laura wolf-powers, phd assistant professor, city & regional planning

Laura Wolf-Powers, PhDAssistant Professor, City & Regional Planning

University of Pennsylvania School of Design

Healthy People Global GoodsClean Air Council

Goods Movement as a Community Economic Development Opportunity




Data Source: Employment Projections Program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

National Demand Projections in Goods and Materials-Moving Occupations

OCCUPATION (SOC)Predicted

Empl. Change 2008-2018

% Distribution Job Openings, Growth &

Replacement (thousands)

2008 2018

All occupations 00-0000 10.12% 100% 100% 50,928.5 Transport. and material moving occupations 53-0000 3.98% 6.50% 6.14% 2,856.5 Supervisors, transp.& material moving workers 53-1000 -0.25% 0.26% 0.24% 77.4 Air transportation occupations 53-2000 12.09% 0.09% 0.10% 69.2 Motor vehicle operators 53-3000 9.13% 2.76% 2.73% 1,123.6 Rail transportation occupations 53-4000 9.16% 0.08% 0.08% 54.9 Water transportation occupations 53-5000 14.77% 0.05% 0.05% 46.3 Other transportation workers 53-6000 5.16% 0.20% 0.19% 127.8 Material moving occupations 53-7000 -1.01% 3.03% 2.72% 1,357.3




OCCUPATION (SOC) U.S. Annual Median Wage

Philadelphia Region Annual Median Wage

All Occupations (00-0000) $33,840 $38,190

Transportation and Material Moving Occupations (53-0000) $28,400 $30,610

Supervisors of Transp. & Materials Moving Workers (53-1000) $48,639 $56,095

Air Transportation Workers (53-2000) $70,487 $95,526

Motor Vehicle Operators (53-3000) $31,695 $34,033

Rail Transportation Workers (53-4000) $47,940 n/a

Water Transportation Workers (53-5000) $51,394 $57,277

Other Transportation Workers (53-6000) $24,911 n/a

Material Moving Workers (53-7000) $24,516 $27,329

Data Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics

Salaries in Goods Moving Industries




Data Source: County Business Patterns, US Census Bureau

Industry Employment Trends: 1999-2009

INDUSTRY Change in Employment

Average Yearly Change in

Employment

Average Yearly Percent Share of

Total Employment

US Phila. Region US Phila.

Region US Phila. Region

All Industries 3.43% 0.75% 0.55% 0.33% 100% 100%

Wholesale; Transportation & Warehousing (NAICS 42; 48-9) 4.05% 6.60% 0.65% 1.03% 8.66% 8.72%

$1.2 billion Port of Oakland expansion

• Environmental mitigation plan (2000) was part of settlement of 1998 lawsuit by Golden Gate Environmental Law and Justice Clinic

• Also in 2000, the Port, its general contractor and the signatories unions of the Building Trades Council signed a unique Project Labor Agreement, MAPLA (Maritime and Aviation Project Labor Agreement).





MAPLA approach to construction outcomes

Premium placed on opportunities for new job seekers to get access to construction trades careers. This required:

– construction local hire programs requiring utilization of apprentices on site

– requiring some or all of those apprentices to be residents of low-income neighborhoods.

– Efforts to provide long-term support to apprentices, to help them confront barriers like inconsistent volume of work, racism and challenges qualifying for and completing apprenticeship training





MAPLA implementation• Targeted an extremely broad applicant pool that included the

Cities of Oakland, Alameda, San Leandro and Emeryville – (Local Impact Area, or LIA)

• Included policy language clearly stating the purpose of the local hiring program: to serve historically disadvantaged individuals. – goal that residents of the LIA will perform 50% of all hours worked.– A goal that 20% of the work be performed by apprentices, all of whom

should reside in the LIA.

• Engaged locally trusted organizations in developing the pipeline of low-income workers for new apprenticeships





Lessons of MAPLA• Back numerical goals/requirements up with concrete policy

language (define ‘good faith effort’!)

