laxminarayan institute of technology, nagpur monthly students magzine

Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur

Chenigma Student development Cell, LIT Hostel 2013

Magazine Committee

Head of Magazine Committee – Amol Ramning (M. Tech. Petrochemical Tech.)

Secretary of Magazine Committee – Vivek Korde (Research fellow, App. Physics )

Editor of Magazine – Sayyad Farahn R. Ali

(Final Year B. Tech. Petroleum Refining &

Petrochemical Technology )

Advisor of Magazine Committee – Nikhil Patil.

(Final Year B. Tech. Chemical Engg.)

– Sayyad Mohammed Yazdani

(Third Year B. Tech. Chemical Engg.)

Magazine Designer – Ashwin Bomble

(Third Year B. Tech. Petroleum Refining &

Petrochemical Technology )

Members

Sushil Patil (Final Year B. Tech. Oil Technology)

Aniket Tongle (Final Year B. Tech. Chemical Engg. )

Minit Khedekar (Third Year B. Tech. Food Technology)

Wahid Karol (Third Year B. Tech. Plastic & Polymer Tech.)

Nana Satpute (Third Year B. Tech. Surface coating Tech.)

Sheikh Mukarram (First Year B. Tech. Chemical Engg.)

Balwant Shinde (M. Tech. Food Technology)

Prasad Dhanokar (M. Tech. Petrochemical Tech.)

Syed Tanweer (M. Tech. Petrochemical Tech.)

Rajendra Yadav (Third Year B. Tech. Chemical Engg.)

Alind Khare (Third Year B. Tech. Chemical Engg )



From the Desk of the

Vice Chancellor.........

I am delighted that the Laxminarayan Institute of Technology of Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, RTMNU is bringing out the Chemical Monthly Magazine “CHENIGMA”.

LIT (Laxminarayan Institute of Technology) as you all know, is one of the premier Chemical Engineering/ Technology institution in our country which has pioneered technical education from the days prior to independence. LIT occupies its ranking among the top 10 chemical engineering/technology College in the country which include the famous and world-renowned IITs. The fair name of LIT is adored by the society with high respect and as such, it demands from each one of us in the University to hold high standards of education and a campus environment commensurate with academic and professional ethos of a premier institution. The very purpose of education will be defeated if we are not able to imbibe the work habit and moral & ethical values which are vital components of today's knowledge intensive and science & technology profession.

We expect our students to acquire world-class knowledge, requisite skills and Competence so that they join the world of work reserved for the ethical sound global, Human resources. We expect our students to have a comfortable & enjoyable campus life, but at the same time we do expect that our students confirm to high levels of discipline and decorum commensurate with the fair name of this premier institute.

I am happy to say that facilities in the College and hostels are being constantly developing. The College management and Warden of hostel has made regular and sustained efforts to improve the college and hostel environment and I am sure, the student who will be taking admission in the college and LIT hostel would not feel home sick and enjoy here with comfortable life, will have a rejuvenated professional environment. Page I extend my heartiest greetings and best wishes to all the College aspirants for the academic session 2012-13.

Dr. Vilas. S. Sapkal Vice Chancellor

R. T. M. Nagpur University




Pro-vice

Chancellor.........

Dear Aspirants, It is of immense pleasure to invite every new

aspirant to become a part of Nagpur University. The beaconing beauty of all

campuses including the Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur always

blesses each and every one of the University.

The University offers programs in Arts, Commerce, and Sciences including

Agricultural Sciences. The School of Engineering offers B. Tech degree programmes

whereas the School of Management Studies offer MBA course. Duration of Under

Graduate courses is four years and Post Graduate two years. Passed out students

are getting job in various parts of the country as well as foreign. The University

formed Alumni association which is an umbilical cord to all our passed out students.

The campus of Laxminarayan Institute of Technology is ever green, always lively

and pollution free. The serenity of university campuses makes the environment more

conducive for effective learning and teaching.

Infrastructure such as modern classrooms, libraries with standard books,

boys’ and girls’ hostels, concrete and tarred road to all buildings, drinking water

supply, Canteens, Auditorium with seat capacity of more than 200 at the Guru Nanak

Hall in the campuses, the regular internet connectivity, gymnasium for boys and girls,

play grounds are some of the new amenities created This Chemical Magazine

“CHENIGMA” is very informative and give a chance to show creativity by the

students. Our teachers are friendly and dedicated. They are waiting to receive and

lead you towards an excellent academic career for your better tomorrow.

Welcome to R. T. M. Nagpur University family……………

Maheshkumar Yenkie

Pro-Vice Chancellor

R. T. M. Nagpur University




Director.........

Welcome to Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur. a

world-class centre for excellence in technical education. It is the leading

technological institute of India and is the home to a wide range of academic

departments and services in research and consultancy.

We provide best education in the major areas of the technology. What

distinctly and proudly lead us to the top of the league is that the institute is truly

global in outlook, cosmopolitan in character and deeply rooted to the traditional

values of Indian culture and heritage. You would enjoy the challenges and

opportunity that we offer and we look forward to welcoming you to a place of genuine

intellectual excitement for an unforgettable simulating experience in the world of

existing and emerging technology, Welcome back to future…

It is a great pleasure for LIT Nagpur to introduce such a good activity to start a

Chemical Magazine... “CHENIGMA” which ours is the only second institute in India

to start a Monthly Chemical Magazine after IIT Powai.

My Best Wishes for Upcoming Magazine and Committee members for

creating a Good platform for the future students.

Dr. G. M. Deshmukh Director

Laxminarayan Institute of Technology,

Nagpur



Message from the

Warden.........

I congratulate the Student Development Cell, LIT Hostel for bringing the second edition of CHENIGMA Magazine. This Magazine will motivate to students to lead a comfortable life on the campus and pursue their studies in a nice homely environment. The hostel life of students is a very important part of life where students live away from their parents, experience a new independence, make new friends, expand their horizon of activities, and learn to take their own decisions. Throughout life students remember the time they spent in hostels. Many students who have lived in LIT hostels are now well known entrepreneurs, educationists, beaurocrates and technocrats.

For many students hostels are the breeding grounds for many of their creative activities and learning. In order to help students in their new endeavours the student development cell. LIT Hostel has made every effort to provide a hostel life where students do not feel a home sickness and is full of activities. I emphasize here that while each warden and the Warden’s Council makes every effort to provide a good campus life to students, at the same time students also have the responsibility to abide by the rules contained in this hostel bulletin. Hostel rules are very important and must be followed in totality. Following rules makes our life disciplined which brings a positive permanent chemical change that precipitates into self-discipline for the rest of our life.

Every hostel has a student’s body that is empowered to take some vital decisions for the betterment of hostel life with the help of wardens. Students can always contact their wardens any time to discuss any hostel related matter or any personal matter also. While leading a disciplined life in hostels, the students must make sure that there is no incident of ragging. There must be a healthy atmosphere on the campus, where students have a friendly interaction with each other and help each other. LIT campus is totally ragging free either inside the campus or outside the campus.

I extend my hearty welcome to all the entrants in the LIT hostels. I wish them a happy and healthy campus life and I wish they make great carriers for themselves in the LIT hostels and be worthy to serve the country. Thanking you and with regards.

Dr. N. M. Patil Warden,

LIT Hostel,

Nagpur.



English Section



Biography of Albert Einstein

Questions and Answers on Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany,

on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on

began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and

Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the

Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and

mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship

and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical

assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.

During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his

remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he

became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics

at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he

was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the

University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin

until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to

America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He

became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government

Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined,

and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University

ofJerusalem. Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of

physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was

able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major

achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.

At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian

mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-faq.html

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html#footnote



the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with

classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged

with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of

molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density

and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.

In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the

special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he

published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also

contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.

In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories,

although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory,

and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics

by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also

accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and

relativisticcosmology.

After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic

concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of

physicists. Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more

important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English

translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on

Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among

his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War?(1933), My

Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most

important.

Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and

philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he

lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or

Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained

numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal

Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.

Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for

relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in

1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919

and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936.

Mr. Vivek Korde

Research Fellow

Applied Physics

Department.



Is education killing common sense???

