel easily inunageable ca.,es, andnot of that confirmed chronic chara-ter wlhich are lusually sotroublesonme to cuire. 2. Altlhough nio cause ha(l beeri assignedfor the onset of the disease, the probability is that exposure to

the inclemency of the weuther was the exciting cause. 3. Inreference to the treatment, although sugar, treacle, and boney,hiad been employed freely, yet these must be considered moreas articles of dietary than as curative remedies. -1. Dr. Budddid not say that the sugar had wholly tlisappeared. The his-tor-y of thie case clearly showed a nmost striking imlprovenlentafter the adoption of this dietary; and, at first sight, the results,whlieh were so contrary to all experience, appeared startling.Every one accustomed to diabetic patients must have seen theill effimcts resulting from indulgence in fiuit or even starchyfood, wlichi by the agency of the saliva and pancreatic fluids,are conivertible into glucose. But glucose was not cane-sugar;and here was the grand distinguishing point in the case. Threevarieties of sugar were given by Dr. Budd-sugar candy,treacle or molasses, and honey. The first two were cane-sugar,fermentible with very great difficulty, and only capable of un.dergoing fermentation after conversion into glucose by the as-siimiilation of the elements of water. There was no evidence toprove that the stomach can convert cane-sugar into grape-sugar or glucose. The stomach, or the salivary or pancreaticfluid, do not possess any such converting action, so far as isknown. Canc-sugar consists ofC12 H9O + 2 HO; and glucose,of C12 H14 014; so that, to convert canie into grape sugar, threeequivalents of water must be added to, or rather combined withthe sugar. Now, to accomplish this, tlle chemist employs pro-longed digestion in dilute sulphuric acid, and aids the con-version by heat. Generally, a solution of sugar in an acid of3 per cent. requires about forty-six or forty-eight lhours diges-tion, at a temperature of 1300 or 1500 Fahr. (Hydrochloricacid, or even prolonged digestion with alkalies, will do the,same.) It is well known that starch, C12 H'0 0's, will, in thestomach, assimilate water, and become glucose, Cli H14 O"s. Aparallel action appears to occur here; but still it is not identical,the starting points being different. Although the gastric juice,and the pancreatic and salivar fluids, are all acid, yet they aremuch weaker than 3 per cent.; and no one will presume to saythat a temperature of more than 980 Fabr. can be attained in thestomach, or that this clhemical action can be kept up duringforty-eight hours; and this even exclusive of the acid beingdlifferent from that requisite for the change. The probabilityis, tlherefore, that the cane-sugar is not convorted into grape-sugar or glucose by the stomach during the process of di-gestion. But, even in Dr. B3udd's case, there was ground lostwhen lhoney was given, the quantity of urine increasing, andthe specific gravity rising. Honey is a variety of grape-sugar.All the crystals in honey are glucose; this, if taken as a dietaryby diabetic patients, appears in the urine, as all know. Dr.Herapatli could not, therefore, on these grounds, agree withDr. l3udd in permitting grape-sugar to be partaken of by dia-betic patients, or consider it advisable that any large amountof starchy food should be given; but he was quite prepared toallow cane-sugar, or any of its varieties, as an adldition to a fullnllowance of nitrogenous diet to such patients. It was erro.neous to consider that thle experimiients of M. Bernard provethat thie liver, and not thCe stomach, is the cause of (liabetes.iThe probability is, that both causes are in action-the powerwhich the stomach has of producing grape-sugar from starch,and also tlke power which the liver possesses of extractingsugar (inosite ?) from decomposed or effete tissue; and, untilwe determine which organ is in fauilt in any particuilar case, orcan treat bothi organls satisfactorily and simultaneously, weshlall lie unable to culre diabetes. The peculiarity with respectto this dlisease is the great wanit of animal heat which all dia-betic patients possess; and Dr. H1erapatlihhad noticed that, if wecan persuade our patients to take more exercise, the quantityof sugar decreases, and the animal heat improves. There issome grand connexion between respiration aud diabetes. Im-prove respiration, and sug,ar disappears from the urinie. Is itoxidise(d in the system or lung,s, andl con-verted into carbonicacid, thus contributing to inerease the temperature of thebody? Probably it is so. This led him to another pointwhichl he had noticed, viz., the occurrence of diabetes in pa.tients who have been long exposed to tlle inhalation of anatmosphere containing sulpburous and lhydrochloric acids inlargc proportion. Two cases had come under his notice inwlichi the imanager of a large alkali and vitriol works, and thesecretary of a large gas works closely adjoining, bothl laboureduinder diabetes at tihe same time, a-ld died from the disease,each having spent many hlour-S every day for several years insuch a vile atmosphere that no one with ordinary respiratoryorg,ans could pass througgh it without suffering from the irritation.Sulphurous acid interferes greatly with endosmosis; it alsoacts as an antiferment. Its presence in the atmosphere m-ay

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EIRITISII MEDICAL JOURNAL.] [OCT. 17) 1857.

OCT. 17, 18i7.] ASSO-ATION INTELLIGENCE. [BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL.

occasion. therefore, -ery serious consequences to the system.It would be well, tlleretore, for the society to inquire whethercliabetes is one of the consequences of such action by prolongedexposure. The ordinary relation of the digestion of starchand sugar to the prodluction of fat is well known ; every agri-cuiltulrist gives large proportions of these ingredients to hisoxeni, tc., in order to fatten them. The probability is, there-fore, that starch is converted into fat, first passing throughsuga,r in tlhe' system; and nve learn from Liebia that, if we addalburminous matter to the dietary, we have all the ingredientsnecessary for producing choleic and cholic acids, urea, carbonicacid, water, and nmargarine or human fat. Thus, 4 albumen+ 40 water - :,2 oxygen + 20 equivalents sugar, would giveus 4 choleic acid; 8 equivalents choleic acid, 12 urea + 36atoimas carbonic acid + 6 atoms maraarine, and 12 water.(See Gregory's Handbook of Chemistry, 3rd edit., p. 491.) Indiabetes, the conversion appears to stop at sugar; the necessar-yfat is not produced, all the fat-elements running off in theurine; and the sugar produced does not appear to be as capableof oxidation and conversion as in ordinary physiologicalsecondary assimilation.The PrEsIDENT did not think that the meeting had given

sufficient importance to the suggestion of Dr. Budd that dia-betic patients should make suaar part of their diet. When apatient was voiding allbuminous urine, we did not therefore re-strain hiim from taking albuminous materials; nor, in the same

way, should sugar be so rigidly excluded from the diet, as, dis-creetly administered, it would help to make up for the constantdrain from the system of that which appears to be an essentialelement in our food and nutriment.TREATMENT OF CHOLERA BY PURGATIVES. BY J. G. DAVEY, 31.D.