• “The point is to figure out what steps developers and employers would be taking if they were actually trying to hire people in the targeted applicant pool. When employers claim they’ve made every effort, they should be able to show that they’ve taken these steps. When employers fail to show significant local hire outcomes, the policy language should help us distinguish between those that are trying but are failing to get results and those employers that are simply not making appropriate efforts” (Julian Gross)





Local workforce development achievements of MAPLA

Through September 2007:• Total of 3,144,954 hours worked; • 31% worked by local residents;• 12.8% completed by apprentices;• 6.2% completed by local resident apprentices;





New challenge: Oakland Army Base redevelopment

• 1800 acre area – decommissioned as army base in 1999

• 400 acres slated for redevelopment in first phase

• developer selected - groups advocating for contractor commitment to quality jobs, including permanent jobs





Coalition for Clean and Safe PortsPorts of Los Angeles and Long Beach support >100,000 jobs in southern

CA

Huge health impacts associated with inefficiencies in port trucking industry - 40,000 diesel trucks daily (estimated to increase to 120,000 daily by 2025)

Coalition started in 2005 – “blue-green alliance” focused on the link between environmental health impacts and wages/working conditions for truck drivers. Members include:

• Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) • Physicians for Social Responsibility • Sierra Club Harbor Vision Task Force • Unions: IBEW, Teamsters, Teachers, Laborers• Political groups (Mexican American Political Aliance); faith-based orgs





San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (2006)

jointly released by Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach - targets primary sources of air emissions at the 2 Ports, including ships, trains, trucks, and cargo handling equipment

Key feature was Clean Trucks Program, which 1) phased out the most polluting trucks 2) incentivized trucking companies to replace their old fleets, and (3) restricted port access to trucking companies that met, environmental, employment, and operational standards.





Port truck driversMotor carrier act of 1980 had changed nature of industry – most

port truck drivers are now “independent contractors” affiliated with trucking firms

• expenses associated with owning their trucks diminish drivers’ earnings

• One study found that average port trucker in U.S. works 59 hours a week, but only takes home just $28,783 pre-taxes

• Just 10% of drivers in L.A. County have health insurance





“Concessions program” aspect of the Clean Trucks program

Put Licensed Motor carriers in direct relationship with the Port

Authorized port to oversee environmental, public health, and employment impacts of port trucks and included a provision that truck drivers must be employed directly by a trucking company (amounted to a ban on independent owner-operators)





American Trucking Association initiated litigation against the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach in response to employee mandates (claimed that the concession plan was pre-empted by a federal statute)

Port of Long Beach never enacted mandates

Port of Los Angeles prohibited from doing so in 2009 by a court injunction – injunction overturned 2010 but the case is now tied up in the appeals process

Federal legislation now under consideration would grant ports discretion in enacting Clean Truck programs





• San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (2006) featured the Los Angeles and Long Beach Clean Trucks Program

• Clean Truck Program: (1) banned polluting trucks (2) incentivized replacement of old fleets, and (3) restricted port access to trucking companies that including meeting environmental, employment, and operational standards

(Montgomery 2011)

a CBA is a mechanism by which affected stakeholders direct a portion of the publicly created value increment toward mitigation of [development’s negative] effects. For others, however, the CBA represents a tool to rely on captured value to affirmatively pursue broader objectives such as poverty reduction…

The question of whether benefits that alleviate underlying social distress are as appropriate as those that directly mitigate project harms looms large... Some argue that wage standards for low income city residents, for example, have no place in the redevelopment deals that private sector actors reach with planning departments and redevelopment authorities.

-- Wolf-Powers, “Community Benefits Agreements in a Value Capture Context”





Resources

Samonne Montgomery • ORGANIZING FOR REGIME CHANGE: AN ANALYSIS OF THREE COMMUNITY-LABOR

COALITIONS IN LOS ANGELES, 2000 - 2010

(Dissertation manuscript, PhD program in city planning, Rutgers University)





Resources

Kathleen Mulligan-Hansel, Making Development Work for Local Residents: Local Hire Programs and Implementation Strategies that Serve Local Communities

(Partnership for Working Families)





available at www.prattcenter.net (in “publications” section)

http://www.prattcenter.net/

laura wolf-powers, phd assistant professor, city & regional planning

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