We have often heard jokes to enjoy the battle continuing between education and

common sense. A teacher asked: sun rises in the east or in the west? A scholarly

student answered: east, another chap said, sun does not rise or sets, it’s the earth

that revolves”. Leaving jokes apart, now, coming back to the senses, this recently

aroused problem is witnessing its growth each day.

As entrance to elite institutions, large corporations, psu’s, ais, etc., is getting tougher

with each passing day, the applicant’s, in order to steer through the situations, are

becoming more theoretical, more mechanical and even less practical day by day.

And this trend has severely damaged common sense. As the world grows, industries

grow along with production and consumption requirements. All this growth leads to

the growth in problems, which in no case will be the same forever. This means new

problems and hence their new solutions. Books, colleges, institutes, internet,

education, etc., can only provide the base. They act as tools to fight problems and

win over situations by giving solutions. In a war, it’s more important to use your

weapon effectively, rather than sharpening or strengthening it. What’s the use of all

this knowledge base if we are unable to apply them? I agree that we should know

the rules of the game before playing it, but their implementation is rather important.

What I mean to say, we should also allow time to teach us, though only for a while.

What I mean to say, that we should be exposed to real life problems at an early

stage. As early bird catches the worm, we should try to increase our time of contact

with the problems. It’s not that solving the problem is a success, but the journey to

solve the problem is the real accomplishment. The development of attitude and

aptitude towards the problem, the style to approach the problem is what we require.

And here common sense and logics come into play.

“Common sense is not so common in this world”, a phrase so commonly heard,

affirmed most of the time to be true in real life cases. We all have common sense;

the trick is how to develop it? And by how much? The growing and expansion

policies of the education system providing same kind of education to all is like forcing

two fingers of a hand to look alike. I am not against education. Now education is like

our birth right. But we should be educated in things that we can use on daily basis,

rather getting into the depths of the streams that we will never encounter. I don’t

know why, in our country, a literate is a person who can read or write in one

language, but to be termed as educated, you have to be at least a graduate. This

gap between an educated person and a literate person always confuses me. In this

rat race, without having an insight for the future, all we are doing is just continuing to

create automatons, rather than creating professionals that we require.

As no conclusion can be drawn without dragging the government and its policies, all

of us can experience the intent of government policies. All they want is quantity and



not quality. Moreover, life skills and vocational courses do not find enough courage,

esteem and dignity.

As I am neither a policy maker regarding education matters, nor a revolutionary

devoted to the cause of education. I just have a question lingering, “ why is that our

logic, our common sense, is depleting day by day, even after the fact that our

knowledge banks continue to overflow. Knowledge without its application is as good

as useless. I think it’s time for us to step out in the real world, though only for

temporary basis, and that too under supervision, so that our brains could adapt day

to day needs, problems and situations and be better equipped to counter them.

Puzzles, quizzes and other mind boggling games, devices and strategies should be

planned so that the logical part of the brain should experience stress, somewhat

similar the the memory section. Common sense and knowledge go hand in hand.

One is of no use without the other. In fact, we should use education to support

common sense, rather than to hide it.

Madhur Tulsiani

B. Tech 4th sem.

Chemical Engg.



Happy days

LEAVE THE LAB AT ONCE!!!!! ......these were the words spoken by our organic

chemistry lecturer during the morning practical session, he had asked me and my

best friend to leave the lab..., hardly we had entered the lab just a half an hour

before. Never in life had I ever experienced such a shock. At that very moment I just

felt like running out of the institute never to come back again, I was scared at the

thought as to how I would survive for four more years with such an environment

around me .This made me believe the fact that lecturers in engineering colleges are

indeed very strict as told to me by many. Just a few days prior to this I entered this

prestigious institute, the very first day of college I do remember the enormous

institute building with the clock fascinated me but still had a small feeling of fear

within me ,with all completely new faces around and also everything so unknown ......

Days passed by and having adapted to the college life I started enjoying it, hanging

out with friends, the little freedom, bunking classes and so on.

Here in this place what I have learned is that each and every moment in life is

actually a learning experience .Some moments were really low … Some really

high….but still Life is so beautiful in its own way….Life may consist of problems but

its one’s own perception how one takes it to be in a positive way or negative way that

makes ones destiny. Even being encouraged, appreciated, criticized and

discouraged from time to time…. But it always adds towards ones learning

experience and helps to learn and become better with every step.

Now as in few months I will be completing my four years of graduation and today as I

look back I discover a different me what I was four years ago and what exactly I am

now . These four years of my college life were really good. I know what I have learnt

and can also sense the changes in me. The thought that scares me off is that such a

day won’t come when I would ask my friend that are you coming for class tomorrow,

the chitchatting with friends below the tree under which once friendship was born, all

those frequent semester exams…. the fear of completing a week long assignment

overnight....All I could say is that having learnt so many things in college with lots of

sweet memories and going to step into completely professional field I do feel that

these are the most cherish able days in one’s life and indeed the most happy days of

life...!!!!!

Ms. Sindhuja Simala

Final Year B.Tech

Plastic & Polymer Technology



Technical Section



Waste Water Treatment….a Future

Requirement in LIT Hostel

Introduction

The aim of the technical project is to improve the applicability of the

knowledge of Chemical Engineers & Technologists that produced from

Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur. It is under NSS activity behind the

leadership of Dr.N.M.Patil, NSS programme officer.

In this project more emphasis is on the piping system for human wastes from

both the Hostel building in LIT premises.

Brief introduction to Human waste

Human waste is a waste type usually used to refer to byproducts of digestion, such

as feces and urine. Human waste is most often transported as sewage in waste

water through sewerage systems. Alternatively it is disposed of in nappies (diapers)

in municipal solid waste.

Human waste is considered a bio-waste as it is a good vector for both viral and

bacterial diseases. It can be a serious health hazard if it gets into sources of drinking

water. The World Health Organization reports that nearly 2.2 million people died

annually from diseases caused by contaminated water. A major accomplishment of

human civilization has been the reduction of disease transmission via human waste

through the practice of hygiene and sanitation, including the development of sewage

systems and plumbing.

The amount of water needed to process human waste can be reduced by the use of

waterless urinals and composting toilets and by recycling grey water. The most

common method of waste treatment in rural areas where municipal sewage systems

are unavailable is the use of septic tank systems. In remote rural places without

sewage or septic systems, small populations allow for the continued use of honey

buckets and sewage lagoons (see anaerobic lagoon) without the threat of disease

presented by places with denser populations. Honey buckets are used by rural

villages in Alaska where, due to permafrost, conventional waste treatment systems

cannot be utilized.

Human waste is used to irrigate and fertilize fields in many parts of the developing

world where fresh water is unavailable. Sri Lanka's International Water Management

Institute (IWMI) published a report which suggests that there is great potential for

wastewater agriculture to produce more food for consumers in urban areas, as long

as there is sufficient education about the dangers of eating such food uncooked.



Human waste that has been treated by a hot composting process can safely be used

to improve the soil for food crops.

Methods for proper disposal of Human Waste

It is illegal to discharge human waste into U.S. waters, and digging “catholes”

can damage shallow, fragile island soils. Therefore some methods are given for

disposal of human waste.

1) Reclaimed water / Recycled Water

Reclaimed water or recycled water, is former wastewater (sewage) that is treated to

remove solids and certain impurities, and used in sustainable landscaping irrigation

or to recharge groundwater aquifers. The purpose of these processes is

sustainability and water conservation, rather than discharging the treated water to

surface waters such as rivers and oceans.

The definition of reclaimed water, as defined by Levine and Asano, is "The end

product of wastewater reclamation that meets water quality requirements for

biodegradable materials, suspended matter and pathogens." In more recent

conventional use, the term refers to water that is not treated as highly in order to

offer a way to conserve drinking water. This water is thusly given to uses such as

agriculture and sundry industry uses.

Cycled repeatedly through the planetary hydrosphere, all water on Earth is recycled

water. But, typically when we hear the term "recycled water" or "reclaimed water" it

means wastewater that is sent from our home or business through a pipeline system

to a treatment facility where is treated to a level consistent with its intended use. It is

then routed directly to a recycled water system for uses such as irrigation or

industrial cooling.