[This paper will be published in the JOURNAL.]Mr. FILOwEiR observed, that the treatment of cholera by

calomel, which was almost universal at the first epidemic, wasnearly the same as that advocated by Dr. Davey; the additionof colocynth and turpentine being the only difference. From alarge experience, lie could say that, in his district, calomel wasthe practitioner's sheet-anchor.

Mr. EDWARDS, in 1832, had a large district under his charge,where cholera made great ravages. Treatment had then noinfluence. In 1849, he tried purgatives, jalap, and scammony,with calomel, associated with sinapisms andl stimulants. Thisplan he found so successful as to lead him to publish a pamph-let on the treatment of cholera by calomel. This treatment hehad founid most serviceable in all subsequent cases.

Mr. NORMAN commented on the varying character of theepidemics. The cholera of late years has been much modified,and muclh more manageable than was the first epidemic.There could be no question that cholera and diarrheea were notidentical. Diarrhbma might be present at the same time; but,in severe attacks, the patient was struck down by choleraoften without any previous warning. Talk of purgatives orstimulants as a line of treatment! why, too often there wasneither time n-or opportunitv for any treatment; the pulsenever rose, and the collapse ended only in death. Since thefirst epidemic, the proportion of deaths had not been so great,nor the cases so virulent; but, in severe cases, it was idle totalk of treatmenit by purgatives, whenl the whole as overwithini twelve hours.

Dr. TOUNSTALL had the care of a cholera district in 1832. Atthat time calomel, with or without opium, was the favouritetreatment; but the patients got well, or died, do what onewould; all treatment appeared to be equallr unavailing; sothat onie could not lay down any line of treatment. Thoughcalomel wvas preferred, phosphorus, assafmotida, ancd many otherremedies rere tried, and all were alike without effect. In1 819, purgatives were extensively tried-indeed, were generallyadopte(l. The mortality of that epidemic was not so great, buta very large proportion of the cases attacked ended. fatally.

1)r. SYMONDS observed, that there was a marked difference inthe results of treatment in the sporadic and epidemic cases ofcholera. Almost all the sporadic cases terminatedl favourably.1-le then gave the history of a member present (Mr. Mlayor),who recenitly went to bed quiite well, but was suddenly seizedwvith clioleraic sv-mptoms of the most decidedl character. In hiscase, lhe had found the combination of camphor with aromaticconfectioni of the greatest use in allaying the vomiting andpurging.

AMr. CaRisr remarked on the character of the various epi-deni-ics of this disease. In 1849, few cases lived over twelvehours of collapse; three or four hours was the more usualduration. In this state, few substances had any effect. Am-

871

monia had been injected by thepump into the stomach, withthe hope of stimulating the functions. The solution was so

strong that he feared he slhould have injured the tissues of thestomach; but, on post mortem examiination, the liningmem-braneWasfound quite free from injectioni or other evidence ofits havinc felt the stimulu-s of the ammonia. The protratedcases had a larger proportion of recoveries; in severe ones, therestlessness wvas often uncontrollable ; aind it wN-as impossible to

adopt efficient remedial measuries, their course was so rapid.Dr. DAVEY, in reply, stated that he had not tried purgatives

uncombined with calomel, having found thl combiniation ofsuch essential service. His experienice of the disease hadbeen verylarge and varied, having had the care of a district inthe Borough during the epidemic of 18:32; subsequently hehad seen hundreds of cases in India, China, and Ceylon.In all climates, the principles of the treatmiient were thesame, the chief indications being stimulants combined withpurgatives; but every case must be treated on its own merits.Except during an epidemic, cases of genuine Asiatic cholerawere rare in England; but everywllere and always the prin-ciples of treatment were the same. He believed that calomel,when useful, acted as a purgative, and helped to restore thebilious motions, the reappearance of which was a marked signof the patient's improvement.

CASE OF IMPASSABLE OBSTRUCTION OF THE BOWELS.BY J. C. S. JENNINGS, ESQ.

[This case will be published in the JOURNAL.]Dr. DAVIES advocated the treatment of such cases by the use

of opium, to the exclusion of purgatives, and almost irre-spective of the cause of the symptoms. If the sickness was

great, nothing but pieces of ice, or ice-cold water, were to beswallowed, while the patient was supported by enemata ofbeef-tea. With few exceptions, the cause of the obstructionwas not to be overcome by anything that excited the action ofthe bowels. Under this sedative treatment, the progress of thecases was more free from suffering, so that his rule was almostwholly to abstain from purgatives.

Mr. BUSH, since he had the advantage of Dr. Billing's teach-ing, had always used opium freely in these cases. In colic, hegave doses from half a grain to two grains frequently, till thepain subsided. Brandy was taken, and warm applications wereappled to the abdomen, till the spasms and other symptoms hadpassed off. The vomiting in colic was caused by the spasmodicaction of the intestines inclosing a portion of flatus, the reten-tion of which, with the disordered action of the bowels, reactedon the stomach. When these spasms have subsided, castor oilwill probably act; but it was needfuil that the pain and spasmshould have ceased before even gentle purgatives were given.If the pains arise from irritation caused by food, severe purga-tives relight the irritation, and so renew the cause of the pain.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE READY METHOD IN ASPHY1XIA.BY J. C. S. JENNINGS, ESQ.

Mr. JENNINGS drew the attention of the meeting to somepoints in the directions for the restoration of drownedpersons, called "the ready method". He said that he had,long before the publication of Dr. Marshall Hall's pamphlet on

Asphyxia, shown the injury done by the warm bath in cases ofdrowning, and the close resemblance the laying the patient on

the side, and then alternating the position, bore to the oldtreatment of rolling the drowned person in a cask.

Dr. EDWARD Fox, in the winter of 1855-56, had made the ex-

periments quoted by Dr. Hall in page 31 of his pamphlet on

Asphyxia. They were only a few out of a large number, the re-

sult of which was similar. He wvas most firmlv convinced ofthe efficacy as well as of the simplicity of the method, whichconviction was strengthened by the numerous instances ofsuccess recorded in the medical journals during the presentand the past year. Dr. Hall first spoke to Dr. Fox on the subjectin November 1855, and experiments were repeatedly made tillMay 1856. After having proved the fact to their own satisfac-tion, that natural respiration might be produced, they (Drs.Hall and Fox) proceeded to determine the amount of air ex-

pired and inspired. In severe cases, they found it to amount totliirty cubic inches-far more than is necessary to support life.These results were obtained on dead bodies, often with thedrawback of considerable rigor mortis. Much more might theplan be expected to be efficacious when tried on the livingsubject, in whom animationl has been temporarily suspended.As regarded the priority of claim to the discovery of the illeffect of the warm bath, Dr. Fox spoke from knowledge whenhe said that Dr. Hall's attention was turned to it whilst at Bou-logne, in the summer of 1855. That he was unaware of the

[BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL.OcT. 17, 18-57.] ASSOC.ATION INTELLIGENCE.

BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL.] REPORTS OF SOCIF [OCT, 17, 1857.

views of Mr. Jennings, Dr. Fox was assured with the utmostcertainty; his own views being based on the experiments of Ed-wards and Brown-Seqnard, and also on some of his own. Dr.Hall did not claim any merit to himself as the discovererof the ill effects of the warm bath.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROMOTIONOF SOCIAL SCIEN CE.

THE meetings of the National Association for the Promotionof Social Science commenced at Birmingham on Monday last.We shall give an abstract of the proceedings as far as they maybe of interest to the medical profession.

First Day.-Monday, October 12th.The Association was inaugurated at 7 rP.., in the Town-

Hall, Birmingham, by an address from the President, LordBrougham, The body of the hall was crowded; and on theplatrorm were, with others, Lord Brougham, Lord John Russell,Lord Stanley, the Alayor of Birminghamn, Lord Hatherton,Lord Talbot, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, NI.P., Sir J. Pakington, M.P.,-Major Talbot, Mr. Monckton Nlilnes, M.P., Right HonourableW. Cowper, I.P., Mr. C. B. Adderley, M.P'., Mr. W. Scholefield,M.P., Colonel Gordon, M.P., Sir T. Winnington, M.P., Sir B.Brodie, Mr. W. H. Foster, M.P., Mr. W. Beale, M.P., MA. R.Slaney, M.P., Sir J. Forbes, Mr. E. Akroyd, M.P., Mr. M. D.Hill, Recorder of Birmingham, Professor Pillans, Mr. JelyngerSymonds, Mr. W. Matthews, Rev. Dr. Badham, Rev. C. Kings-ley, Mr. Robert Owen, Dr. Humphreys, Rev. S. Gedge, Mr. A.Hill, Rev. J. Turner, Rev. J. C. Miller, Mr. J. Sturge, Mr. Mlel-ville, Mr. A. Helps, Mr. Robert Chambers, Edinburgh, Rev. J. J.Field, Mr. D. Fleming, Rev. S. Carter, Rev. Mr. Collis, SirCharles Hastings, Mr. R. W. Winfield, Mr. T. Bunce, etc.In the course of the proceedings Mr. G. W. Hastings, the

general secretary, read letters apologising for unavoidable ab-sence from the Earl of Carlisle, the Bishop of Oxford, theBishop of London, the Earl of Shaftesbury, the Solicitor-General, Mr. John Bright, Dr. Sutherland, Sir J. Kay Shuttle-worth, the Rev. F. D. Maurice, Sir E. Wilmot, and AldermanSalomons.

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.LoRD BROUGHA3I commenced his address by contrasting the

two great branches into which human knowledge might bedivided; the science which deals with abstract truths-meta-physical philosophy; and the science which treats of real ex-istences. The latter is eminently deserving of attentive study.It deals with practical objects-the laws which govern men'shabits and the principles of human nature, upon which thestructure of society and its mnovements depend, and respectingwhich safe conclusions can with certain limits be drawn. Hislordship then went on to demonstrate how the study of politicalphilosophy was facilitated by its facts being plain and tangible.It had struck observers as extraordinary, that the course shouldnot have been taken in regtard to moral and political sciencewhich has proved so advantageous for assisting the progress ofinquiry in natural philosophy; and they have strongly recom-mernded the plan of assembling together occasionally, perhapsperiodically, the various individuals and bodies whose attentionis devoted to the ascertainment, illustration, and general expo-sition of moral and political doctrines. It is very possible thatin the end this object may be obtained, and that this Associa-tion may bear as wide a relation to moral and political scienceas the British Association, which has now been in successfulaction for more thani a quarter of a century, does to mathe-matical afnd physical science. At present, however, a morelimited view is taken. It is proposed that five of the most im-portant branches of moral and political inquiry should besingled out-those which especially form the practical portionsof social scienice-comiprehending the plans, both in their de-tails and in the principles that should govern them, for further-ing the improvement and securing the stability of the socialsystem; correcting the faults and supplying the defects of ourinstitutions upon sound, rational, and temperate views; and ren-

dering desperate all attempts either to check the progress of imi-provement or to gratify the wild desires of those who would de-stroy rather than amend; in a Xvord, steering the middle coursebetween those who regard all change as pernicious, and those

whom n f Subjects are in somemeasur ything but snar-row. Itlalang opeol iber5interests of mankinda

the SC test tefm ada s fhHe then proceed hle greates e advantm-es of bringingtogether those who de. point O tIselves to promote the in-quiries and the measures caa-& tided with social improvement;both in the way of mutual help, and of comparing apparentlydifferent opinions, and separating and acting on those pointson which agreement is found to exist. The beneficial effects ofunited action had been well illustrated by the operations of theSociety for Diffusing Useful Knowledge, and of the Society forPromoting the Amendment of the Law. After some commentsrelating to legal and political matters, the President continued:Nor let the importance be lightly considered of diffusing amongthe various classes of the community the knowledge of thesubjects to which our inquiries will be directed, and which,though all are alike interested in them, yet are by no meanssufficiently understood or estimated at their just value by thebulk of mankind. The slowness with which the humblerclasses of our fellow-citizens improve themselves in differentbranches of science, and, indeed, their reluctance to undergothe labour of studying them, has been often lamented. butwithout exciting the least surprise in those who duly consi-dered the circumstances of the case. In the attempts thathave been made for so many years to overcome such obstacles,and ef.fect the more general diffusion of knowledge, the neces-sity has been too much overlooked of beginning with the upperclasses. When these are well iml)ued with the taste for acquir-ing knowledge, they have a natural tendency to make those inother ranks partake of the same great benefits. It is not thatthe whole or even the greater part of one class will becomeeducators,; but some will be inspired with the desire, not morebenevolent than wise, of bearing the torch to the regions stillwithout those liahts which they themselves enjoy. Thus issound and useful instruction propagated by a sure and naturalprocess. Knowledge thus diffused, but especially knowledge ofsocial interests and rights and duties, even more than the firmand temperate distribution of justice itself, possesses the great,the cardinal virtue of insuring the stability of the social system.But this diffusion leads also to the improvement of the system,because it inspires all classes with the desire of pronmotingmeasures shown to be safe as well as effectual, in a word,wholesome reforms. Nor can anything be more groundlessthan the fears of progress entertained by some--affected laymore. It is, in truth, ignorance continued, not knowledge ad-vanced, which they have to fear-nay, which, when we come. to

an explanation with them, they really do fear. Knowledge ispower; but its natural ally is the friendly power of virtue, withwhich its dominion is willingiy shared. This is, above all,true of the knowledge which we shall seek to improve and to

impart.His Lordship sat down amidst loud and prolonged cheeringLord J. RUSSELL, who was enthusiastically received, pro-

posed the following resolution:-"' That the National Association for the Promotion of Social

