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LDL 121Intensive L/Dakota For Beginners

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed for second language learners of Lakota/Dakota who are at a beginner to elementary level. It is part one of a three course continuum. It will give an overview of Lakota/Dakota pronunciation and how to use a Lakota/Dakota dictionary for self-learning. The course will focus on demonstratives, pronunciation, numbers, kinship terms, body parts, verbs of possession and coming and going, and time in Lakota/Dakota (past, present, future and seasonal). Students will be exposed to various self-learning skills and strategies in order to become active self-learners of the language.

LDL 121: Intensive Lakota/Dakota for Beginners

Standing Rock Sioux Tribal Department of EducationLakota/Dakota Language Revitalization Program

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ADDRESSStanding Rock Sioux Tribe

Tribal Department of EducationP.O. Box D

Fort Yates, ND 58538

Phone: 701-854-8545 Fax: 701-854-2175

Sunshine CarlowEducation Manager

[email protected]

Nacole WalkerEducation Coordinator

[email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Table of ContentsTable of Contents 2 Basic Kinship Terms 4 Basic Greetings 4 Basic Introductions 6 Some Lakota / Dakota Place Names 7 Question Enclitics: he? hwo? 8 Classification: héčha 9 Animal & Insect Vocabulary 9 Demonstratives: lé, hé, ká (Singular) 11 Identification: é 12 Everyday Vocabulary 12 Demonstratives: lenáos, henáos, kanáos (Dual) 13 Demonstratives: lená, hená, kaná (Plural) 14 Counting 15 Everyday Vocabulary 18 To have something: yuhá 18 Singular Indefinite Articles “waŋží,” “waŋ,” & “waŋžíni” Comparison 20 Ownership: tȟáwa 20 Numbers with yuhá 22 To see something - waŋyáŋkA 23 Ablaut 24 Asking how to say something in Lakota 24 Kinship - Extended 25 Coming & Arriving Here - ú & hí 28 Going & Arriving There - yÁ & í 32 Coming and Going Verbs 36 Time and Tense in Lakota 37 Seasons 37 Talking about the Past: k’uŋ héhaŋ 38 Talking about the Future: kiŋháŋ 39

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Other Time Words 40 New Lakota Dictionary 41 Lakota Conjugation 44 Conjugation Practice 49 Fruit & Food Vocabulary 51 To like smth - waštélakA 52 To have/see plural things: yuhá & waŋyáŋkA 53 Plural Indefinite Articles “etáŋ,” “eyá,” & “tákuni” Comparison 54 Animacy - Inanimate Things VS Animate Things 55 Plural Animate Object: wičha- 55 Eating & Drinking Verbs: yútA & yatkÁŋ 58 Putting it all together… 60 I can… 61

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Basic Kinship Terms

Basic Greetings

Male Friend Female Friend Male Cousin Female Cousin

Female Speaker X mašké šič’éši čépȟaŋši

Male Speaker kȟolá X tȟaháŋši haŋkáši

Talking to ONE Person Talking to MULTIPLE people

It is good to see you. It is good to see you all

Taŋyáŋ waŋčhíyaŋke. Taŋyáŋ waŋčhíyaŋkapi.

I am happy to see you. I am happy to see you all

Iyúškiŋyaŋ waŋčhíyaŋke. Iyúškiŋyaŋ waŋčhíyaŋkapi.

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Basic IntroductionsWhat are you called? - Personal Response

What are they called? - Talking About Somebody Else

Where do you live? - Personal Response

Where does he/she live? - Talking About Somebody Else

PatternWhat are you called? I am called _____.

Táku eníčiyapi he? _____ emáčiyapi.

ExamplesTáku eníčiyapi he? Nacole Walker emáčiyapi.

Táku eníčiyapi he? Sunshine Carlow emáčiyapi.

Practice

PatternWhat is he/she called? He/she is called _____.

Táku ečíyapi he? _____ ečíyapi.

ExamplesTáku ečíyapi he? Christi ečíyapi.

Táku ečíyapi he? Kevin ečíyapi.

Practice

PatternWhere do you live? I live in _____.

Tuktél yathí he? _____ ektá wathí.

ExamplesTuktél yathí he? Fort Yates ektá wathí.

Tuktél yathí he? Akíčhita Háŋska ektá wathí.

Practice

PatternWhere does he/she live? He/she lives in _____.

Tuktél thí he? _____ ektá thí.

ExamplesTuktél thí he? Mnilúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe ektá thí.

Tuktél thí he? Ȟeská Otȟúŋwahe ektá thí.

Practice

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NOTE: Instead of “ektá,” which usually references a place away from the speaker, you can use “él” which is a little more general – “Akíčhita Háŋska él wathí.”

Some Lakota / Dakota Place NamesStanding Rock Specific

Other Areas

Cities

English Lakota & Dakota Dakota Variation

Standing Rock Íŋyaŋ Woslál Háŋ Íŋyaŋ Bosdád Háŋ

Akíčhita Háŋska

Matȟó Akíčhita

Íŋyaŋ Čhúŋkaške


Pine Ridge Wazí Aháŋhaŋ Oyáŋke

Cheyenne River Wake Wašté Oyáŋke


Rapid City Mnilúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe Mnidúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe

Denver Ȟeská Otȟúŋwahe

New York Tȟaspáŋ Tȟáŋka

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Other Countries

Question Enclitics: he? hwo?

Lakota/Dakota questions are asked differently than English. When asking a question in English the pitch at the end of the question raises, this does not happen in Lakota or Dakota, instead questions end with a question enclitic. The two most common question enclitics are he and hwo/huwó which are somewhat gender specific.


Canada Uŋčíyapi Makȟóčhe

Spain Eháŋni Spayóla Makȟóčhe

Mexica Spayóla Makȟóčhe

Germany Iyášiča Makȟóčhe

United States Mílaháŋska Tȟamákȟočhe

United Kingdom Šagláša Makȟóčȟe

France Wašíču Ikčéka Makóčhe

China Pȟečhókaŋ Háŋska Makȟóčhe

Japan Kisúŋla Makȟóčhe

hwo? only male speakers can use this question enclitic, usually in formal situations

he? both female and male speakers can use this

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Classification: héčhaWhat is that?