The recycling and recharging is often done by using the treated wastewater for

designated municipal sustainable gardening irrigation applications. In most locations,

it is intended to only be used for non-portable uses, such as irrigation, dust control,

and fire suppression.

There are examples of communities that have safely used recycled water for many

years. Los Angeles County's sanitation districts have provided treated wastewater for

landscape irrigation in parks and golf courses since 1929. The first reclaimed water

facility in California was built at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1932. The

Irvine Ranch Water District (IRWD) was the first water district in California to receive

an unrestricted use permit from the state for its recycled water; such a permit means

that water can be used for any purpose except drinking. IRWD maintains one of the

largest recycled water systems in the nation with more than 400 miles serving more

than 4,500 metered connections. The Irvine Ranch Water District and Orange

County Water District in Southern California are established leaders in recycled

water. Further, the Orange County Water District, located in in Orange County, and



in other locations throughout the world such as Singapore, water is given more

advanced treatments and is used indirectly for drinking.

In spite of quite simple methods that incorporate the principles of water-

sensitive urban design (WSUD) for easy recovery of storm water runoff, there

remains a common perception that reclaimed water must involve sophisticated and

technically complex treatment systems, attempting to recover the most complex and

degraded types of sewage. As this effort is supposedly driven by sustainability

factors, this type of implementation should inherently be associated with point source

solutions, where it is most economical to achieve the expected outcomes. Harvesting

of storm water or rainwater can be an extremely simple to comparatively complex, as

well as energy and chemical intensive, recovery of more contaminated sewage.

2) Portable Toilets

Popular outdoor destinations attract higher numbers of visitors, and receive more

impact to the surrounding natural resources. This can lead to concentrations of

human waste and other refuse, which pollutes the environment and presents a

serious human health hazard. Left unchecked, these conditions may force land

managers to restrict access, or implement user regulations designed to protect

the natural resources and enhance public health and safety.

Public restroom facilities are not always available, especially in remote areas.

Visitors to some public lands may be required by law to carry a portable toilet system

for the removal of human waste. Portable toilets (also called “pack it out” toilets) are

already familiar to many outdoor enthusiasts, including river rafters, sea kayakers,

rock climbers, backpackers, and others. Any visitor to the public lands

can help improve their favorite destinations by carrying and using a portable toilet

system as a routine part of their outdoor activities. Portable toilet systems are now

available in a variety of designs, to accommodate a wide range of outdoor activities.

With a little research and preparation, you will be able to select a toilet system that is

right for your activity and group size.

3) Other Disposal Methods:-

• Most cruisers can rely on their porta‐potty or boat holding tank. Maine has a

growing number of pump out stations.

• Boaters with ample storage space can use a bucket with a tight‐fitting lid. Place

seawater and porta‐potty deodorizer

(available at any marine supply store) in the bucket to minimize odors. Once ashore,

the contents of the bucket should be dumped in a flush toilet or outhouse.



• Biodegradable bag with kitty litter, sand or leaves. With the air forced out, seal the

bag and place in a closed container.

Dispose of the contents in a toilet on the mainland, discard the bag, and wash out

the container for reuse.

• “Tupperware Party” (personal size).Tupperware container with a water‐tight lid,

quarter‐filled with seawater or other inert material.

• A container can be constructed from PVC pipe purchased from a home supply

store. The pipe with a threaded lid seals one end and serves as the tank. Use a

small trowel to move waste from the ground to the tank, then add something to

minimize odor (seawater, etc.) and seal the threaded lid. Back at home, empty the

contents into a toilet and disinfect the container for future use. On longer trips, keep

the lid cracked to avoid build‐up of gases inside the tank.

• A compact, washable, reusable toilet system called the Boom box has been

designed to fit into the limited storage spaces of small boats (including kayaks). It

includes a 2.3‐gallon tank, a self‐storing seat, and a wash‐out kit for flushing at

dumping stations; it is rated for 20 uses per trip. (See page 320 for purchasing

information.)

• Waterproof ammo canister with a garbage bag liner.

• A Ziploc bag, when inverted, can be used to snatch up solid waste found or

deposited on the ground.

• MITA member Jim Shaffer suggests a simple solution he calls “Crap Wrap” that

starts each session with clean materials and allows for compact storage. To use this

approach, you’ll need full‐page sheets of newsprint or newspaper for each session,

freezer‐grade Ziploc sandwich bags (one per session), and two freezer‐grade

gallon‐size



Condition of human Waste disposal in LIT Hostels

Human Waste disposal condition will quite clear from following photographs. It is

directly taken into Big Pits. But now the pits are full and some of them are even

cracked & hence there is a leakage of waste & it get collected on soil directly

exposed to atmosphere which can harm our health. Following photographs will clear

the Idea.

Following cost estimation is given by students under this project:

Cost of clay Pipe per 3ft = Rs. 40 (approx)

1) For Old Hostel

Distance of NMC Main waste pipe line from old hostel = 180 ft (approx)

No. of Pipes (3 ft) required= 60 (approx)

Cost is 60 x 40= Rs. 2400 (approx)



2) For New Hostel

Distance of NMC Main waste pipe line from New hostel = 270 ft (approx)

No. of Pipes (3 ft) required=90 (approx)

Cost is 90x40= Rs. 3600 (approx)

Therefore total cost = 2400+3600= Rs. 6000 (approx)

Project Completed by

1) Mr. Sayyad Farhan Ali

2) Mr. Chetan S. Khutpale

3) Mr. Mahesh B. Bute

Final Year B.Tech.

(Chemical Technology)

Under the guidance of

Dr. N. M. PATIL



Learning Modeling of Phosphorus

Removal Process using Artificial

Neural Network

Md. Maruf Mortula, Jamal Abdalla, Ahmad Ghadban

American University of Sharjah (AUS)

Sharjah, UAE

The Aims of this article is to get friendly with the application of computer’s software’s

in Core Chemical Engineering and Technology. One of such application is the use of

Artificial Neural network to model the Phosphorus adsorption process on an Alum

sludge using Artificial Neural Network and Conventional Modeling approaches based

on some experimental data obtained from Fixed Bed Adsorption Columns. In this

investigation ANN is used to predict the effluent phosphorus concentration (mg/L).

Introduction

Phosphorus removal from wastewater is very critical for protection of water

resources. Effective phosphorus removal was observed using dried alum sludge, a

waste material from drinking water treatment plants (Mortula and Gagnon 2007).

Phosphorus adsorption on Alum sludge was determined experimentally using

different lab tests such as the Fixed Bed Column Test and the Batch Test.

However, modeling such process is often very difficult not only due to the presence

of too many factors that may affect this process but also due to heterogeneous

properties of the waste materials.

Phosphorus pollution is one of the most important causes of surface water pollution.

Effective phosphorus removal was observed using dried alum residual. The use of

waste residuals as a treatment media is very new. For this reason, a model to predict

phosphorus removal using all residual is novel. Experimental results were obtained

from a fixed bed column tests conducted in a control environment. Six input variables

were used to tests the efficiency of phosphorus removal at different times. In this

study Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are used to predict the effluent phosphorus

concentration (mg/L) in a fixed bed column tests. The input parameters for the

network are the pH of the influent solution, particle size of alum sludge (mm), initial



phosphorus concentration (mg/L), flow rate (mL/min), porosity and time. The output

of the ANN is the effluent phosphorus concentration (mg/L).

Modeling approach

As mentioned in the introduction, two different approaches were used to model the

phosphorus adsorption on Alum sludge; artificial neural network and convection

diffusion model. Deterministic approaches to modeling effluent concentration were

also tried with very little success. It was assumed that the convection diffusion

modeling used for estimation of effluent phosphorus concentration was not suitable

for prediction of adsorption behavior in heterogeneous material.