Science be inaugurated, and that the warmest thanks of thismeeting be. given to Lord Brougham for his excellent address."His lordship expressed great gratification at seeing his noble

friend in the enjoyment of so much health and strength, andnow coming here to promote the welfare of his countrymen.Pa-ticularising the exertions which Lord Brouglham had madethroughout a long and laborious life to promote the diflusionof kno.wledge, his lordship said he was rejoiced nowv to hea-that same voice. which more than thirty years ago fulminatedover Europe against unjust oppression, now exerted in protno-tion of the cause of social science. The task was a difficultone, but he trusted that the efforts of the association wouldtend alike to the advancement of knowledge, the benefit of the

people, and the further extension of freedom.The resolution was seconded by the Right Honourable Mr.

CowvrEr, M.P., and supported by Mr. Recorder HILL.After a few words of acknowledgment from Lord BRorUGHA3,Sir FITZROY KELLY moved that a committee be appointed to

report to the general meeting on Friday the constitution and.future action of the National Association.The resolution was seconded by Sir CHARLES HASTINGs, and

supported by MIr. AEROYD, M1.1'.

Second Day.-Tuesday, October 13th.

This morning, at 11, the inaugural addresses of the five pre.sidents of departments were delivered in succession in theTowni nal- before the whole of the members and their friends.

872

BRITISHI MEDICAL JOURNAL.] MEDICAL NJTAVS. [OCT. 17, 1857.

Again, they urge, life insurance is a mutual benefit, bothparties have their duties to perform. Granted; hut is the riskmutual ? The fact that the whole risk from bad lives is on theside of the ollice is wholly ignored.

It may be justly asked, what right has any person to requirefrom us information possessed by ourselves alone, obtained inthe practice of our profession, required only because it is a pro-fessional opinion, valuable only in proportion to the profes-sional acumen which marks it, acquired very probably at therisk of life, a life how valuable known only to those dependenton it for daily bread; yet this knowledge, possibly all-importantto the office, and impossible often to obtain from any othersource, is not worth the purchase, and is only obtained surrep-titiously, if at all, in many cases.On what grounds, too, is the assurer to provide and pay for

this information, which may be so fatal to his chances of suc-cess, and Prove the only stumbling block to his hopes? lnutsupposing that this fatal information is given, is it not giventoo frequently at the loss of the practitioner, and for this, arewe to receive no indemnity at the hands of the office, the onlyparty in the transaction who is benefited thereby?

It appears to me the only safe and honest plan for offices toact as though they suspected imposition, and that therefore itis their duty, as undoubtedly it is their interest, to adopt everypossible niea-aure to discover such imposition, and to pay libe-rally for those efforts. Inconsistently enough, many officesreward handsomely solicitors and agents for business intro-duced by them, and yet without the medical information, forwhich payment is so frequently refused, that very businessmay be ruinous to the office, and valuable only to the proposerand agent-these offices having yet to learn the fact, that nooutlay so well repays them as that spent in obtaining healthylives, except that which is paid for the rejection of diseasedproposals.So many cases of this class having occurred, it would be well

could some fixed rule be adopted. Is our Association power-less onl such a topic as regards the behaviour of its members?Can it not, at least, recommend a plan which will be consonantwith the dignity of our profession, and free from injusticetowards any of the parties interested.

I am, etc., A SUFFERER.Oct. 12th, 1857.

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, DEATHS, ANDAPPOINTMENTS.

In these lists, an asterisk is prefixed to the names of Members of theA8sociation.BIRTHS.

COLBORNE. On October 8th, at Chippenham, the wife of Wmi.H. Colborne, MI.D., of a daughter.

CROFT. On October 9th, at 1:3, Camden Road Villas, the wifeof *Robert C. Croft, Esq., Surgeon, of a daughter.

MANTEIJ. On August 11th, at Balasore, Bengal, the wife ofAlfred A. Mantell, M.D., of a son.

MARRIAGES.EDDOWES-MIACATMLAY. EDDOWES, Thomas Storer, Esq., of

Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, to Margaret Anne, eldestdaughter of *Thomas Macaulay, Esq., Surgeon, of Leicester,at St. Margaret's, Leicester, on October 13th.

IL1rF-MOORSOM. ILIFF, William T., M.D., of NewingtonPlace, London, to Marianne, eldest daughter of GeorgeMoorsom, Esq., Surveyor-General for Tonnage, Her Majesty'sCustoms, at Caldbeck, Cumberland, on October 10th.

O'BRYEN-GRIAHAM3. *O'BRYEN, John, M.D., of Clifton, Bristol,to Celia, only daughter of the late Patrick Graham, Esq., ofWorth Hall, Sussex, at Mounit Plunkett, county Roscommon,on October 1st.

BEA)D-HENDEITSON. READ, William, Esq., of 3, Holles Street,Cavendish Square, to Jessie Mary, only child of the late- Henderson, M.D., H.E.I.C.S., at All Souls', LanghamPlace, on October 3rd.

STEVENSON-MANING. STEVENSON, Thomas, Esq., Surgeon, ofUpper Grosvenor Street, to Emma Pauline, daughter ofCharles James Maning, Esq., at Rothesay, Bute, on Oct. 5.

DEATHS.BAILLY, John, Esq., Surgeon, for upwvards of fifty years a

respected practitioner in Sutton St. Mlary, Lincolashire, aged74, on October 4tlh.

BOYES, W. I., M.D., 1st Bengal N\ative Cavalry, massacred. atCawupore, on June 27th; also Kate, his wife.

Busis, John Stafford, Esq., Assistant-Surgeon H.E.I.C. MadrasService, of remittent fever, after six days illness, at Kamptee,aged. 30, on Auguist 15th.

CUI:RAN, -, M\.D., at Waterloo House, Dublin, aged 75, onOctober 2nd.

LuIE. On October 8th, at Greenhithe, RichardBliiutler, eldestsurviving son of Jamnes Luke, Esq., Surgeon to the LondonHospital, aged 27.

RENNALLS. On October 10th, at Woodside, near Lvymington,Hants, Jane Flacon, widow of the late John Powell Rtennalls,M.D., formerly of Jamaica, aged 75.

SEDGnoIIC}. On October 4th, Harriet -Matilda, daughter ofCharles Sedgwick, Esq., Surgeon, of Hollinghourle, Kent,aged 2'5.