Animal & Insect Vocabulary

PatternWhat is that? That is a _______Hé táku he? Hé _____ é.

Examples

Hé táku he? Hé maštíŋčala héčha.

Hé táku he? Hé wíčazo héčha.

Hé táku he? Hé wičháša héčha.

Hé táku he? Hé wíŋyaŋ héčha.

Practice


frog gnašká

red fox šuŋǧíla šuŋǧína

coyote šuŋgmánitu

wolf šuŋgmánitu tȟáŋka

raccoon wičhítegleǧa wičhítegdeǧa

otter ptáŋ

snake zuzéča zuzúeča

deer tȟáȟča

bald eagle anúŋkȟasaŋ anúŋkpȟaska

eagle waŋblí waŋbdí

mallard duck pȟaǧúŋta

duck maǧáksiča

beaver čhápa

prairie dog pispíza piŋspíŋza

buffalo tȟatȟáŋka

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bear matȟó

turtle khéya

fish hoǧáŋ

bobcat igmúgleza igmúgdeza

mountain lion igmú tȟáŋka / mnáža

rabbit maštíŋčala maštíŋčana

owl hiŋháŋ

dog šúŋka

cat igmú pusína

porcupine pȟahíŋ

pig khukhúše

horse šúŋkawakȟáŋ

pelican blóza bdóza

skunk maká

elk heȟáka

badger ȟoká

antelope ikpísaŋla / niǧésaŋla tȟatȟókana / niǧésaŋ

cow ptegléška ptewániyaŋpi

squirrel zičá

bird ziŋtkála ziŋtkána

chicken kȟokȟóyaȟʼaŋla áŋpaohotȟuŋna

mouse itȟúŋkala itȟúŋkana

housefly thiȟmúŋǧa/ theȟmúŋǧa

grasshopper gnugnúška psipsíčana

bee wičháyažipa

butterfly kimímela/ kimímila kimímina

spider iktómi uŋktómi

ant tȟažúška

dragonfly thuswéčha/ suswéčha susbéčha / thusbéčha

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Demonstratives: lé, hé, ká (Singular)

lé this (by speaker)hé that (by listener)ká that (over there, away from both speaker and listener)

Page 107, LAKȞÓTIYA WÓGLAKA PO! SPEAK LAKOTA LEVEL 3

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Identification: éWho is that?

NOTE: “é” is used when identifying a specific individual, compared to “héčha” which is used when classifying something.

Everyday Vocabulary

PatternWho is that? That is _______Hé tuwé he? Hé _____ é.

ExamplesHé tuwé he? Hé Sunshine é.

Hé tuwé he? Hé Walter é.

Practice


cup wíyatke

spoon čhiŋšká

fork wíčhapȟe

knife míla mína

plate wakšíča

bowl wakšíškokpa

pencil wíčazo

book wówapi

rock íŋyaŋ

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Demonstratives: lenáos, henáos, kanáos (Dual)

lenáos these two things (by speaker)henáos those two things (by listener)kanáosthose two things (over there, away from both speaker and listener)


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Demonstratives: lená, hená, kaná (Plural)

lená these (by speaker)hená those (by listener)kaná those (over there, away from both speaker and listener)


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CountingOne Through Ten

Tens – Higher NumberNumbers 11-19 are created by adding a “aké-“ to the front of the numbers 1-9. Notice that the stress shifts! Some speakers might add a “wikčémna” before these numbers (i.e. 11: akéwaŋží or wikčémna akéwaŋži).

TensIt is very simple to make numbers in tens. First, use wikčémna (10) followed by the number you want like núŋpa (2), so wikčémna núŋpa is twenty (lit: two tens).Practice on the extra lines:

wáŋči 1

núŋpa (núŋm) 2

yámni 3

tópa (tóp) 4

žáptaŋ 5

šákpe 6

šakówiŋ 7

šaglóǧaŋ 8

napčíyuŋka 9

wikčémna 10

akéwaŋží 11

akénuŋpa 12

akéyamni 13

akétopa 14

akézaptaŋ 15

akéšakpe 16

akéšakowiŋ 17

akéšagloǧaŋ 18

akénapčiyuŋka 19

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Twenty +To add more numbers to this pattern aké is added before the last digit (notice, this is now its own word, not attached to the number, this could also be replaced with the word sáŋm).If, for example, you want to say 36: first, start out with wikčémna yámni (30), then, add aké and finally the last digit šákpe (6).Practice on the extra lines:

One Hundred and SomethingIf you want to say one hundred and something, first use the word for a hundred opáwiŋǧe (100), then add sáŋm and the number you’d like to use from the patterns above. Practice on the following empty lines:

wikčémna 10

wikčémna núŋpa 20

wikčémna yámni 30

wikčémna tópa 40

50

60

70

80

90

wikčémna yámni aké šákpe36

VARIANT: wikčémna yámni sáŋm šákpe

wikčémna núŋpa aké záptaŋ25

VARIANT: wikčémna núŋpa sáŋm záptaŋ

wikčémna záptaŋ aké šakówiŋ 57

wikčémna napčíyuka aké napčíyuŋka 99

23

74

87

31

45

opáwiŋǧe 100

opáwiŋǧe sáŋm záptaŋ 105

opáwiŋǧe sáŋm wikčémna 110

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One Hundred and SomethingIf you want to say one thousand and something, you use the same pattern as one hundred and something: add sáŋm and the number from the patterns above. Practice on the following empty lines:

opáwiŋǧe sáŋm akézaptaŋ 115

opáwiŋǧe sáŋm wikčémna núŋpa 120

opáwiŋǧe sáŋm wikčémna núŋpa aké záptaŋ 125

opáwiŋǧe sáŋm wikčémna yámni 130

opáwiŋǧe sáŋm wikčémna yámni aké záptaŋ 135

140

145

opáwiŋǧe núŋpa 200

238

300

opáwiŋǧe yámni sáŋm wikčémna záptaŋ 350

400

455

831

opáwiŋǧe napčíyuŋka sáŋm wikčémna napčíyuŋka sáŋm napčíyuŋka 999

kȟoktá or khektópawiŋǧe 1000

kȟoktá sáŋm tópa 1004

kȟoktá sáŋm akéyamni 1013

1020

kȟoktá sáŋm opáwiŋǧe núŋpa sáŋm wičkémna yámni aké tópa 1234

1456

kȟoktá núŋpa sáŋm akéyámni 2013

2014

kȟoktá yámni sáŋm opáwiŋǧe yámni sáŋm wikčémna yámni aké yámni 3333

7896

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Everyday Vocabulary

To have something: yuháPositive Personal Response

Negative Personal Response


shirt ógle ógde

pants uŋzóǧe

shoe háŋpa

jacket ógle šóka

hat wapȟóštaŋ

belt iphíyaka

skirt nitéhepi

sock huŋyákȟuŋ

dress čhuwígnaka

Pattern Do you have a _____? Yes, I have a _____._______ waŋží luhá he? Háŋ, ________ waŋ bluhá.

ExamplesWíyatke waŋží luhá he? Háŋ, wíyatke waŋ bluhá. Iphíyaka waŋží luhá he? Háŋ, iphíyaka waŋ bluhá. Ógle waŋží luhá he? Háŋ, ógle waŋ bluhá.

Practice

Pattern Do you have a _____? No, I do not have a _____._______ waŋží luhá he? Hiyá, ________ waŋ bluhá šni.

ExamplesWakšíča waŋží luhá he? Hiyá, wakšíča waŋžíni bluhá šni.Ógle šóka waŋží luhá he? Hiyá, ógle šóka waŋžíni bluhá šni. Míla waŋží luhá he? Hiyá, míla waŋžíni bluhá šni.

Practice

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Talking About Somebody Else - Positive Response

Talking About Somebody Else - Negative Response

Conjugation of yuhá

NOTE: this verb is an example of a new type of conjugation - Class II “Y-stem” Conjugation. Notice how verb “yuhá” changes to “bluhá” and “luhá.” At this point, we are only working on the Singular column in this conjugation chart.

PatternDoes (NAME) have a _____? Yes, (NAME) has a _____.

(ČHAŽÉ) _______ waŋží yuhá he? Háŋ, (ČHAŽÉ) ________ waŋ yuhá.

ExamplesSunshine háŋpa waŋží yuhá he? Háŋ, Sunshine háŋpa waŋ yuhá.

Nacole wíčazo waŋží yuhá he? Háŋ, Nacole wíčazo waŋ yuhá.

Practice

PatternDoes (NAME) have a _____? No, (NAME) does not have a _____.

(ČHAŽÉ) _______ waŋží yuhá he? Hiyá, (ČHAŽÉ) ________ waŋžíni yuhá šni.

ExamplesMichael uŋzóǧe waŋží yuhá he? Hiyá, Michael uŋzóǧe waŋžíni yuhá šni.

Gabe čhiŋšká waŋží yuhá he? Hiyá, Gabe čhiŋšká waŋžíni yuhá šni.

Practice

yuháto have smth Singular Dual Plural

1st Person bluhá

2nd Person luhá

3rd Person yuhá

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Singular Indefinite Articles “waŋží,” “waŋ,” & “waŋžíni” Comparison

Ownership: tȟáwaPositive Personal Response


Usage Word Example

“a”

hypothetical: used in questions or talking about things we want

waŋží Sunshine háŋpa waŋží yuhá he?

“a”

real: used when talking about things that are real, things that we have, see, etc..

waŋ Háŋ, Sunshine háŋpa waŋ yuhá.

“a”

unreal: used when talking about things that do not exist, things we do not have, see, etc..

waŋžíni … šni Hiyá, Sunshine háŋpa waŋžíni yuhá šni

PatternDoes that ____ belong to you? Yes, this _____ belongs to me._______ kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he? Háŋ, ________ kiŋ lé mitȟáwa.

ExamplesNitéhepi kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he? Háŋ, nitéhepi kiŋ lé mitȟáwa.

Wakšíškokpa kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he? Háŋ, wakšíškokpa kiŋ lé mitȟáwa.

Practice

PatternDoes that ____ belong to you? No, this ______ does not belong to me._______ kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he? Hiyá, ________ kiŋ lé mitȟáwa šni.

ExamplesWapȟóštaŋ kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he? Hiyá, wapȟóštaŋ kiŋ lé mitȟáwa šni.

Íŋyaŋ kiŋ hé nitȟáwa he? Hiyá, íŋyaŋ kiŋ lé mitȟáwa šni.

Practice

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Talking about somebody else - WHO does it belong to?

Pattern

Does that _____ belong to (NAME)? Yes, this ______ does not belong to (NAME).

_______ kiŋ hé (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa he? Háŋ, ______ kiŋ lé (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa.

Háŋ, (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa.

ExamplesHuŋyákȟuŋ kiŋ hé Bob tȟáwa he? Háŋ, huŋyákȟuŋ kiŋ lé Bob tȟáwa.

Háŋ, Bob tȟáwa.

Practice

Pattern

Does that _____ belong to (NAME)? No, this ______ does not belong to (NAME).

_______ kiŋ hé (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa he? Hiyá, ______ kiŋ lé (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa šni.

Hiyá, (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa šni.

ExamplesČhiŋšká kiŋ hé Susan tȟáwa he? Hiyá, čhiŋšká kiŋ lé Susan tȟáwa šni.

Hiyá, Susan tȟáwa šni.

Practice

Pattern

Who does this ______ belong to? This ______ belong to (NAME)._______ kiŋ hé tuwá tȟáwa he? ______ kiŋ lé (ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa.

(ČHAŽÉ) tȟáwa.

ExamplesWówapi kiŋ hé tuwá tȟáwa he? Wówapi kiŋ lé Bob tȟáwa.

Bob tȟáwa.