Experimental setup

Fixed bed column tests were conducted to evaluate the effluent phosphorus

concentration for treatment of wastewater from phosphorus. Rapid small-scale

laboratory based experiments were designed to simulate the adsorption behavior in

large-scale adsorbers. The experiment was conducted with a fixed column having 20

cm in length and 2.5 cm in diameter. The column was filled with dried alum sludge at

a porosity of 0.6. Wastewater was passed through the column in an upflow mode

(Figure 1). Treated water was then tested for phosphorus concentration. The particle

size was 0.98 mm and flow rate was 2.133 mL/min. Kd values used were 0.0112

cm3/g and the bulk density was 1.0328 g/cm3. An approximate Dx value was used

for these experiments were 5.76 cm2/hr. pH was varied in the range of 3-7.

Experiments were conducted at least for a week so that a qualitative pattern of

phosphorus adsorption can be achieved.



Artificial neural network approach (ANN)

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are computational tools that are capable of

estimating and predicting engineering properties that are function of many variables

and parameters. ANN has proven to be very effective in solving problems where the

relationship between physical phenomena and their parameters are complex and

highly nonlinear and with large degree of uncertainty. ANN has the ability to learn

from existing data and adopt to map a set of input parameters into a set of output

parameters, without knowing the intricate relationship among them. There are

several ANN models and architectures that have been used in engineering

applications to model or approximate properties. The most widely used ANN models,

as universal approximators, among feed-forward models, are the Multi-Layer

Perceptron (MLP) and the Radial Basis Function (RBF) models. In this investigation

a feed-forward MLP with back-propagation learning algorithm is used to estimate the

Effluent Phosphorus (EP) concentration in mg/L using pH of the influent

solution, particle size of alum sludge (mm), initial phosphorus concentration (mg/L),

flow rate (mL/min), time (hours) and porosity. The EPC training and testing data is

the result of experimental investigation conducted in a fixed bed column tests

(Mortula et al. 2007).



Figure 2 shows the MLP ANN model used in this study. The training data set

consists of 377 data items and the validation set consists of 38 data items and the

testing data set consists of 38 data item. The range of training, validation and testing

data is shown in Table 1. Initial random values were generated and the ANN was

trained and validated with 1000 epoch. The trained ANN is used on the test data and

the ANN predicted values were compared with the experimental values.

Results & discussion

A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Network was trained using the

training data from the experimental results. The trained ANN is then tested using the

test data to predict the effluent phosphorus (EP) concentration (mg/L) in a fixed bed

column tests. Table 2 shows the experimental and ANN predicted EP concentration.

The accuracy of the prediction of the trained ANN is then compared with the actual

measured values (Figure 3). It was observed that ANN gives accurate prediction for

large EP values, however for small EP values the ANN fails to predict the EP values.

The normalized mean square error (NMSE) of the performance of ANN on the

normalized test data for predicting EP is 0.194 and the correlation coefficient is 0.90.

Figure 4 shows the experimentally measured values of EP and the ANN predicted

values as a function of time. The ANN prediction of EP in the first 100 hours seem

more accurate than rest of the time. ANN was able to predict the breakthrough curve

quite reasonably (Figure 3).



Conclusions

In conclusion, the Artificial Neural Network approach has proven to be accurate in

representing the removal process of phosphorus by Alum sludge since this approach

depends on the inputs and outputs obtained experimentally in the laboratory. ANN

models have been able to predict the pattern of the breakthrough curve quite

reasonably. However, the conventional modeling approach depends only on

theoretical equations making it relatively inaccurate in representing a real life

process especially when heterogeneous materials are used. Different ANN

architectures and models need to be explored, with employment of large

experimental results, to improve on the accuracy of the ANN predicted values. Also

there need to be a parametric study on the effect of input parameters on the effluent

phosphorus concentration.

Amol Ramning

M. Tech.

Petrochemical Technology



WATER PURIFIER ON DISASTER

SITUATION

AIM:- TO MAKE A “WATER PURIFIER ON DISASTER SITUATION” WITHOUT

USING ANY EXTERNAL POWER.

“REPORT ON PURIFIER”

DIAGRAM:-

WORKING:-

1) We are using gravels and broken bricks particles for removal of suspended

solids from the water which are going to rest on the rough gravels and bricks

particles.



2) Fine sand layer is used for removal of fine suspended particles and dissolved

ones so it will indirectly remove the colour in some amount.

3) Third layer is of homemade activated charcoal from agricultural waste and

residues which will act as adsorbent for some kind of impurities and mainly it

is decolorizing the water, and as it is somewhat acidic in nature it will also

help to maintain the ph of the water.

ADVANTAGES:

1) As the raw materials used are very cheap in cost of the purifier will be very

low.

2) As there is a gap between the layer of medium so pressure drop occurring is

very low.

3) As the cardboard, fevicol, plastic and screens of various size is very usual raw

materials for it is easy to build.

ECONOMY OF PURIFIER:-

Cost of material: Rs. 20(pvc pipe)

Cost of (homemade) charcoal: Rs. 15(20gm)

Cost of other materials(screens, alum) : Rs. 20.

Total cost: Rs.55.

Model Presented at :-

“AZEOTROPY 2013” IN IIT,BOMBAY.

COMPETITION NAME :- CHEMPACT(MODEL MAKING COMPETATION)

WON 2ND PRIZE

PRIZE MONEY:-Rs.10000/-

TEAM MEMBERS:-

(1)VISHAL UIKE.(3RD YEAR [Chem Engg.])

(2)DNYANESHWAR NARODE. (3RD YEAR [Chem Engg.])

(3)SANTOSH LAHANE. (3RD YEAR [Chem Engg.])

(4)NIKHIL KHADSE. (3RD YEAR [Chem Engg.])



Use of Tea waste for preparation of

Activated carbon for treatment of

water.

Aim and Objective

It’ is proposed to prepare an adsorbent from Tea waste.

Introduction

Comprising over two third of the earth surface, water is the most precious natural

resource that exist in our planet. We humans, recognize this fact, on the contrary

polluting our rivers, lakes and oceans. As a result we are harming our planet and

organism die at very alarming rate. Today, the idea of utilizing biomass from

agricultural and livestock waste as a raw material for the production of activated

carbon is the topic of interest for most of the researchers specially from agricultural

base. Many agriculture residues such as coconut husk, turmeric waste , ferronia

shell waste jatrophacurcus seed shell wates, delonix shell waste , ipomeacarnia

stem , rice husk , jack fruit peel , bamboo, cow dung have been prove suitable for the

production of activated carbon. [1]

Activated carbon are particularly useful and commonly used owing to their large

adsorption capacity, fast adsorption kinetics, relative ease of regeneration .

Inexpensive source and cost effective preparation method are in demand because

of the importance of adsorption in pollution control.[2]

Activated carbon has been recognize as a highly effective adsorbent for the

treatment of heavy metal in waste water but is readily soluble under extreme pH

condition .

In recent years, tea waste is also gaining grounds due to its potential to overcome

heavy metal pollutants. The cell wall of tea consist of cellulose and hemicelluloses,

lignin , condensed tannins and structural proteins .In short ,tea waste have a good

potential as metal scavengers from solution and waste water since its constituents

contain functional group. Wasewar et .al[ ] studied the adsorption of Zn on Indian

TFW.[3]

Malkoc and Nuhoglu studied the feasilbility of tea factory waste (TFW) as an

adsorbent for removal of chromium in fixed bed .[4]

Amarasinghe and Williams use tea waste as a low cost adsorbent for the removal

of Cu and Pb from waste water .[5]

Proposed Plan of Research work



The studies will be carried out with potential adsorbent obtained from tea waste to

evaluate its properties as an adsorbent.

The following parameter will be carried out.

The parameters are:-

1. carbonization temperature

2. pH of the adsorbent

3. Surface area of the adsorbent

4. XRD Analysis

Reference

[1] Jun T. Y, Arumugam S. D, Latip N. H. A ,Abdulla A. M, Latif P. A , Effect of

Activation Temperature and Heating Duration on Physical Characteristics of

Activated Carbon Prepared from Agriculture Waste. EnvironmentAsia3(special

issue),143-148,(2010).

[2] Hu Z,SrinivasanM.P,Preparation of High-Surface-Area Activated Carbon from

Coconut Shell, Microporous and Mesoporous materials 27 ,11-18(1999).

[3]Wasewar K. L ,Adsorption of Metals onto Tea Factory Waste Waste:A Review

,International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Science ,3(3), 303-

322(June 2010).

