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Law in the conservation of urban greensCase study of Delhi, India and Cologne, Germany
Challenges And Opportunities
Dr. Shamita KumarBharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, INDIA
Biodiversity Law Seminar
Legal Syste
ms
What role does the law play?
Loss of biodiversity
Habitat destructio
n
Loss of corridors
Urban expansion
Poaching/
Invasive Species
Lack of incentives
GMOs
Biodiversity conservation
Corridors
Urban Green
Conservation
Protected Areas
India’s biodiveristy: An introduction
Photographs: Erach Bharucha
Photographs: Erach Bharucha
Source: Reitsma, F. (2012) Cities and Biodiversity Outlook - Action and Policy.
Urbanization in India
Urbanization in India
• Traditional focus on rural development has now shifted to urban development
• 2005 JNNURM Program: 63 new cities
• 2014 : 100 smart cities, 500 AMRUT cities
• Industrial corridors, SEZs, etc.
In the last two decades we have seen ..……
• Flooding of Mumbai, Chennai, Srinagar, Uttarakhand
• Water shortages in Bangalore, Pune
• Near disappearance of the common sparrow
• Loss of bees
• Urban heat island effect
Photographs: Erach Bharucha
• Renewed interest in wetlands….
• Protection of ‘hotspecks’….sacred trees, roosting sites….
• Newly emerging…… Terrace gardens, vertical gardens…..
• Reduced dependence of fuelwood..
But we also have seen..….
And also the ..….• Delhi Biodiversity Parks
• Pune Biodiversity Parks (in the process)
• Bhopal Biodiversity Parks (proposed)
• Restoration of wetlands in Pune and Bangalore
• New forms of urban greens and blues….
........and thus urbanization is both a challenge and an opportunity
:
What do we have as urban greens??
Delhi: A historical perspective• The city has more than 18000 Parks, some of them
are from the Mughal and British periods.
• The city had nearly 450 wetlands besides River Yamuna supporting aquatic biodiversity
:
Delhi: The second green capital in the world!
What have been the drivers?
Air
pollution
in Delhi
2010
Common
wealth
games
PublicInterest Litigation
Green Bench of the SC
National Green Tribunal
Reinterpretation of Art 21
Development of the environmental jurisprudence in India
Engaged Civil Society Aware Media
Notification of the Delhi Ridge
YamunaBiodiversity Park
AravalliBiodiversity Park
Source: Own draft
1982
Asiad
Games
Wetlands in 2004 nearly fully developed
Development of wetlands-initial stages in
2003
Site selection for development of
wetlands in 2002
Yamuna Biodiversity Park: Sequential development
Photographs: V.G. Gogate
Pune’s Biodiveristy Parks
Photographs: Erach Bharucha
Proposed biodiversity parks in Pune
Source: BVIEER, Pune
Pashan in the 1970s
Pashan Wetland Biodiversity Park
Photographs: Erach Bharucha
Clearing the Ipomea belt in 2007 at the periphery
Ecorestoration of the Pashan Lake
Photographs: Erach Bharucha
Development of the wetland at Pashan
Photographs: Erach Bharucha
May 26, 2005Apr 23, 2009Jan 18, 2013
Ducks and terns on the island (2013)Photographs: Erach Bharucha
Babool trees at periphery- ideal for nesting of birds (2013)Photographs: Erach Bharucha
Historical City Centre inside the inner Green
Belt
Inner and Outer Green Belts of Cologne, Germany
Source: Stefan Gronnerud
Now it must be decided whether Cologne shall be a desert of stones or a city where the inhabitants live a human friendly life. (…) It must be prevented that we will have an ocean of houses, without light, without green, without a connectivity to nature (…) the utilization of the last free space, which is surrounding Cologne (…), to forest and meadows.
It was a Now or Never Decision!!!
by Konrad Adenauer
Sustainable urban development – 75 years ago..
Source: Stefan Gronnerud
The Outer Green Belt
Different forms of green forming the outer green belt
Source: Stefan Gronnerud
The Inner Green Belt A Park Area for Recreation
The Inner Green Belt
The Outer Green BeltParks, Forests, Agriculture and other Forms of Urban Green
Impressions from the outer green belt
The Third Green Belt
Source: Stefan Gronnerud
Greater London..A National Park City
How do people perceive biodiversity?
Photographs: BVIEER Photo Stock
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Citizens perceptions of the Biodiversity Park
How do we create these?
Amenity green spaces like
housing colony gardens
Public gardens like P. L.
Deshpande garden
Creating a typology of green spaces in Pune
Tree avenues in
Koregaon Park
Temple gardens like
Saras Baug
Cartography: Swaroop Patankar, BVIEER,
April 2016
Cartography: Swaroop Patankar, BVIEER,
April 2016
Cartography: SwSwaroop Patankar,
BVIEER, April 2016
41
Indian Express, October 30, 2016
What are the challenges?
Ecosystem services
Human well being
Ethical/Religious responsibilities
Buffers for environment change
Biodiversityconservation
Steppingstones/corridor
Data
Attitudes
Norms/Standards
Planning /Implementation mismatch
Green India Mission
Guidelines from the Ministry of Urban Development
Guidelines from the Ministry of Environment and Forests
POLICY
Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Biological Diversity Act
State Specific Tree Acts, Town Planning Act
LEGAL
Development PlansPLANNING
Market based incentives
Projects/Events
Voluntary Practices
SMART
CITIES