Practice

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Conjugation of tȟáwa

Numbers with yuháHow many _____ do you have? - Personal Response

How many _____ does he/she have? - Talking About Somebody Else

tȟáwato belong to Singular Dual Plural

1st Person mitȟáwa

2nd Person nitȟáwa

3rd Person tȟáwa

Pattern How many _____ do you have? I have ### _____.______ tóna luhá he? _____ ### bluhá.

ExamplesPšitȟó tóna luhá he? Pšitȟó záptaŋ bluhá.Ógle tóna luhá he? Ógle wikčémna bluhá.Míla tóna luhá he? Míla yámni bluhá

Practice

Pattern How many _____ does (NAME) have? (NAME) has ### ______.(ČHAŽÉ) _______ tóna yuhá he? (ČHAŽÉ) _____ ### yuhá.

ExamplesSunshine pšitȟó tóna yuhá he? Sunshine pšitȟó šaglóǧaŋ yuhá.James wówapi tóna yuhá he? James wówapi akéwaŋži yuhá.Thípiziwiŋ wícazo tóna yuhá he? Thípiziwiŋ wíčazo núŋpa yuhá.

Practice

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To see something - waŋyáŋkADo you see? - Positive Personal Response

Do you see? - Negative Personal Response

Conjugation of waŋyáŋkA

NOTE: this the last vowel of the verb sometimes changes. This is a very common sound change in Lakota that occurs with a large portion of Lakota verbs. These verbs can be identified in the dictionary through the word final capital A.

PatternDo you see ### _____? Yes, I see ### _____.______ ### waŋláka he? Háŋ, ______ ### waŋbláke.

ExamplesHáŋpa tópa waŋláka he? Háŋ, háŋpa tópa waŋbláke.

Wíyatke šákpe waŋláka he? Háŋ, wíyatke šákpe waŋbláke.

Practice

PatternDo you see ### _____? No, I do not see ### _____.______ ### waŋláka he? Hiyá, ______ ### waŋbláke šni.

ExamplesOákaŋke núŋpa waŋláka he? Hiyá, oákaŋke núŋpa waŋbláke šni.

Huŋyákȟuŋ šakówiŋ waŋláka he? Hiyá, huŋyákȟuŋ šakówiŋ waŋbláke šni.

Practice

waŋyáŋkAto see smth Singular Dual Plural

1st Person waŋbláka / waŋbláke

2nd Person waŋláka / waŋláke

3rd Person waŋyáŋka / waŋyáŋke

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AblautWhen does this change happen?

Asking how to say something in LakotaHow do you say?

Type Change Trigger Words

A-Ablaut

Šúŋka sápa waŋ waŋbláke.No change Majority

E-Ablaut

Šúŋka kiŋ hé sápe.

Šúŋka sápe kiŋ waŋbláke.

A / Aŋ to e

E-ablaut occurs when the ablaut word is the last word in a sentence.

a) various enclitics: ȟča, ȟčiŋ, iŋčhéye, kačháš, kiló, kštó, któk, lakȟa, -la, láȟ, láȟčaka, ló, séčA, sékse, s’eléčheča, so, s’a, s’e, šaŋ, šni, uŋštó

b) some conjunctions & articles: kiŋ, kiŋháŋ, k’éyaš, k’uŋ, eháŋtaŋš

c) some auxiliary verbs: kapíŋ, kiníča(kaníl), lakA (la), kúŋzA, phiča, ší, wačhíŋ, -yA, -khiyA

Iŋ-ablaut

Šúŋka kiŋ hé sápiŋ na tȟáŋka.

A / Aŋ to iŋ ktA (kte), na, naháŋ, naíŋš, yetȟó, yé

PatternHow do they say “_____” in Lakota? They say ______ in Lakota.Tókheškhe Lakȟótiya “_____” eyápi he? Lakȟótiya _____ eyápi.

Examples

Tókheškhe Lakȟótiya "dog" eyápi he? Lakȟótiya "šúŋka" eyápi.

Tókheškhe Lakȟótiya "computer" eyápi he? Lakȟótiya "wóuŋspe omnáye" eyápi.

Tókheškhe Lakȟótiya "horse" eyápi he? Lakȟótiya "šúŋkawakȟáŋ" eyápi.

Tókheškhe Lakȟótiya "fork" eyápi he? Lakȟótiya "wíčhapȟe" eyápi.

Practice

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Kinship - Extended

English My Your His/Her

Both MALE and FEMALE

Mother iná nihúŋ húŋku

Father até niyáte atkúku

Grandmother uŋčí nikȟúŋši kȟúŋšitku

Grandfather lalá/kaká nitȟúŋkašila tȟuŋkášitku

Aunt tȟuŋwíŋ nitȟúŋwiŋ tȟuŋwíŋču

Uncle lekší nilékši lekšítku

Daughter čhuŋkší ničhúŋkši čhuŋkšítku

Son čhiŋkší ničhíŋkši čhiŋkšítku

Only FEMALE

Older Sister čhuwé ničhúwe čhuwéku

Younger Sister mitȟáŋ/mitȟáŋka nitȟáŋkala tȟaŋkáku

Older Brother thibló nithíblo thiblóku

Younger Brother misúŋka nisúŋka suŋkáku

Female Cousin čépȟaŋši ničépȟaŋši čépȟaŋšitku

Male Cousin šič’éši nišíč’eši šič’éšitku

Only MALE

Older Sister tȟaŋké nitȟáŋke tȟaŋkéku

Younger Sister tȟaŋkší nitȟáŋkši tȟaŋkšítku

Older Brother čhiyé ničhíye čhiyéku

Younger Brother misúŋka nisúŋka suŋkáku

Female Cousin haŋkáši niháŋkaši haŋkášitku

Male cousin tȟaháŋši nitȟáŋhaŋši tȟaŋháŋšitku

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Nacole’s Family Tree

What is your mom’s name? - Personal Response

NOTE: No where in this pattern are we using the verb tȟáwa (mitȟáwa, nitȟáwa, tȟáwa). When we talk about family members we do not talk about ownership; the idea of “my”, “yours”, “his/hers” is already built into the term!