[4] Malkoc E, Nuhoglu Y, Fixed Bed Studies for the Sorption of Chromium (iv) on

Tea Factory waste,Chem . Eng. Sci ,16 ,4363-4372 (2006).

[5] Amarasinghe BMWPK ,Williams A .R , Tea Waste As a Low Cost Adsorbent for

the Removal of Cu and Pb, from Waste Water, Chem. Eng . J , 132 . 299-309,

(2007).

Amey Wankhade

M. Tech.

Petrochemical

Technology



Scientists increase lithium-sulfur

battery lifetime by a factor of 10

(a) TEM image of the sulfur cathode before discharge. The lithium sulfide (dark) is

bonded to the inner wall of the hollow nanofiber (transparent). (b) TEM image of the

sulfur cathode after full discharge. The lithium sulfide has shrunk away from the

carbon wall, resulting in a loss of electrical contact and capacity decay. (c) TEM

image of the polymer-modified sulfur cathode before discharge. (d) TEM image of

the polymer-modified sulfur cathode after full discharge. The lithium sulfide remains

attached to the carbon wall, improving capacity retention. Credit: Guangyuan Zheng,

et al. ©2013 American Chemical Society (Phys.org)—

The world of rechargeable batteries is full of trade-offs. While lithium-ion (Li-

ion) batteries are currently the most commercially successful, their low energy

density doesn't allow for a long driving range. They are also very expensive, often

accounting for half the price of electric vehicles. One alternative is lithium-sulfur (Li-

S) batteries, which are attractive for their high gravimetric energy density that allows

them to store more energy than Li-ion batteries. And although they still use some

lithium, the sulfur component allows them to be much cheaper than Li-ion batteries.

But one of the biggest drawbacks of Li-S batteries is their short cycle life, which

causes them to lose much of their capacity every time they are recharged.

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google_render_ad);Ads by Google Li ion battery equipment - Li ion equipment,

Zfolder, Winders Welders, Filling. Contact Us Now! - Solith.it/Equipment_Liion Now a

team of researchers led by Yi Cui, a professor of materials science and engineering

at Stanford University, has developed a Li-S battery that can retain more than 80%

of its 1180 mAh/g capacity over 300 cycles, with the potential for similar capacity



retention over thousands of cycles. In contrast, most Li-S batteries lose much of their

capacity after a few tens of cycles.

To achieve this improvement, the researchers first identified a new

mechanism that causes capacity decay in Li-S batteries after cycling. In order for a

Li-S battery to successfully recharge, the lithium sulfide in the cathode must be

bound to the cathode surface—in this case, the inner surface of the hollow carbon

nanofiber that encapsulates it. This binding creates a good electrical contact to allow

for charge flow. But the researchers found that, during the discharge process, the

lithium sulfide detaches from the carbon, resulting in a loss of electrical contact that

prevents the battery from fully recharging. Before now, it has been very challenging

to study the sulfur cathode at the nanoscale due to the sulfur compound's sensitivity

to air and moisture, as well as its tendency to sublime under a vacuum. But the

hollow carbon nanofiber structure of the anode—which the researchers developed in

a previous study—protects the sulfur, which allowed the researchers to view the

cathode using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) without significantly

damaging the sample.

After identifying the problem, the researchers set about fixing it by adding

polymers to the carbon nanofiber surface in order to modify the carbon-sulfur

interface. The polymers are amphiphilic, meaning they are both hydrophilic (water-

loving) and lipophilic (fat-loving), similar to soap. This property gives the polymers

anchoring points that allow the lithium sulfides to bind strongly with the carbon

surface in order to maintain strong electrical contacts. As experiments showed, sulfur

cathodes containing the amphiphilic polymers had very stable performance, with less

than 3% capacity decay over the first 100 cycles, and less than 20% decay for more

than 300 cycles. Although the improvement is a big step forward, the capacity

retention still doesn't compare to Li-ion batteries, some of which have lifespans

approaching 10,000 cycles. In order to avoid having to replace the battery every few

years, electric vehicles require these longer lifespans. But Cui says that Li-S

batteries have the potential to close this gap in the foreseeable future. "Using the

amphiphilic polymer idea here in this paper, together with nanoscale materials

design and synthesis, it is possible to improve the cycle life up to 10,000 cycles," Cui

told Phys.org. "My group is working on this. Our recent results on nanomaterials

design already improved to 1000 cycles." In the future, Cui think Li-S batteries will

give Li-ion batteries some serious competition. "The Li-S batteries become pretty

promising for electric vehicles," he said. "The life cycle needs to improve further. The

lithium metal anodes' safety problem needs to be solved. It is possible to get around

Li metal anodes with Si anodes."

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-02-scientists-lithium-sulfur-battery-lifetime-

factor.html#jCp

Vrushal Rakshe

B. Tech 1st Year

Chemical Engg.

http://phys.org/news/2013-02-scientists-lithium-sulfur-battery-lifetime-factor.html#jCp

http://phys.org/news/2013-02-scientists-lithium-sulfur-battery-lifetime-factor.html#jCp



Methanolysis of High FFA Mahua Oil

in an Oscillatory Baffled Reactor

Abstract

An oscillatory baffled reactor has been fabricated to produce mahua oil methyl

ester from high FFA mahua oil. The production of mahua oil methyl ester is carried

out in two stages. The first stage is carried out at oil to alcohol molar ratio 1:12 with 4

vol % sulphuric acid as an acid catalyst for reaction time 10 min at room temperature

of 250C. After the reaction, the mixture was allowed to settle for 8-9 hour. In second

stage product at the bottom was transesterified using 1:12 molar ratio with .3 wt% of

KOH as alkaline catalyst to produce methyl ester.

Keywords: Transesterification, Biodiesel, Mahua Oil, Methanol, Oscillatory

Baffled Reactor

1. Introduction

Primary energy sources can be divided into non-renewables and renewable. The

reality shows that the energy availability from the non-renewable sources is limited,

and beyond that, the exploration, the processing and the use of energy impose

considerable impacts on the environment [1].

During recent years high activities can be observed in the field of alternative

fuels, due to rapid decrease in world petroleum reserves and environmental

concerns originating from exhaust emissions. In the year 2004 – 2005, India

imported 75 % of crude oil from other countries and the demand for diesel and

gasoline increased drastically in the year 2008 - 2009. It has been estimated that the

demand for diesel will be 66.90 metric ton for the year 2011-2012. Hence,

government of India has taken necessary steps to fulfill future diesel and gasoline

demand and to meet the stringent emission norms [2].

Today about 80% of global energy demand is produced from fossil fuels.

However, extensive utilisation of fossil fuels has led to global climate change,

environmental pollution, and health problems. Many countries are thus turning their

attension to the development of new, clean, and sustainable energy sources [3].

Ecological, political and economic concerns over petro diesel, which is the single

largest industry in terms of dollar value on earth, are the drivers behind biodiesel

production [4].

Biodiesel is a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) formed from renewable sources

with short carbon chain alcohols in the presence of some catalyst. Due to increasing

crude oil prices and limited fossil fuel resources and environmental concerns,

vegetable oils and fats are being studied on a large scale now a day [5]. The name

Biodiesel was introduced in the United States during 1992 by the National Soy diesel



Development Board (presently national bio diesel board) which has pioneered the

commercialization of Biodiesel in the United States [6].

2. Feedstock

Madhuca longifolia, commonly known as mahwa or mahua, is an Indian

tropical tree found largely in the central and north Indian plains and forests. The two

major species of genus Madhuca found in India are Madhuca Indica (latifolia) and

Madhuca longifolia (longifolia). The seed potential of this tree in india is 500,000 tons

and oil potential is 180,000 tons. It is a fast-growing tree that grows to approximately

20 meters in height, possesses evergreen or semi-evergreen foliage, and belongs to

the family Sapotaceae.

It is adapted to arid environments, being a prominent tree in tropical mixed

deciduous forests in India in the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh,

Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat and Orissa. It attains height

up to 70 ft. The tree matures from 8 to 15 years, and fruits up to 60 years. The two

species are not differentiated in Trade. The kernels are 70% of seed by weight. Seed

contains two kernels, having 25 mm x 17.5 mm in size. Oil content in latifolia is 46%

and 52% in longifolia. In seeds oil content is 35% and protein in 16% [7].