PASS LISTS.ROYAL COLLEGE OF SunrGEooNs. MEIMBERS admitted at the

meeting of the Court of Examiners, on Friday, October 0lth,1857

APPLIN, Augustin Oliver, ArmyBRADEN, John George, Commercial Road EastELLIS, James, St. Thonias's HospitalGRADHAM, George Wallington, St. Thomas's BHospitalLowrE, John, Lynn Regis, NorfolkMANSEL, Thomas, PembrokeMOLYNEAUX, James, TMancihesterTENCH, Edward Bevan, Hereford

At the same meeting of the Couit:-TRo\sON, John Mortlock, of H.M.S. WFellim;totLrEIs, William Jar'ett, of Haslar Hospital

Passed their examinations as Naval Surgeons. These gentle-men hadl previously been admitted members of theCollege: their diplomas bearing date respectivelyAugust lth, 1852, and Mlay 15th, 1854.

THE FELLIOWSlrp. The following members of the College,having been elected at previous meetings of the Council, wvereadmitted to the Fellowship on the 8th inst.:-

BuN(E, John Strudwicke, Woodford: diploma of inem-bership (dated February l23rd, 18:38

CHTARtLES, Thomas, Sydney: April 15th, 1836CIlESSHIRE, Edwin, Birmingham. : August 9.th, 1841GREGortY, John, Sunderland: June 27th, 18142HOLMAN, Henry Martin, Hurstpierpoint: June i27tlh, 1842ISBnELL, Warren John, Stonehouse, Devon: November

10th, 18:17KINSEY, Robert Bancroft, H.E.I.C.S., Bengal : March

30th, 1838OWENT, Edwin Robert, Oxford: June 17th 1842-)RANsOM3, Thomas William, D)arlaston: M\arch 4th, j181jROBINSON, Charles, Edgewvare: May 20)th, 1842)RZOWLAND, Rowland, Strata Florida, Cardiganshire: May

17th, 1841RUSSELL., William Alexander, St. Albans - Jan. 8th, 1841WILSON, Walter, Burton Crescent: December 4th, 1840

APOTHECARIES' HALL. Members admitted on Thursdays,October 1st and 8th, 1857:-

WVooD, William, Middleton, near Beverley, YorkshireFOSTER, William Frederick, Hambledon, HantsWoOD, William, Wakefield, Yorkshire

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. The following gentlemen ob-tained the degree of M.D. at the graduation on August 1st.Those to whose names triple asterisks are prefixed, obtainedprizes for their dissertations; those with double asterisks, wereselected for competition for the prizes; and those with singleasterisks, were commended for their dissertations.

Scotland:BEATIT, John Henry-On Chronic Lepra Tuberculosa

*BELL, Oswald Home-On Croup*CAMIPBEL.L, Alexander Dugald-On General Paralysis o

the InsaneCAP.FRAE, George Mann-On Scarlet FeverCARMIICH1.AEL, William-On RheumatismCLARKSON, Eben-On the Actions and Uses of TobaccoCLAY. Robert HogarLh-On the Gastric Juice

876

OCT. 17, 1857.] ME~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ICAL NEWS. [BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~**COtalITLL Joh1n George Sinclair-On the Structural Rela-

tionS of the lPtriplh(ral Nervous SystemCTUTHILL, JTa1meS-011 Vital Statistics

*Dos-. W1 illiaml Gerard-On the Statistics of Life alndDiscase

EDTI, fIt -t On tlhe Vital Force in Relation to Disease*FOiRIBES, Dax id-On tlhe Diagnosis of Local Tubercular

Disense**G1T,Cudni:IS;T, WVillianm-On the Structure of the Spinial Cord*Goi- ri,.w. Frelericl;-On thle Theory of VacciniatioinGv TrT ANs)s, Alexan 1ev Ducieon-On. the Diseases wlich

wiere no. St prevalenit in the Army of tlhe EastHAIG, Williamn Jam-.s-O.a the Causes of Hunger and

Tlirstl-JTARoirT, 1-leniy-Oni ScurvyHILSoN. Archibald Harnilton-On Inflaromnation of the

Seron-s Membranes. (Dr. Hilsoni graduated oln .4thMarch, 18N7)

I\KsoN, lamies-On PericarditisLInE)mat.a)Ai.E, Rober:t-On Scarlatinal DropsyMACINTiN-E, Alexaniler-On the Nervous System, and its

Influence oni the Organic FU1nction1sIACKAY, Jamiles-On Pllneumionia

M'K.INNEEL, John-On Granular Dl)fegnleration of tile Kidnei,MAAcLAR,Ex, Peter Hume-On thie Structure and l'uncotions

of the Human Placenta'$MIACLAT'j'IN, Henry Normand-A Commilentai on a Case

in iMedicineMEIKLE, William-On sonme of the Actions anid Uses of

AVater as a Therapeuitic Agent*MIENZIFs, James-On the etl'cts of Cold on the Human

Blody*AIILNE, George Davidson-On the Anatomy, Physiolog-,

and Patlhology of the Biceps Flexor Cubiti-*-MoRE, Jamnes-On Psychical anid Phlsical Life in relationi

to the Category of TiimieMv I.o, Seynmour Hugo-On TetanusNIURIRAY, Jolhn-On the Bite of Poisonous SerpentsMUIRRAY, Patrick-On the Intluence of Alcohol as an A-ent,

in Ildlucing DiseaseNIcHorm, William-On PusPAGAN, John Mackenzie-On the Tonic Treatimienit of

ErysipelasPARK, Jami1es Hall-On the Diagnosis of Tub-rcular

DiseasesPATERSON, Aiexander Stuart--On MValariaP-ow, A,ndrew-On the Causes and Culre of l,nunited

FractureRATTRAY, James Clerk-On the A.natomy anid Development

of the P'lacenta*SCOTT, Thomas-On the laces of Men*SiiNisoN, David-On the Prostate, its Physiology and

PathologySMAR-T, Henry Sanderson-On the Physiological Action

and 'Therapeutic Use of ColdI and WVarmn}BathdingSMUIT!, Phiilip Broke-Oni the Causes of Sudtdtin Death1SURENNE, Janmes Gabriel-On the lrisTummUaat LE, J-ames Somerville-On the Fibrous TiSsuesWAVSON, WVilliain-Oii FceticideWIELD, David-On Natural ParturitionWOOLLEY, U eorge-Oln V'accination

*YELLOWLEES, David-On Tracheotomy in Croup-**YOUNG, John-On Acute Purpura***YouNo, 1Peter-On the Development of the Eye in the

ChickFromt Eiigland:

*BENNET, Robert-On Facts in Tlerapeuticsr-**COOK, William Henry-On tlhe Uterine Leeclh*DUFFIN, Alfred Baynard-On the Pathological and Dyna.

nlic Relations of the Eruptive PowersFRODSHAM, John Mill-On the Origin of Contractility of

Muscular FibreGALLOWN AY, James-On the Connection between Pulmonary

and Cardiac DiseasesGuy, AVilliamn-On HysteriaHILL, William Robinsou-On the History of some of thle

Vegetable TonlicsIRV1NG, James-Oni the Causes of the Circulation

*JACKSON, Robert Edmund-On. Climate, Health, andDisease

LAW, John-On the Temperature of the Human Body*LO,WIE, John-On Strychnia

877

MIETCALFE, Jolhn Augustus-Can Plhysical Configurationand Habits descend to Offsprin,?