PatternWhat is (your family member) called? (My family member) is called (NAME).(Your Family Member) takú ečíyapi he? (My Family Member) (ČHAŽÉ) ečíyapi.

ExamplesNihúŋ táku ečíyapi he? Nacole: “Iná Mary Beth ečíyapi”

Niyáte táku ečíyapi he? Nacole: “Até Arnold ečíyapi”

Practice

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What is his/her mom’s name? - Talking about someone else

My Family Tree

Pattern

What is (NAME)’s (his/her family member) called?

(NAME) (his/her family member) is called (NAME).

(ČHAŽÉ) (His/Her Family Member) takú ečíyapi he?

(ČHAŽÉ) (His/Her Family Member) (ČHAŽÉ) ečíyapi.

ExamplesSunshine húŋku kiŋ táku ečíyapi he? Sunshine húŋku kiŋ Betty ečíyapi.

Sunshine čhuwéku kiŋ táku ečíyapi he? Sunshine čhuwéku kiŋ Jodi ečíyapi.

Practice

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Coming & Arriving Here - ú & híWill you be coming?

PatternWill you be coming? Yes, I will be coming.Yaú kta he? Háŋ, waú kte!

PatternCome here! Okay, I will come!Ú we! (Female command)Ú wo! (Male command) Oháŋ, waú kte!

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McLaughlin

Fort Yates

Ú we! / Ú wo! Come here!

Oháŋ, waú kte! Okay, I will come!

Talking to the people in Fort Yates

COMING1

Sunshine ú kte.


Are you coming?

PatternAre you (on your way) coming? Yes, I am (on my way) coming.Yaú he? Háŋ, waú!

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McLaughlin

Fort Yates

Waŋná waú! I am coming!


Yaú he? Are you coming?

COMING2

Sunshine ú.


Have you arrived?

PatternHave you arrived here? Yes, I have arrived here!YahÍ he? Háŋ, wahí!

PatternWelcome! I have arrived!Taŋyáŋ yahí! Waŋná wahí.

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Fort Yates Talking to the people in Fort Yates

McLaughlin

Waŋná wahí! I have arrived here!

Fort Yates

Taŋyáŋ yahí! Welcome!

Sunshine hí.

COMING3


Conjugation of ú

NOTE ON USAGE: The dictionary states: “describes unfinished action, hence ref. to ongoing event in the present or past, and to hypothetical events (such as future or imperative); compare to hí”

Conjugation of hí

NOTE ON USAGE: The dictionary states: “describes a finished action, hence usually ref. to events in the past, ú is used in ref. to ongoing and hypothetical events (future and imperative).”

úto be coming here Singular Dual Plural

1st Person waú

2nd Person yaú

3rd Person ú

híto arrive here Singular Dual Plural

1st Person wahí

2nd Person yahí

3rd Person hí

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Going & Arriving There - yÁ & íWhere will you be going?

�

Bismarck-ta mníŋ kte!

I will be going to Bismarck!

Fort Yates

Bismarck


Sunshine Bismarck-ta yíŋ kte.

GOING1

Tókhiya níŋ kta he? Where will you be going?

PatternWhere will you be going? I will be going to PLACE.Tókhiya níŋ kta he? PLACE-ta mníŋ kte.

ExamplesTókhiya níŋ kta he? Bismarck-ta mníŋ kte.

Tókhiya níŋ kta he? Ȟeská Otȟúŋwahe-ta mníŋ kte.

Practice

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Where are you going?

�

Bismarck-ta blé! I am on my way to Bismarck!

Fort Yates

Bismarck


Tókhiya lá he? Where are you going?

GOING2

Sunshine Bismarck-ta yé.

PatternWhere are you going? I am going to PLACE.Tókhiya lá he? PLACE-ta blé.

ExamplesTókhiya lá he? Bismarck-ta blé.

Tókhiya lá he? Mnilúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe-ta blé.

Practice

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Where did you go?

�

Bismarck

Bismarck ektá waí! I arrived (there) in Bismarck!

Fort YatesTalking to the people in Fort Yates

Tuktél yaí he? Where did you go? / Where did you arrive?

GOING3

Sunshine Bismarck ektá í.

PatternWhere did you go? Where did you arrive? I arrived at PLACE.

Tuktél yaí he? PLACE ektá waí.

ExamplesTuktél yaí he? Bismarck ektá waí.

Tuktél yaí he? Billings ektá waí.

Practice

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Conjugation of yÁ

NOTE ON USAGE: The dictionary states: “note the irregular conjugation before kte”

Conjugation of í

NOTE ON USAGE: The dictionary states: “describes a finished action, hence usually ref. to events in the past, see yÁ - used in ref. to ongoing and hypothetical events (future and imperative); compare to hí ‘to arrive here’”

yÁto go there Singular Dual Plural

1st Person blá / blé / mníŋ kte

2nd Person lá / lé / níŋ kte

3rd Person yá / yé / yíŋ kte

íto arrive at a place away

from here Singular Dual Plural

1st Person waí

2nd Person yaí

3rd Person í

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Coming and Going VerbsFour Coming and Going Stems

Six Basic Coming and Going Verbs

movement in progress(imperfective)

arrive(perfective)

away from here yÁ - to be on the way away from here í - to have arrived there

toward here ú - to be on the way toward here, be coming hí - to have arrived / come here

depart movement in progress arrive

away from here

iyáyA - to depart from here to go there

yÁ - to be on the way away from here í - to have arrived there

toward here hiyú - to depart from there in order to come here

ú - to be on the way toward here, be coming

hí - to have arrived / come here

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Time and Tense in LakotaTenseCompare the following sentences and translations:

What does this mean?________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

SeasonsLakota Seasons

Lakota English Translation

PastPresent

Ȟtálehaŋ mawáni Yesterday I walked.

Híŋhaŋni mawáni. This morning I walked.

Aŋpétu kiŋ lé mawáni. Today I walked.

Waŋná mawáni. Now I am walking.