Fatty acid profile of Mahua Oil is given in Table 1. Its FFA content was

determined by a standard titrimetry method [8].

Table 1

Properties: The average fatty acid composition of Mahua oil

Fatty Acid Systemic Name Formula Structure Wt%

Palmitic Hexadecanoic C16H32O2 16:0 16.0–28.2

Steric Octadecanoic C18H36O2 18:0 20.0–25.1

Arachidic Eicosanoic C20H40O2 20:0 0.0–3.3

Oleic cis-9-Octadecenoic C18H34O2 18:1 41.0–51.0

Linoleic cis-9,cis-12-

Octadecadienoic

C18H32O2 18:2 8.9–13.7

3. Apparatus and experimental setup

Oscillatory baffled reactors (OBR reactors) are a novel type of reactor, consisting of

tubes containing equally spaced orifice plate baffles. OBR reactors exploit the

uniform and efficient vortex mixing that can be achieved when an oscillatory fluid

motion interacts with orifice plate baffles in a tube [9].

Many advantages have been characterized for oscillatory baffled reactors, such as

Enhanced heat and mass transfer.

Efficient dispersion for immiscible fluids.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapotaceae



Uniform particle suspension.

Gas-in-liquid dispersions and multiphase mixing.

Both batch and continuous modes of operation are accommodated.

Experiments were conducted in a laboratory- scale setup of Oscillatory Baffled

Reactor. It consisting of tube containing equally spaced orifice plate baffles. An

oscillatory motion is superimposed upon the net flow of the process fluid, creating

flow patterns conducive to efficient heat and mass transfer, whilst maintaining plug

flow. That’s why in oscillatory flow reactor the reaction time is less that is 10 minutes

at temperature in range of 200C-250C compared to batch reactor. Batch reactor

takes minimum 1 hr and at temperature of about 500C - 550C for reaction under

similar conditions [9].

3.1 Experimental Procedure

Since mahua oil contains very high FFA. Initial acid value of Mahua Oil is very

high i.e. 21.34 mg KOH/gm of oil. Therefore to convert oil into esters two stages are

required.

Mahua oil is contaminated with water and solid particles. Solid portion and water

content of Mahua oil is removed by filtering using a filter paper. This step is

conducted twice to ensure complete removal of water. Then the Mahua oil is

processed through two step process.

Step – 1: Esterification

Esterification of Mahua oil using sulphuric acid (4-5 vol %) as a catalyst under

the operating parameters oil to alcohol molar ratio (1:9, 1:12, 1:15), reaction time (10

min) and temperature (250C - 300C) . After reaction mixture is settled for 6-8 hours,

two layers are formed and the layers are separated, the upper layer is treated oil

which is tasted for its acid value, after separating the layers, acid value of treated

layer is measured, it comes out to be considerable. Otherwise further esterification is

to be carried out with sulfuric acid. Now oil was ready for transesterification.

Step – 2: Transesterification

The treated oil is reacted with methanol in presence of base catalyst KOH

(0.3- 0.4 wt%) by varying the oil–methanol molar ratio. The mixture of KOH with

methanol is added into the reactor along with the oil and oscillations are started. The

transesterification reaction takes place giving two distinct layers i.e. glycerol layer

and methyl ester Layer. Upper layer of methyl ester is separated and is preserved for

further treatment.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Mahua oil batch oscillatory flow reactor:-

In this topic, effect of various parameters like feed to methanol ratio,

concentration of catalyst on quality of biodiesel produced in terms of kinematic

viscosity, density and acid value are discussed for feedstock namely Mahua oil in a

oscillatory flow reactor operated in a batch mode.



4.1 Effect of molar ratio on properties of bio-diesel:-

Runs carried out with increasing mole ratio of oil to alcohol from 1:9 to 1:15 at

catalyst concentration 4 to 5 vol% for stage 1 and 0.3 to 0.4 wt% for stage 2 for 10

minutes. From the graph it can be seen that as the mole ratio increases specific

gravity decreases. In the range of mole ratio 1:9 to 1:15 gave biodiesel of decreasing

viscosity. And as the mole ratio increases acid values decreases. From the graph it

was observed as for mole ratio is concerned 1:12 appears to be optimum value.

Hence this mole ratio was to be chosen for study of catalyst concentration on

viscosity of biodiesel.

4.2 Effect of catalyst concentration on properties of bio-diesel at mole ratio

1:12.

When the catalyst concentration varied from 0.3wt % to 0.4 wt% at oil to alcohol

molar ratio 1:12 at room temperature viscosity increases from 5.04 cst to 5.32 cst.

The viscosity of biodiesel is low at the 0.3 wt% of catalyst concentration as compare

to the 0.4 wt%. When the catalyst concentration varied from 0.4 wt % to 0.3 wt% at

oil to alcohol molar ratio 1:12 at room temperature acid value decreases from 0.9485

to 0.8194 mg of KOH/gm oil. When the catalyst concentration varied from 0.4 wt %

to 0.3 wt% at oil to alcohol molar ratio 1:12 at room temperature density decreases

from 0.8884 to 0.8812 gm/cc. Similar observations can be seen when molar ratio is

increased from 1:9 and 1:15.

The fuel properties of Mahua Oil biodiesel along with crude mahua oil and

diesel are summarized in Table 2. It can be seen that mahua biodiesel had

comparable fuel properties with those of diesel and were within the limits prescribed

in the latest American and European standards for biodiesel. The average fatty acid

composition of Mahua oil Methy Ester is summarized in Table 3 calculated by

GCMS-MS Test.

Table 2

Fuel properties of Mahua oil, Mahua Biodiesel and Diesel

Properties Unit Mahua Oil Mahua

Biodiesel

Diesel [2]

Colour - Slight greenish

yellow

Dark

yellow

Light

yellow

Kinematic

viscosity

cSt 38.4 5.04 2.60

Acid value mg of KOH / gm of

oil

21.34 0.8194 0.35

Density gm/ml 0.945 0.8812 0.850



Flash Point 0C 232 204 68

Fire Pont 0C 239 230

Pour Point 0C 15 1 -20

Cloud Point 0C 14 6

Calorific Value kcal/kg - 7564.08 10031.04

Table 3

Properties: The average fatty acid composition of Mahua oil Methy Ester [Report]:

Fatty Acid Systemic Name Formula Structure Wt%

Palmitic acid

methyl ester

Hexadecanoic C16H32O2 16:0 29.53

Linolenic acid

methyl ester

Octadecatrienoic C18H30O2 18:3 0.0–3.3

Oleic acid methyl

ester

cis-9-Octadecenoic C18H34O2 18:1 18.10

Linoleic acid

methyl ester

cis-9,cis-12-

Octadecadienoic

C18H32O2 18:2 22.45

CONCLUSIONS:

The Transesterification of high FFA Mahua oil in an Oscillatory Baffled reactor is

carried out.

The following were chosen to study the influence of variables on the properties of

biodiesel.

1) Oil to alcohol mole ratio

2) Catalyst (KOH) concentration

The following conclusions may be drawn from the present study in the

transesterification of Mahua performed in an oscillatory flow reactor operated under

batch mode.

1) In an oscillatory flow reactor at lower oil to methanol mole ratios gave

biodiesel with highest viscosity. When oil to alcohol mole ratio was

increased from 1:9 to 1:12 the viscosity was found to degrease from 5.69 cst

to 5.32 cst.

2) When the catalyst concentration varied from 0.4 wt % to 0.3 wt% at oil to

alcohol molar ratio 1:12 at room temperature acid value decreases from

0.9485 to 0.8194 mg of KOH/gm oil.



3) When the catalyst concentration varied from 0.4 wt % to 0.3 wt% at oil to

alcohol molar ratio 1:12 at room temperature density decreases from 0.8884

to 0.8812 gm/cc.

4) In Oscillatory flow reactor the reaction time is less that is 10 minutes.