MIILLER, E1)benezer-Oni Hydrophobia3MILLERI, James William-On the Diagnosis of Local Tu-

bercular Disease*'Mlorais, John Thoimas-On. tlhe Patlology of the UrinePAXTON, james-On NOvarian Dropsy

*RIDING, William Steer-Oni Caincer of the LungSTILWVELL, Henr--On Epilepsy

***TURLE, Janmes-On Fractures of the Humerus, and on theTreatmenit of Fracture.s in General

WALKER, Arthur Abney-On the Comaparative Anatomy ofthe Organ of Hearing in Mlan and the Lower Anlimals

WVAiLKEr,, HIenry-On the IPathologv andl Treatment ofGout

\VIIEATLEY, Tlhomas Dalemnain-On PhlebitisWILLIAMSON, John Edwin-On tLhe History, Diagnosis,

and Treatment of Primary Syphilis* WILLIAMSON, John Newby-On Uterine HnmorrhageWVINGETT, William Browne-On Chloroform

Froin Ireland:*-GRACEY, Alexander Leslie-On Infanticidle

M1OORE, Geore Bartley-On Retention of UrinieFront Australia:

Cox, Jamues Charles-On Icterus NeonatoruinW5ILLIAM3SON, Walter-On some Diseases of the Knee-Joint

From I'an Dienten's Land:W\IIO-IIT, Daniel-On some Forms of Articular Disease

Fromn the Islanzd of Ceylon:ASErAPPA, Simon de Melho-On Cancer Uteri

Fromt thme East Indies:Cummmtm(W,William Jamiies-O(n the -Morbid Anatoluy and

Causes of ApoplexyGIRAUD, Byng Thomas-On Functional Diseases of the

HeartHowisox-, William Young-On Intermittent Fever*PEMBERTON, John IM'Leod-On Certain Forms of Insanity

From New Grenada:DAWSON, Jolhn J.-On Intermittenit Fever

Front Jainaica:TODD, Williallm Henry-On Podophylline and its SourceHAMILTON, George Albert-On Epi(lemics

From the Wfest Indies:***SUTHEIRLAND, George Sackville-On Malarial Fever

From Nova Scotia:*DAVIES, William Henry-On Uterine Htemorrhage

F,rom New Brunswick:*OSBORNE, Robert-On Yellow FeverLAND, John Coates-On Puerperal Mania

F1'ront Cantada:DORAN-, James-On StrumaSEWVELL, Jaines Arthur-On Typhus Fever. (Dr. Sewell

graduated oil 19th September, 1856)

HEALTH OF LONDON: -WEEK ENDINGOCTOBER 10TH, 1857.

[Fromn the Registrar-General'8 Report.]THE total number of deaths registered in London in the weekthat enided on Saturday (October 10th), is 993. In the tenvears 1847-50, the average numuber of deaths in the weeks cor-responding with last week was 1007; but as the deaths of lastweek occurred in an increased population, it is necessary, witha view to comparison, to raise the average in proportion to theincrease, in which case it will become 1108. The public healthis therefore so far in a satisfactory state that the number ofdeaths last week was less by about a hundred than would haveoccurred under the average rate of mortality as derived frontthe early part of October in former years. The excess of birthsover deaths is 375.

Diarrhcea, which was so prominent during the summer, isnow meduced nearly within its ordinary limit, and, as comparedwith other diseases of the zymotic class, is third in the order ofnmortality. Typhus was fatal last week in 57 cases, scarlatinain 52, diarrhwa in 41, hooping-cough in 26, measles in 21,croup in 13, dysentery in 12, small-pox in 3, and cholera in 1.The single case of cholera occurred to a girl of 13 years, at 3,Fisher's Alley, Spitalfields; the illness was of five days dura-tion, and terminated in consecutive fever. Four of the deaths

OCTr. 17, 1857.] [BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL.ME.ICAL NEWS.

BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL.] MEDICA

froml searlatina occurred in the district of Hampstead: of these,two at 1(, New End; four of those from measles occurred inthe sub-district of Gray's Inn Lane. Cancer was fatal in 19)cases; 8 wvomiien died of diseases incidental to child-bearing;8 infants of inanitioni and want of breast-milk. A woman inWandswvortlh was poisoined by miiuscles. The four personswhose deatlhs are, returniedt for the week, andl who stand highestin poinlt of longevity, are all widows, two of wlhomii had attainedthe age of 99 years, one of 91 years, and the oldest is a cente-narian, whIose reputed age is 102 years. The death of the lastoccurred at ", Red Lion- Street, Clerkenwell.

Last week the birthsS,of 690 boys and 678 girls, in all 139,8;childreni, l ere registered in Londoln. In the tenl correspondingweeks of the years 1847-59, the average nuumber was 1397.

At the Roval Observatory, Greenwich, the mnean lheight ofthe baronmeter in the week was 29:-357 in. The hiighest ba-rometrical meadiug was 29- 5 in., at the beginning of the week;the instrulmlent fell to 28-(;7 in., its lowest point, on Tlhursday.The nmeain temiperature of the week was 50970, which is 1l ibelow the average of the same wveek in 4:, years (as determiniedlby Mlr. Glatisher). The mean daily rceading was below theaverage till Saturday. The highest temperature in the shadeoccurred oIn aedesday, and wvas :3.14; the lowest was 4190,on Monday. The entire thermomethieal range was therefore21.50. lTbhe mean dew-point temperature was 47909, and thediff'er-ence )etwveen this and the mean temperature of air wasonly 28 0. The wind was generally in the south-west on thefirst three. days, and was very variable afterwards. There wasrain on almost every day; the amount measured was 0 83 iii.,a great part of wlhich fell on Wedlnesday and Tlhursday.

Accordling to an analysis wlich haas been made by Dr. RobertDundas Thomson, at St. Thomas's Hospital, the comnpositionof the Soutliwark Company's water takeln from the stand-pipeat the cabstand opposite the hospital, was in August 16 28 grs.of total imiipurity per gallon, of wlich 1-08 grs. were organicmatter. On 7th September, the total amount of impuritv was75.59 crrs. per gallon, ancd of this 5-69 grs. were organic matter.Tllis water in September 1857 wvas as impure as the dirtywater wvhicllh was supplie(d to the inhabitanits of London informer years, wxhen the water was taken from the Thames atVauxhall.