FutureHíŋhaŋni kiŋ mawáni kte. Tomorrow I will walk.

Mawáni kte. I will walk.


wétu spring / to be spring

blokétu summer / to be summer

ptaŋyétu fall / to be fall

waníyetu winter / to be winter

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Talking about the Past: k’uŋ héhaŋWhere did you go last summer? - Personal Response

Where did he/she go last summer? - Talking About Someone Else

PatternWhat will you go PAST SEASON? PAST SEASON I went to PLACE.LAST SEASON k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél yaí he? LAST SEASON k’uŋ héhaŋ PLACE ektá waí.

ExamplesBlokétu k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél yaí he? Blokétu k’uŋ héhaŋ Denver ektá waí.

Ptaŋyétu k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél yaí he? Ptaŋyétu k’uŋ héhaŋ Mandan ektá waí.

Practice

PatternWhere did (NAME) go PAST SEASON? PAST SEASON (NAME) went to

PLACE.(NAME) LAST SEASON k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél í he?

LAST SEASON k’uŋ héhaŋ (NAME) PLACE ektá í.

ExamplesEmma wétu k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél í he? Wétu k’uŋ héhaŋ Emma New York ektá í.

Chris waníyetu k’uŋ héhaŋ tuktél í he? Waníyetu k’uŋ héhaŋ Chris Portland ektá í.

Practice

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Talking about the Future: kiŋháŋWhere will you go next summer? - Personal Response

Where will he/she go next summer? - Talking About Someone Else

PatternWhere will you go NEXT SEASON? NEXT SEASON I will go to PLACE.NEXT SEASON kiŋháŋ tókhiya níŋ kta he? NEXT SEASON kiŋháŋ PLACE-ta mníŋ kte.

ExamplesWétu kiŋháŋ tókhiya níŋ kta he? Wétu kiŋháŋ Florida-ta mníŋ kte.

Ptaŋyétu kiŋháŋ tókhiya níŋ kta he? Ptaŋyétu kiŋháŋ Omaha-ta mníŋ kte.

Practice

PatternWhere will (NAME) go NEXT SEASON? NEXT SEASON (NAME) will go to

PLACE.(NAME) NEXT SEASON kiŋháŋ tókhiya yíŋ kta he?

NEXT SEASON kiŋháŋ (NAME) PLACE-ya yíŋ kte.

ExamplesEmma waníyetu kiŋháŋ tókhiya yíŋ kta he? Waníyetu kiŋháŋ Emma Mandan-tá yíŋ kte.

Joe blokétu kiŋháŋ tókhiya yíŋ kta he? Blokétu kiŋháŋ Joe Wakpála-ta yíŋ kte.

Practice

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Other Time Words

Some words are not used with k’uŋ héhaŋ or kiŋháŋ:


híŋhaŋni kiŋ tomorrow

híŋhaŋni/híŋhaŋna morning

ȟtayétu evening

ȟtálehaŋ yesterday

aŋpétu kiŋ lé today

Examples

Híŋhaŋni kiŋ tókhiya níŋ kta he? Híŋhaŋni kiŋ Bismarck-ta mníŋ kte.

Híŋhaŋni tuktél yaí he? Híŋhaŋni Bismack ektá waí.

Ȟtayétu kiŋ tókhiya níŋ kta he? Ȟtayétu kiŋ Denver-ta mníŋ kte.

Ȟtayétu tuktél yaí he? Ȟtayétu Denver ektá waí.

Practice

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New Lakota DictionaryHow to use the New Lakota Dictionary

1. Go to the “English-Lakȟól’iyapi” section of the Dictionary (back section, after the blue strip in the middle).

2. Find the word you want to learn.

• For example, say you want to learn “I am cold” in L/Dakota. First, search for the word “cold.”

3. Read through the entire definition of the word. Sometimes there are various L/Dakota words available, find the one that words best.

• Once you have found “cold,” notice that there are 10 ways to say “cold” in L/Dakota! These might all be used in different situations!

• If we want to say “I am cold,” the third definition (3) čhuwíta will work best!

4. Now go to the “Lakȟól’iyapi-English” section of the Dictionary (in front of the blue strip).

5. Find the L/Dakota word that you looked up in English.

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• Now that you have found čhuwíta, read through the example sentences to make sure it is the correct definition for what you want to say.

6. Find the ▶ symbol within the definition, which is followed by 1s & 1p

• 1s: First Singular conjugation, “I” formo Mačhúwita – I am cold.

• 1p: First Plural conjugation, “we” formo Uŋčhúwitapi – We are cold.

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Dakota in the New Lakota Dictionary

LYS L – Lakota

NorthernSouthern

Y - Yankton/YanktonaiYn. Yankton Yi. Yanktonai

S - Santee/SissetonSa. SanteeSi. Sisseton

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Lakota ConjugationLakota Verb Classes

There are two main types of Lakota Verbs: Active and Stative. Stative verbs are always conjugated the same (there is only one pattern) but there are different classes of Active verbs:

Active Verb Classes

Class I(wa/ya verbs)

Class I is probably the largest inflectional class of active verbs. It is inflected with personal affixe wa- and ya- for 1s and 2s respectively.

EXAMPLES on page 765 NLD.2

Class II(y-stem verbs)

Class II is also a very large group of verbs, all characterized by having the consonant y in their stem or prefix. Not all Lakota verbs with y, however, are Class II verbs. Therefore, students should refer to the dictionary entry of a verb in order

to determine its inflection type.

Class II verbs are inflected with affixes bl and l for 1s and 2s. These affixes always replace consonant y.


Class III Group A

(nasal stem verbs)

Class II is the smallest group of Lakota verbs, but contains very frequent and important verbs. These verbs are also sometimes called nasal stem verbs

because they are all inflected before a nasal vowel. Class III verbs fall into two groups.

All verbs in Group A involve the syllable yaŋ or yuŋ, while verbs in Group B contain a syllable consisting of nasal vowel uŋ or iŋ. It is before these syllables

that Class III verbs are inflected.