5) Oscillatory flow reactor can be operated at room temperature (25-300C)

6) The optimum conditions for biodiesel production in 1st stage from Mahua oil

in a batch oscillatory flow reactor appears to be, oil to methanol mole ratio

1:12, catalyst concentration (H2SO4) 4 vol%, reaction time of 10 minutes at

room temperature of 250C.

7) The optimum conditions for biodiesel production in 2nd stage from Mahua oil

in a batch oscillatory flow reactor appears to be, oil to methanol mole ratio

1:12, catalyst concentration (KOH) 0.3wt%, reaction time of 10 minutes at

room temperature of 250C.

REFERENCES:

[1] Ayhan Demirbas, M. Fatih Demirbas, “Importance of algae oil as a source of

biodiesel”, Energy conversion and Management, Vol 52, 163-170, (2011).

[2] N. Kapilan, T. P. Ashok Babu and R. P. Reddy, “Improvement Of Performance Of

Vegetable Oil Fuelled Agricultural Diesel Engine”,Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural

Science, Vol 15 (No 6), 610-616, (2009).

[3] Chun-Yen Chen, Kuei-Ling Yeh, Rifka Aisyah, Duu-Jong Lee, Jo-Shu Chang,

“Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel

production: A critical review”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102, 71-81, (2011).

[4] Sharda D. Nage, K. S. Kulkarni, A. D. Kulkarni And Niraj S. Topare, “Biodiesel

Production By a Continuous Process Using a Heterogeneous Catalyst”, J. Curr.

Chem. Pharm. Sc.: 2(1), 2012, 12-16, ISSN 2277-2871.

[5]Dr. Amjad Ali, Priyanka, “Preparation of Zinc Oxide Supported Heterogeneous

Catalust for the Transesterification of Cotten Seed Oil”, Thaperr University,

Pathiyala, June 2010, www.osun.org.

[6] S.P. Singh, Dipti Singh, “Biodiesel production through the use of different sources

and characterizationof oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review”,

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.14, 200–216, (2010).

[7]Shashikant Vilas Ghadge, Hifjur Raheman, “Biodiesel production from mahua

(Madhuca indica) oil having high free fatty acids”, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 28,

601–605, (2005).

[8]Y.C.Bhattacharyulu, V.N.Ganvir, S.A.Bahegankar, Pankaj Nikhare, “Methanolysis

Of High FFa Karanja Oil In An Oscillatory Baffled Reactor”, Journal of Engineering

Research and Studies, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 144-148, (2012).

Ms. Priya Dhote

M. Tech.

Petrochemical

Technology

http://www.osun.org/



Simulation of Preflash, Atmospheric & Vacuum Distillation Unit of Petroleum Refinery using ASPEN PLUS

Process Description

The crude distillation process contains three units, a preflash unit, atmospheric

distillation unit (ADU), and vacuum distillation unit (VDU), shown in Figure 2. The

preflash tower has 10 theoretical stages, no reboiler, and a partial condenser. The

mixed crude oil, consisting of the oil blend, first enters the preflash furnace where it

is partially vaporized. The partially vaporized feed then enters the preflash tower in

stage 10. Steam feeds to the bottom of the tower in stage 10. The tower produces

wide naphtha cut as a distillate product.

Fig.:2 Process Flowsheet window

The bottom of the preflash tower goes to the atmospheric column as shown in Figure

2. The main part of the process was a distillation column with three side strippers.

The column had 25 stages and the strippers had four stages each. In the refinery

these two strippers were embedded in a single column. Strippers were needed for

elutriation of the desirable fraction from a lighter one. Therefore, steam was



introduced in the strippers by streams. The feed stream entered the preflash tower

after the furnace and then column on to stage 22, numbered from the bottom up.

Stream 2 was used for elutriation of the heaviest fraction in the process and entered

the column in stage 1. Stream 4 represents reflux, which entered the column in stage

25.

The bottom residue stream of atmospheric column goes as feed to vacuum column

as shown in Figure 2. Feed enters in stage 6, numbered from the bottom up. The

steam used for elutriation of the heavy fraction in the process enters the column in

stage 6. The vacuum unit separates reduced crude into off-gas, light vacuum gas oil

(LVGO), heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO), and residual vacuum oil (RCO). The

vacuum tower has no condenser or reboiler. The liquid side stream withdrawn from

the tower will contain low-boiling components that lower the flashpoint, because the

lighter products pass through the heavier products and are in equilibrium with them

on every tray. These light ends are stripped from each side stream in a separate

small stripping tower containing 4 to 10 trays with steam introduced under the bottom

tray.

Results of Simulation:

On simulating the flowsheet the following results have been observed.

Fig.5.1: TBP Curves of Crudes & Blends



Fig.5.2: Temperature Profile for Preflash Column

Fig.5.3: Temperature Profile for ADU



Fig.5.4: Temperature Profile for VDU



Fig.5.5: ASTM Curves for Distillate Products

Mr. Sayyad Farhan Rahemat Ali

Final Year B.Tech

(Petroleum Refining &

Petrochemical Technology)



Marathi Section



अखेरच्या चेंडूवर राजस्थान ववजयी - - वतृ्तसंस्था शनिवार, 6 एप्रिल 2013 - 09:05 PM IST

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िवी दिल्ली - अखेरच्या चेंडूपयतं रंगतिार झालेल्या सामन्यात राजस्थाि रॉयल्सिे दिल्ली डअेरडवे्हिल्सचा पाच धावांिी पराभव करूि यंिाच्या आयपीएल स्पधेत प्रवजयी सलामी दिली, तर दिल्ली संघाला सलग िसुऱ्या पराभवाचा सामिा करावा लागला. रािुल द्रप्रवडिे िमिार अधधशतक करूि सवांची मिे व्जंकली, तर तडाखेबंि खेळी करणारा डवे्हिड वॉिधर बाि झाल्यािंतर दिल्ली संघाची पकड दिली झाली. गत स्पधेत या िोन्िी संघांत दिल्लीतच झालेल्या सामन्यात दिल्लीिे अखेरच्या चेंडूवर प्रवजय ममळप्रवला िोता. आज राजस्थाि संघािे अखेरच्या चेंडूवरच प्रवजय ममळवूि "त्या' पराभवाची परतफेड केली. रािुल द्रप्रवडच्या 51 चेंडूतंील 65 धावा आणण स्टुअटध बबन्िीिे केलेली 20 चेंडूतंील 40 धावांची खेळी, यामुळे राजस्थाि रॉयल्सिे िथम फलंिाजी करतािा 7 बाि 165 धावांपयतं मजल मारली िोती. या आहिािासमोर डवे्हिड वॉिधरिे 56 चेंडूतं 77 धावांची तुफािी खेळी करूि दिल्ली संघाच ेआहिाि अखेरपयतं कायम वेवले िोत.े प्रवजयासावी 13 धावांची गरज असतािा तो धावचीत झाला आणण तेथिूच सामिा त्यांच्या िातिू निसटला. दिल्ली संघाला प्रवजयासावी अखेरच्या सिा चेंडूतं 9 धावांची गरज िोती. मध्यमगती गोलंिाज केप्रवि कूपर िे षटक टाकणार िोता. त्यािे िथम बोथा आणण त्यािंतर धोकािायक ऍण्ड्री रसेल यांिा बाि केले. अखेरच्या चेंडूवर सिा धावांची आवश् यकता असतािा िवा फलंिाज िमि ओझाला एकिी धाव कािता आली िािी. सलग िसुऱ्या सामन्यात सेिवागमशवाय खेळावे लागणाऱ्या दिल्लीला वॉिधर आणण उन्मुक्त चिं यांिी 39 धावांची सलामी दिली िोती. चिंला श्रीशांतिे बाि केले. त्यािंतर कणधधार जयवधधिेचा अव्जंक् य रिाणेिे िवेत सूर मारूि दटपलेला झले डो्यांच ेपारणे फेडणारा िोता. वॉिधर एका बाजूिे आक्रमक फलंिाजी करूि प्रवजय दिल्लीच्या आवाक् यात आणत िोता, पण पायाचा स्िायू िखुावल्यामुळे द्रप्रवडच्या अिुपव्स्थतीत ितेतृ्व करणाऱ्या बॅ्रड िॉजिे वॉिधरला धावचीत केले, िाच क्षण निणाधयक वरला. तत्पूवी वषधभरािंतर पुन्िा एकिा मैिािात उतरणाऱ्या द्रप्रवडिे चांगलीच वेगवाि फलंिाजी

