latvian-turkic connection-galina shuke-2010.pdf

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Trkic LanguagesGalina Shuke

Were the Latvians Trks?Phenomenon of Trkic substrate's presence in

Baltic LanguagesDaugavpils, 2010, ISBN 978-9984-49-046-5

Galina Shuke, 2010

- - - Google Bookswww.kaynakca.info/eser_dosya/2161199_turcs_english.docgalile25yahoo.com

Humanity has an unstoppable drive to learn or invent where we came from. It startedwith inventions, and now is transitioning to learning. Linguistics was circling the subjectlike Mercury is circling the Sun, too hot to approach, too bright to look at. This postingoffers analysis that posits that Latvian and Russian languages grew out of Trkiclanguages, and thus identifies Balto-Slavic proto-language with Trkic language. GalinaShuke expresses an opinion that Trkic language stands closest to the mankind's cradle

than any other language, elaborated in her work. In essence, that assertion equates thehypothetic Nostratic language with Trkic languages, and by extension with the Germaniclanguages. Holistic approach by the researcher bears fruits flung by partial studies.

The offered citation from the work of Galina Shuke is a work of practicing polyglotlinguist that does not trail the formulaic family tree model that ascribes all phoneticchanges to internal development, and instead approaches languages with fullunderstanding that life was intermixing languages and people, and different peoplemutually shaped genetics and communications in largely stochastic evolutionary process.That the ethnically Russian natively Latvian author gained a special appreciation of theTurkish language is certainly noteworthy, it gives a credence to her objectivity andopenness of her mind, and adds a dimension of unencumbered creativity to her study. The

process of abandoning the family tree model is promising to be protracted and painful, notany easier than was the abandoning the Aristotle's universe, and for many years we aregoing to see the rear ends of the crouched linguists peeking to see what lays beyond therim of the world; but the tools in their disposal fall far short from the orthodox pundits whoresorted to proclaiming anathema to the unbelievers. The family tree model, which tookEurasia as some remote isolated island in the World Ocean, will probably cloister inlinguistic convents and ultimately survive, regurgitating with nostalgia the old asterisked*reconstructions that were once sold as canonic knowledge.

The miracle of the current European etymology is not less amazing than walkingbarefoot on water. The etymological blinds limit horizon to Latin and Greek like they wereNoah's children, and from there start the Biblical-like asterisked *reconstructions serving

as linguistic Adam and Eve. The Russian etymology follows the epitome, but stops at thelimit of Slavic records, something around the 10th c., with strenuous efforts to get to the


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Latvian, nor Russian have yet existed. Thus, the references to Russian before the 10th c.should be understood as Slavic, before the 6th c. as a branch of Balto-Slavic, and prior tothe new era as Baltic. In the work, Russia and Russian are at times also used asgeographical terms, referring to the territory of the modern state before the decompositionof the USSR, and accordingly in such cases they include the linguistic areas of Belorussiaand Ukraine. The term Latgal/Latgalian refer to the ancestors of the modern Lats(Latvians), and their form of the Latvian language.

Transcriptions [pimek]

Yellow highlight - problems

Tables in alphabetical order

Semantical disconnects - explanations

Borrowings into Turkish - criteria

Translate for Drozdov

The posting follows the original English-language publication, with minor typing,semantical and stylistic corrections. The Turkish -in hali case is genitive, possessive,genitival, genitive case, loosely rendered as genitive case in this posting. In square-bracketed Latvian phonetizations j stands for y, as in York, so soya would be phonetized[soja]. The Turkish c stands for j like in jet and is transcribed as j, Turkish / stands for chlike in church and is transcribed as ch, Turkish is silent like gh in light.

Page numbers are shown at the beginning of the page. Posting notes and explanations,added to the text of the author are shown in (blue italics) in parentheses and in blueboxes, or highlighted by blue headers.

Contents

Introduction 4

1.Hypothesis on the Origin of the Eastern EuropeanSubstratum

7

1.1. The Role of Asia in the History of Europe 7

1.2. Who Were Ancient Inhabitants of Asia Minor? 8

1.3. Ancient Inhabitants of the Territory of the modernLatvia

9

1.3.1. Testimony of the Folklore Symbols 10

1.3.2. Language of Ancient People in the territory of themodern Latvia

11

2. Geographical Names of Trkic Etymology 112.1. Trkic Toponyms and Hydronyms on the World Map 16

2.2. Trkic Toponyms and Hydronyms of Latvia 18

2.3. Baltic Hydronyms on the Map of Europe, or theProblem of Pan-Baltic

20

3.Discovery of the Trkic Substratum in the Latvianlanguage

23

3.1. Ancestors, Gods, Names of People, Symbols 23

3.2. Man, Earth, Water 25

3.3. Home, Parents, Holidays 27

3.4. Parts of Human Body, Objects, Actions 28


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3.5. Animals, Plants, Nature 30