Personal affixes used with Class III verbs are m and n for 1s and 2s.In Group A these affixes replace consonant y, and in Group B they are placed in

front of the nasal vowel uŋ or iŋ.


Class III Group B

(nasal stem verbs)

Irregular Verbs

Unlike English, Lakota has very few irregular verbs:eyÁ - to say smh

yútA - to eatwótA - to eat things

íŋyaŋkA - to runíŋ - to wear around the shoulders


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Conjugation of čhíŋčhíŋ

to want smth Singular Dual Plural

1st Person wačhíŋ

2nd Person yačhíŋ

3rd Person čhíŋ

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čhíŋ%–%to%want%%

_________________%waŋží%yačhíŋ%he/hwo?%%% % (Do%you%want%a%______?)%

Hau/Haŋ,%_________________%waŋží%wačhíŋ.%%% % (Yes,%I%want%a%______.)%

Hiyá,%_________________%waŋžíni%wačhíŋ%šni.%%% % (No,%I%do%not%want%a%______.)%

%

EJ%_________________%waŋží%čhíŋ.%% % % % (EJ%wants%a%______.)%

EJ%_________________%waŋžíni%čhíŋ%šni.%%% % % (EJ%does%not%want%a%______.)%

%

čhíŋ% % % % % %%%wačhíŋ% % %%%% % % %yačhíŋ%

he/she%or%it%wants%% % I%want%% % you%want%%3rd%Person%Singular% % 1st%Person%Singular% % 2nd%Person%Singular

% %


Conjugation of ečíyapiečíyapi

to be called smth Singular Dual Plural

1st Person emáčiyapi

2nd Person eníčiyapi

3rd Person ečíyapi

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ečíyapi(–(to(be(called((

Táku(eníčiyapi(he/hwo?(( ( ( ( (What(do(they(call(you?)(

____________(emáčiyapi.((( ( ( (They(call(me((__________.)(

(

Emma(Jean(ečíyapi.( ( ( ( ( (They(call(her(Emma(Jean.)(

(

ečíyapi(( ( ( ( (((emáčiyapi( ( (((( (eníčiyapi(

he/she(or(it(is(called(( ( I(am(called(( ( you(are(called((3rd(Person(Singular( ( 1st(Person(Singular( ( 2nd(Person(Singular

( (


Conjugation of úŋúŋ

to wear smh Singular Dual Plural

1st Person múŋ

2nd Person núŋ

3rd Person úŋ

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yuhá%–%to%have%%

_________________%waŋží%luhá/duhá%he/hwo?%%% % (Do%you%have%a%______?)%

Hau/Haŋ,%_________________%waŋ%bluhá/bduhá.%%% % (Yes,%I%have%a%______.)%

Hiyá,%_________________%waŋžíni%bluhá/bduhá%šni.%%% (No,%I%do%not%have%a%______.)%

%

EJ%_________________%waŋží%yuhá.% % % % % (EJ%has%a%______.)%

EJ%_________________%waŋžíni%yuhá%šni.%%% % % % (EJ%does%not%have%a%______.)%

%

yuhá% % % % % %%%bluhá/bduhá%% % %%%%luhá/duhá%

he/she%or%it%has%% % I%have%% % you%have%%3rd%Person%Singular% % 1st%Person%Singular% % 2nd%Person%Singular

% %


Conjugation of yuháyuhá

to have smth Singular Dual Plural

1st Person bluhá

2nd Person luhá

3rd Person yuhá

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úŋ – to wear

Táku núŋ he/hwo? (What are you wearing?)

____________ múŋ. (I am wearing __________.)

Sunshine uŋzóǧe úŋ. (Sunshine is wearing pants.)

úŋ múŋ núŋ

he/she or it is called I am called you are called 3rd Person Singular 1st Person Singular 2nd Person Singular


Conjugation PracticeLakota Word

Definition Singular Dual Plural

1st Person I you and I we

2nd Person you you all

3rd Person he/she/it they

mánito walk Singular Dual Plural

1st Person mawáni

2nd Person

3rd Person máni

to play Singular Dual Plural

1st Person

2nd Person

3rd Person

to jump Singular Dual Plural

1st Person

2nd Person

3rd Person

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to dance Singular Dual Plural

1st Person

2nd Person

3rd Person

to sing Singular Dual Plural

1st Person

2nd Person

3rd Person

to sleep Singular Dual Plural

1st Person

2nd Person

3rd Person

to eat Singular Dual Plural

1st Person

2nd Person

3rd Person

to drink Singular Dual Plural

1st Person

2nd Person

3rd Person

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Fruit & Food Vocabulary


onion pšíŋ

grapes čhuŋwíyapehe tȟóša hastáŋhaŋkȟa

eggplant wagmú tȟóša

plum kȟáŋta

blackberry wažúštečasapa

cucumber kuŋkúŋ

green apple tȟaspáŋ tȟózi

green pepper yamnúmnuǧapi tȟózi

lime tȟaspáŋpȟa tȟózi

pumpkin wagmúzi

orange tȟaspáŋzi

carrot pȟaŋǧí zizí

peach tȟaspáŋhiŋšma

orange pepper yamnúmnuǧapi zíša

lemon tȟaspáŋpȟa / tȟaspáŋškumna

corn wagmíza / wagméza wagmáheza / wahúwapa

yellow pepper yamnúmnuǧapi zí

yellow apple tȟaspáŋ zí

banana zíškopela zíškopa

red grapes čhuŋwíyapehe šašá

raspberry tȟakȟáŋyeča

strawberry wažúšteča / wazíškeča

tomatoe uŋžíŋžiŋtka

apple tȟaspáŋ

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To like smth - waštélakA Do you like strawberries? - Personal Response

Conjugation of waštélakA

PatternDo you like (FRUIT)? Yes, I like (FRUIT).(FRUIT) waštéyalaka he? Háŋ, (FRUIT) waštéwalake.

Examples

Wagmúšpaŋšni waštéyalaka he? Háŋ, wagmúšpaŋšni waštéwalake.