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केली. स्टुअटध बबन्िीिेिी त्याला तेविीच मोलाची साथ दिली. या िोघांच्या 28 चेंडूतंील 55 धावाचं्या भागीिारीमुळे राजस्थािला 165 धावांचा टप्पा गावता आला. संक्षिप्त धावफलक - राजस्थाि रॉयल्स - 20 षटकांत 7 बाि 165 (अव्जंक् य रिाणे 28 -23 चेंडू, 3 चौकार रािुल द्रप्रवड 65 -51 चेंडू, 6 चौकार, 2 षटकार, स्टुअटध बबन्िी 40 -20 चेंडू, 2 चौकार, 3 षटकार, आमशष िेिरा 4-0-35-2, उमेश यािव 4-0-24-4) दिल्ली डअेरडवे्हिल्स - 20 षटकांत 6 बाि 160 (डवे्हिड वॉिधर 77 -56 चेंडू, 9 चौकार, 1 षटकार, उन्मुक्त चिं 23 -19 चेंडू, 2 चौकार, 1 षटकार, मिप्रित जुिेजा 20 -18 चेंडू, 1 चौकार, 1 षटकार, श्रीशांत 4-0-18-1, केप्रवि कूपर 4-0-30-3).

Bhushan Sinker

Third Year

LIT, HOSTEL.



JRD TATA…….AN INSPIRATION

जे.आर.डी. टाटा ... एक सत्य घटिा..

२८ माचध १९९२ रोजी उद्योगपती जे आर डी टाटा. यांिा भारतरत्ि िेउि सन्मानित करण्ड्यात आले िोत.े

त्या निममत्तािे एक सुंिर ककस्सा वाचिात आला. कृपया ककस्सा पुणध वाचा आणण आवडल्यास शअेर

करा ..

िी गोष्ट आिे १९७४ ची. तेहिा बेंगलोर शिरात IISc. मधे सुधा कुलकणी िावाची प्रवद्याथीिी मशकत

िोती. ती एकिा िॉस्टेलवरुि लेक्चर िॉल कड ेजात असतािा िोटीस बोडध वर एक जािीरात पािीली. ती जािीरात िोती िमसद्ध टेलको (आताची टाटा मोटसध) . ती खालील िमाणे िोती.

“The company required young, bright engineers, hardworking and with an

excellent academic background, etc. At

the bottom was a small line: ‘Lady Candidates need not apply’.”

त्या शवेटच्या ओळीि ेसुधाची तळपायाची आग मस्तकात गेली. नतिे सरळ टेलकोच्या मुख्य

िबंधकाला पत्र मलिूि जाब प्रवचारायचे वरप्रवले. पण त्या वेळी त्यांच ेिाव मािीत िसल्यािे नति ेसरळ

टाटा ग्रुप्सच ेिमुख जे.आर. डी. टाटा यांिा पत्र मलिले आणण ती ते प्रवसरुि गेली.

१० दिवसात नतच्या पत्राला उत्तर आले. नतला टेलको पुणे ईथ ेईंटरहिूसावी बोलावले िोत ेत्यासावी लागणारा सवध खचध टेलको कंपिी करणार िोती. ईंटरहिूसावी सिा पॅिमलस्ट िोते. सुधािे एंट्री केल्याबरोबर त्यांच्यात 'िीच ती जे.आर.डीं. िा पत्र मलिणारी वगैरे कमेंट झाले. सुधा िुशार असल्यािे नतला तो ईंटरहिू फारसा जड गेला िािी. ईंटरहिू झाल्यावर त्या सिाजणांपैकी एकजण म्िणाला. 'त्या जादिरातीत तसे मलिण्ड्याचे कारण म्िणज ेिी जॉब शॉप फ्लोर ची आिे. मुली सिसा नतथ ेकाम करत

िािीत मग एहििा ईंटरहिू घेउि फायिा िोत िािी पण तुम्िी स्वतः ईंटे्रस्ट िाखप्रवल्या बद्दल

धन्यवाि.तुम्िी शॉप फ्लोरवर काम करणा-या पिील्या मदिला आिात.

कािी दिवस अस ेगेले तोच एक दिवस जे.आर.डी. टेलको पुणे ला भेट द्यायला आले. त्यावेळी टेलकोचे मुख्य िबंधक सुमंत मुळगावकर िोत.े सुमंत मुळगावकरांिी सुधाची ओळख शॉप फ्लोरवरची पदिली



मदिला अमभयंता अशी करुि दिली. त्यांिी सुधाचे िस्तांिोलि केले. आता मात्र सुधाला मभती वाटत

िोता ि करो सुमंत सर ककंवा जे.आर.डीं िी पत्राचा प्रवषय कािला तर पण नतच्या सुिैवाि ेिोघेिी ती गोष्ट प्रवसरले िोत.े सवध पािणी करुि निघण्ड्यास त्यांिा रात्रीचे ९ वाजले. तेहिा पाकींग लॉट मधे िव-

याची वाट पाित असलेली सुधा दिसली. जे.आर.डींिी प्रवचारल्यावर नतिे कारण सांगगतले. तेहिा त े

म्िणाले. ' रात्र खपु झालीय आणण अशा वेळी एका स्त्रीिे अस ेएकटे उभारणे दवक िािी. मी तुमच्या सोबतीला उभारतो तुमच ेममस्टर येईपयतं. ' आता मात्र सुधाला मिात कालवा-कालव जाणवू लागली. ईतका मोवा माणूस आपल्याबरोबर शुल्लक वाट बघत उभा आिे.

ईतक्यात सुधाचे ममस्टर आले. सुधािे त्यांची आणण जे.आर.डीं ची ओळख करुि दिली. 'िे माझे ममस्टर

िारायण मुती आणण िे.. ' पुिे सुधाजी कािी बोलणार एहिढ्यात िारायण मुतींचा चेिरा 'अव्ज म्या ब्रह्म

पादिले ' असा झाला िोता. जे.आर.डी. िस्तांिोलि करतािा मुतींिा म्िणाले. 'ममस्टर मुती ककतीिी मोवे

झालात तरी आपल्या बायकोला अशी वाट बघायला लाव ूिका ' ईतके बोलूि त ेनिघूि गेले.

पुिे जेहिा सुधा मुतींिी िोकरीचा राव्जिामा दिला तेहिा सुमंत सरांिी तो सरळ जे.आर.डीं कडे पावप्रवला. तेहिा जे.आर.डी. स्वत: सुधा मुतींिा फोि करुि राव्जिाम्याचे कारण प्रवचारले. तेहिा सुधाजी म्िणाल्या ' माझ्या ममस्टरांिी ईन्फोमसस िावाची स्वतंत्र कंपिी कािली आिे तेहिा त्यांच्या मितीसावी मला जाणे भाग आिे.

तेहिा जे.आर.डीं.िी िनतिश्ि केला 'तुम्िी यशस्वी झाल्यावर काय करणार? '

तेहिा सुधाजी म्िणाल्या.' कािी वरप्रवले िािी. आम्िाला तर िो िी मािीत िािी की आम्िी यशस्वी िोऊ

का िािी .. ' मधेच वाक्य तोडत जे.आर.डी गरजले 'शट अप असले रडगाणे गाऊ िका. िवीि सुरवात

करताय तेहिा सकारात्मक दृष्टीकोि वेवा. ऑल िी बेस्ट आणण िो अयशस्वी िोऊि माझ्या कंपिीत

तुम्िी परत दिसता कामा िये.' त्यांिी ररसीहिर खाडकि वेवला. पण त ेशवेटच ेशब्ि सुधाताईंच्या मिात शवेटपयतं घुमत रािीले ...

Amol Ramning

M. Tech

Petrochemical Technology



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manufacturing with a vision for applying these techniques in industry in near future. Contributory papers are invited from manufacturing researchers on the topics that have potential for practical applications. The conference keywords include but not limited to:

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