LL [OCT. 17, 1857.

the colservancy of the public0 thalh. Labourers are cleansingout all t back lanes and ailrin the borough, and an anmplesupply of ,Mick-lime is krept eS a depots in various parts of thetown, which irfilrnislied to tle labouring classes free of cost forwhitewashing. '1Ye comm6n lodginghouses are also puit utnderthe surveillance of be police, and overcrowding is carefullyprevented. Sailors' lodgings are also nowv licensed. Since185:1 this borough has been thoroughly drained by a system ofmain sewerage, laid down at a considerable outlay, under thethe inspection of a surveyor belonging to the General Board ofHealth. All the parish graveyards have been closed, and anew general cemetery belonging to the borough has beenopened in the suburbs. Since the sewerage has been com-pleted, typhus and other fevers are reported to be less commonand fatal. It will be remembered that, while Tynemouthescaped the cholera in 1853-for the six deaths reported werecases brought from Newcastle to the seaside-the village ofHowldon Pans w^as nearly decimated by it. The older portionof Howdon is exceedingly unhealtlhy; and the River TyneCommissioners, who hold the prlincipal portion of the property,are about to level it, and raise it and build streets of new ancdcommodiouis houses. Thle village will also be well drained.Howdon las hlad three visitations of cholera. On each occa-sion the disease, before it became epidemic, entered one parti-cular tenement in an old house, anid struck down its. firstvictim. A brief enumeration of a few facts will show what wasthe result of a little timely precaution, ancd the exercise ofmagiisterial power in South Slhields in 185:3. In 1849, clholerabroke out in a most malignant form in the common lodging-houses of one particular locality in Soutlh Shields-UnionAlley. The inmates nearly all perished on that occasion, andthe police were obliged to burls the furniiture and shut thelhouse up, to prevent the epidemic extending. A short timeprevious to the appearance of cholera in 185.3 in Newcastle-on-Tyne, those lodginlihouses vere broug,ht under the CommonLodginghouse Act. They were licensed, the number of inmateslimited, and they vere inspected nightly by the police. The re-sult was most striking. Other dwellings were visited by thecholera in 185:3 in this locality and other poor districts ofSouth Shields, and several of their inmates perished; butduring the whole of the fearful autumn of 1858, and thoughscores of poverty-stricken people came direct from the worst

Fourteen thousand twvo hundred and fifty ninie personis died infected districts of Newcastle to lodge, not a sinale death oc-

in the quarter thiat ended September 29th. The nuimber ex- curred in anv of the common lodginghouses of South Shieldsceeds by nearly 290 that of the same period in 1856. But if from cholera.diarrhca had nlot prevailed more in the past summer than itdid in, 1856, othler conlditions being unaffected, the present THE CHOLERA. We know nOW what class of persons ilretulrns would have indicatedl a superior Zeree of health. In furnish bv far the greater number of victims to cholera, and on

the last three summners the total deaths were (taking them i what street-it may almost be said on what house-it will

the orderof time)1s3,04e ,14,9ts , 14,259 * and the deaths from ldescend. The season at whiclh its appearance may be ex-diarrhcea were 1,258, 1,910, 2,343. The influence of a parti- pected is a subject of somewhat less certainty; but the unim-cular disease in raising the total mortality, which would other- portant doubt to whiich it is open cannot be supposed to affect

wise be stationary or depressed, is palpable in these numbers; the necessity of our precautions. On one occasion, after

and a like increase is traced in the deaths attributed to com- imaifesting itself at Hamburgh in September, it h)as bee

plaiints of n kindred character, and to some sporadic diseases amonog us in November; while, on others, it has been held inaffecting the alimentary systemii. Dysentery was fatal in the check for a time by the early advent of a cold season, only tothree summers to 49, 73, and 81 persons; cholera to 106, 131, break out at the beginning of the following summer. CXe can-and 177 persons. To taes mesenterica 292, 284, 'X3:3 deaths not predict which precedent will be followed lnow, but we know

are referred; to diseases of thie liver 122, 143, 18i and under that the disease will come; and we can lay our fingers, with-teething, t.hought thle nlumber decreased in 18563 from 141 to uot the slightest liability to error, the weak places whicl it

122, it rose this summer to 19:1. The unusual heat experi- will assail and invest. Were any experienced officer of health

enced in the first months of the quarter, co-operating with to go, for instance, through Manchester, he could mark outagencies that are more und(ler conltrol, has perhaps been every square yard of space on which the disease will probably

mainly efficacious in producing these results; but with the settle, and trace the course which it will take as soon as theknowledge that cholera has been lately infesting parts little congenial season gives the signal for its rising. If such know-

*removed fr-om our coast, it may be conjectured thatthe epidemic letge as this had been imparted to us without power of avert-

virus extended itself in a milder form beyond thie immediate lug the danger we must foresee, it is hardly possible that afield of action, its advance in force being only a question of greater curse could have descended upon man. So far, how-time and opportunity. The speculation may be futile, but the ever, is this terrible state of impotent anticipation from beingfacts must be admittedl, andl supply a more than sufficient our real condition, that just as surely as we knov when thlemotive for preparation. cliolera will burst forth from its smouldering ashes, and where

it will make its m-ost destructive ravages, so surely we -knowThe heat of the last quarter is its most striking meteorological hit che its appearacin e qarters, an mitigate itsfeature,~~~ ~~~~~~ an 01e(ecie ysail la h entm how to check its appearance in some quarters, and miti-ate its

feature, andI will be described by stating that the mean tem-

perature was 9390, which is 3 50 above the average, and that force in all; and the precautions which we may adopt for this

there was an excess of the mean temperature above its average purpose will not be superfluous if the visitation which we

in 12 weeks out of the 1:3, and on 71 days out of the 9 1. The apprehend should be withhaeld, inasmuch as they will bar theresult is a reduction in the m-ortality of pulmonary, diseases, progress of other diseases which are never absent from amongparticularly bronchitis and pneumonia; anid it will be seen also us, and increase the moral as well as time physical wellbein,g of

that cephalitis, apoplexy, and paralysis were less fatal than society. (M11anchester Guardian.)usual. UNIVERSItY Or OXFORD. A Convocation will be holden on

Tuesday, the 27th irnst., at 2 o'clock, for the purpose of elect-SANITARY PRoGREss. The Town Council of Tynemouth, as in a Clinical Professor on the Foundation of Lord Lichfield,

the Local Board of Health, are adopting prudent measures for in the room of the late Dr. Ogle.878

OCT. 17,1857.] BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL ADVERTISERLe ,-

TO CORRRBPONDENTS

l'OSTAGE OF MANUSCRIPIT AN) Prl.\-TED MATTEl.Any amomnt of manuscript or prinitetl nmatter, singly or together. providedl

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ciatiotn andi others, wouldi cooperate with hiin ini esLablisllinig as a rule, tlhatin future no paper for publicationi slhall exceed two pages of the Journlal inlength. lf the writers of long communications kniew as well as the Editordoes, that lenigthy papers always deter the reader from commtaencinig thet,this great evil would never arise. Brevity is the soul of medical writing-still more tbaTn of wit.