Wažúšteča waštéyalaka he? Hiyá, wažúšteča waštéwalake šni.

Tȟaspáŋ waštéyalaka he? Háŋ, tȟaspáŋ waštéwalake.

Practice

waštélakAto like smh Singular Dual Plural

1st Person waštéwalaka / waštéwalake waštéuŋlakapi

2nd Person waštéyalaka / waštéyalake

3rd Person waštélaka /waštélake

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To have/see plural things: yuhá & waŋyáŋkAPositive Personal Response



Pattern Do you have some _____? Yes, I have some _____._______ etáŋ luhá he? Háŋ, ________ eyá bluhá.

ExamplesWíyatke eyá luhá he? Háŋ, wíyatke eyá bluhá. Iphíyaka eyá luhá he? Háŋ, iphíyaka eyá bluhá. Ógle eyá luhá he? Háŋ, ógle eyá bluhá.

Practice

Pattern Do you have some _____? No, I do not have any _____._______ etáŋ luhá he? Hiyá, ________ tákuni bluhá šni.

ExamplesWakšíča etáŋ luhá he? Hiyá, wakšíča tákuni bluhá šni.Ógle šóka etáŋ luhá he? Hiyá, ógle šóka tákuni bluhá šni. Míla etáŋ luhá he? Hiyá, míla tákuni bluhá šni.

Practice

PatternDoes (NAME) see some _____? Yes, (NAME) sees some _____.

(ČHAŽÉ) _______ etáŋ waŋyáŋka he? Háŋ, (ČHAŽÉ) ________ eyá waŋyáŋke.

ExamplesSunshine háŋpa etáŋ waŋyáŋka he? Háŋ, Sunshine háŋpa eyá waŋyáŋke.

Nacole wíčazo etáŋ waŋyáŋka he? Háŋ, Nacole wíčazo eyá waŋyáŋke.

Practice

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NOTE: at this point we are only talking about plural INANIMATE things. When we talk about plural ANIMATE things the pattern will change slightly!

Plural Indefinite Articles “etáŋ,” “eyá,” & “tákuni” Comparison

PatternDoes (NAME) see some _____? No, (NAME) does not see any _____.

(ČHAŽÉ) _______ etáŋ waŋyáŋka he? Hiyá, (ČHAŽÉ) ________ tákuni waŋyáŋke šni.

ExamplesMichael uŋzóǧe etáŋ waŋyáŋka he? Hiyá, Michael uŋzóǧe tákuni waŋyáŋke šni.

Gabe čhiŋšká etáŋ waŋyáŋka he? Hiyá, Gabe čhiŋšká tákuni waŋyáŋke šni.

Practice

Usage Word Example

“some/any”

hypothetical: used in questions or talking about things we want

etáŋ Sunshine tȟaspáŋ etáŋ yuhá he?

“some”

real: used when talking about things that are real, things that we have, see, etc..

eyá Háŋ, Sunshine tȟaspáŋ eyá yuhá.

“some/any”

unreal: used when talking about things that do not exist, things we do not have, see, etc..

tákuni … šni Hiyá, Sunshine tȟaspáŋ tákuni yuhá šni

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Animacy - Inanimate Things VS Animate ThingsInanimate ThingsExample of inanimate things: silverware, fruit, food, trees, etc..These are things that do not move/are not alive.

Animate ThingsExamples of animate things: people, animals, insects, etc..These are things that are alive and can move.

Plural Animate Object: wičha-Compare the follow excerpts from the Lakota Level 3 Textbook:

The statements in the excerpt above should be familiar to you. Here, they are talking about both singular and plural INANIMATE things.

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The statements in the excerpt above show the use of the WIČHA in the sentences. Here, they are talking about both singular and plural ANIMATE things.

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Eating & Drinking Verbs: yútA & yatkÁŋ What are you eating?

Are you eating some ______?

What are you drinking?

Are you drinking some ______?

PatternWhat are you eating? I am eating a/some _______.Táku čha yáta he? _________ waŋ/eyá wáte.

ExamplesTáku čha yáta he? Zíškopela waŋ wáte.

Táku čha yáta he? Čhuŋwíyapehe eyá wáte.

Practice

PatternAre you eating a/some (FOOD)? Yes, I am eating a/some (FOOD)._____ waŋží/etáŋ yáta he? Háŋ, _____ waŋ/eyá wáte.

ExamplesTȟaspáŋ waŋží yáta he? Háŋ, tȟaspáŋ waŋ wáte.

wažúšteča etáŋ yáta he? Háŋ, wažúšteča eyá wáte.

Practice

PatternWhat are you drinking? I am drinking some _______.Táku čha latkáŋ he? _________ eyá blatké.

ExamplesTáku čha latkáŋ he? Zíškopela eyá blatké.

Táku čha latkáŋ he? Čhuŋwíyapehe eyá blatké.

Practice

PatternAre you drinking some (DRINK)? Yes, I am drinking some (DRINK)._____ etáŋ latkáŋ he? Háŋ, _____ eyá blatké.

ExamplesMní etáŋ latkáŋ he? Háŋ, mní eyá blatké.

Tȟaspáŋ haŋpí etáŋ latkáŋ he? Háŋ, tȟaspáŋ haŋpí eyá blatké.

Practice

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Putting it all together…Your sentences:

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I can…

Strongly Agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

I can talk about my family using Lakota kinship terms.

I can introduce myself in Lakota.

I can use properly use Lakota demonstratives (lé, hé, ká, lenáos, henáos, kanáos, lená, hená, kaná).

I can use various vocabulary items for clothing, food, every day items, and animals.

I can count in Lakota.

I can conjugate basic Lakota verbs.

I can demonstrate the standard Lakota word order.

I can make sentences with coming and going verbs.

I can talk about seasons in Lakota.

I can use various indefinite articles (waŋ, waŋží, waŋžíni .. šni, eyá, etáŋ, tákuni.. šni) in sentences.

I can conjugate sentences using wičhá properly.

I can talk about eating and drinking in Lakota.

I can use the New Lakota Dictionary to keep learning.

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