Communieations have been received from: -Du. S.Now; M1R. ERmNCLAaKE; 'MR. It. S. STEDSMAN; Mn. J. F. NICIIOLSON; MIn. J. }1. LitKIN;DR. D. 1f. TUKE; DR. JOHLN SLoANE; Mn. T. HOLTES; aR. BADERn DR.J. G. I)AVYv; Vn. G. C. P. MURRtAY; MnR.J. SEATON S3;irrIc; Ma. TIbOMASP. M. O'DoNOVAN; M3R. JoSEPH HINTON ; Dn. TNNMAN; 51R. 11. G. TIHEND;MR. F. DAviES; DR. II. COLE3n3ooKE; Mun. II. EwsF.N; DR. W. V. BROWSE;MnP. W. SANKEY (Dover); Mnr. GuLaI.IN; MIIn. J. V. SOLOMOs; l)Rt. W. C.COLES (Bombaby); DR. I1. U. WEST; Mn. D. KENT JONES; Mit. 1. AsANS;DBa R1. D)UtNDAS; J. A. B.; MIn. J. C. S. JENNINsoS; avid MRt. STONE.

BOOKS RECEIVED.[* An Astcrisk is prefixed to thc nantes of 31emnber" of the As.sociation.

1. Guy's Ihospital Reports. Edited by Salnuel AVilks, M.D., and AlfredPoland. Third Series. Vol. 1TT. London: Chuirchill. 1857.

2. Au Expository Lexicon of the Ternijs, Ancieut and Modern, in Mtedicaland General Science. By *R. G. Mlayne, M.1). J'art VI. London:Clhurchill. 1857.

3. Pathological and IPractical Observations oti Diseases of the AlimentaryCanal, (Esophagus, Stomach, Ciecum, andl Initestines. By S. 0.Ilabershon, M.D.Lond. London: Churcitill. 1857.

4. The Successful 'I'reatment of Scarlet Fcvcr; also, Observations oin thePathology and Treatment of Crowing- Inspiratioon in I11faLlnts. By 1'.Hood. Lonidon: Churchill. 1857.

5. Report of the Trial of Maldleleine Smith before thl 1igh Couirt of Justi.ciary at Edinburgls, for tile alleged Poisoning of Pierrei:lnil( D'n.A-gelier. By Alexander Forbes Irvine. EJdinburgh: T. and 'T'. Clark.18.i7.

6. A System of Practical Sturgery. By William Fer-usson, F.R.S., I rofessorof Siurgery in Kinig's College, etc. F.ourth Edition. Lujidonl:Churchill. 1is57.

7. Uriniary Deposits: their Dianposis, Pathology. and Therapeuitical Inxdira.tions. By Golding Btird, M.D., F.R.S. Fifth Edition. Edited byEdmund Lloyd Birkett,t?.D. London: Churchill. 1857.

8. Pronie and Postural Respiratiun.it D)rowning and other Fornmis of Apu(na,or Suspended Respiratiotn. By Marshall Ilall, 'M.D., F.I.S.. Editedby his Son, Marshall Hall, Esq. Lonidon: Churchill. 18.57.

9. Contributions to the Phly-iology uand Pathology of the Circulation of the13lood. By George Robinison, 3.D. Londoni: Longmans. 18,37.

10. Tranisactions of the MedicalatidPIhIysical Soviety of Bonhnyly. No. ITT.New Series for the Yeats 18.55 alnd 185li. Blombnay: 1557.

IL Sixty-first Report of tite Friends' ILetreat niear York. 1857.12. The Use of the Microscop)e in Cliniical Medicine. Illustrated. By

Lionel S. Deale, M.B., F.R.S. 'No. 11. Urinary Deposits. London:Churchill. 1857.

13. On the Expediency of Instituting an Academy of Medicine in England:Illustrated by the prevailing Opinionts anid Practice respecting thoUse of Chloroform in Operations. By James Arnott, MI.D. Pamphlet.London: Churchill. 1857.

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COMPLE.TIN OF DiI. BELL.NGTIAM'S TREATISE ONTIlE HIEAIr.

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civilised world."-'lie Lancet.Londlon: lI ENvy P%Ewsirnxw, 350, Strand.

NEW WORKS BY LIONEL BEALE, X.B., F.R.S.ow to Work with the Microscope,

TABLES for the EXAMINATION of URINE,2s. Gd.URINARY DEPOSITS:

No. 1. 1.i Plates. Is. Juist published.No. 11. 12 Il'ateos. ;;.a. 6d. Now ready.

ON URINE, URINARY DEPOSITS, and CAL.CULL. In the Press.

London: 'Jo0IN Crunc1ILL, lNew Burlinaton Street.In October, prief 3s. Cod., No. I of the

rchives of Medicine. Edited byDr. 13EALE. Illustrated by Woodeuts and ten octavo pages ofLithographs. A Rlecordi of Practical Observations aud Anatomical andChemical Rtcsearches coiiiectcd with the Investigationi and 'Trieatmeit ofD)isease.

CONTENTS.Oni thle Treatment of Acute Disease, by X. B. Totld, M.D., F.l.S.On the Matnner in which the Draxxwings Illustratitig the Plapers have beenmade.Oni Drawing and Measuring Objects in the Microscope.on the Presence of C(holesteriine in the Urine.Cases of Chylous Urine. with AnialysesOtn Plreparing Injected Preparatiois of the Liver. Four Plates.Observations oln the Importance oif Ilijectinig Ifealthy aindl Atorbiid Struc.tures, aind of Conducting Ltlis ili the Simplest Manner.Onl the Arrang-ement of the Lobules of thie Liver of the Ox, with Two Plates.O)n tlle Formantioni of Cvsts in the Liver. 'wo Plates,Ont the Estituatiou of Lrea, Chlorides, Sulplhates, Phosphates, and Sugar inUrine Volumetrically, by Moritz Yon Bose, Plh.D.ChlolesLeutoma. Two Cases--Ainalyses of Softened Cerebral Matter-Case of}lalh. in wliieh Spernmatozoa were- detected is the Mlucus of the Vagina

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