3.6. Abstract Objects 31

4. Trkic Grammatical Rudiment in the Latvian language 34

4.1. Phonetics 34

4.1.1 Changes in the System of Vowels 34

4.1.2. Changes in the System of Consonants 35

4.2. Word Formation 35

4.3. Morphology 39

4.4. Syntax 40

5. Trkic roots of the Russian language 43

5.1. Trkic Word-Forming Models in the Russianlanguage

43

5.2. Trkic Origin of Russian Suffixes 44

5.3. Phonetic Correspondences 49

6.Comparison of Substratum Lexicons in the Latvian andRussian Languages

51

6.1. Early Substratum Lexis of the Latvian language 516.2. Early Substratum Lexis of the Russian language 53

6.3. Similar Substratum Lexis of the Latvian andRussian Languages

54

6.4. Parallel Development of the Latvian and theRussian Languages on the Trkic Basis

55

6.5. Substratum Lexis of the Latvian Language of thePeriod of Demarcation

56

6.6. Substratum Lexis of the Russian Language of theLater Period

57

6.7. Conclusions of the Comparative Analysis 597.

Polyethnonyms Aesti, Slavs, Ruses, and OtherEthnonyms

60

Conclusion 61

Galina Shuke

Were the Latvians Trks?Phenomenon of Trkic substrate's presence in Baltic Languages

To researchers, free from political bias and ambition, who serve Her Majesty the truth, Idedicate this.

2

Introduction

The world's languages, are they related and how? Scientists divide them into families andgroups, but haven't found the common denominator yet.

What was the first language of humanity, that basic mother tongue? The answer to thisquestion seems to be the most important for solving the great number of linguisticmysteries.

Progressive scientists of the world have develop a theory of monogenesis. According toit, humanity is one and the same species, and human races are subdivisions within thespecies that sprang as a result of human's life in different geographical zones of the world.


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The theory of monogenesis proves that peoples rise from a common parental source andtheir languages rise from their ancestral language.

A Finnish linguist and ethnographer of the 19th century Mathias Alexander Castren hasexplored languages and ethnography of Finno-Ugric, Tunguso-Manchurian and Paleo-

Asiatic peoples and has composed grammars and dictionaries for twenty languages. Hesuggested the theory of kinship of Finno-Ugric, Samodian (Nenets), Trkic, Mongolian, and

Tunguso-Manchurian languages. In the 1960s a Russian scientist V. M. Illich-Svitichanalyzed similarities of Altaic, Dravidic, Indo-European, Cartvel, Semitohamitic and Uraliclanguage families. He confirmed the scientific base of the Nostratic theory that wasproposed by the Dutch scientist H.Pedersen, who wrote: boundaries for the Nostratianworld of languages cannot yet be determined, but the area is enormous, and includes suchwidely divergent races that one becomes almost dizzy at the thought. (...) The questionremains simply whether sufficient material can be collected to give this inclusion flesh and

blood and a good clear outline.1 The data given in V.M.Illich-Svitich's works show that ineach language family there are dozens of elements that coincide with correspondingelements of other compared language families. Moreover, regardless of their distantrelationship, most of the languages preserve some of the most stable systems ofmorphemes of identical origin. (Illich-Svitich V. M./-, 1964, 5)

Studying a map of the world, we can be surprised at the great number of geographicalnames that sound and look alike. For example, in Russia there is a city in the Siberianregion called Kemerovo. In Latvia is a chain of health resorts on the coast of the BalticSea, one of them bearing a name Kemeri. On the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Turkeythere is a resort town with the name Kemer.

The name of a tributary of the Dnieper is Tsna, the same name has the river of the Okabasin Tsna.

The name of a town in the Perm region (Russia) is Usolye, we find the same name for atown in the Irkutsk region in Siberia.

Everybody knows the riverVisla in Poland, but we find a river with the similar nameVizla in Latvia.

Crimea is the name of the peninsula in the Black Sea. In Latvia there is a town with thename Krimulda.

Keeping in mind kinship of languages, we should try to look at the geographical namesfrom a new angle, and try to decipher them with the help of the Turkish language.

In Turkish the word kemermeans belt, the word ts - hissing, usul - roots,ancestors, forefathers, Turkishvz means buzz, hum, krm slaughter, carnage,

cutting (of a forest).Why do we turn specifically to the Turkish language? What distinguishes it from other

languages? What is special about it? The Turkish language is one of the Trkic languages,the group that comprises more than 50 living languages.

Turkologists particularly note the archaic age of the Oguz Trkic languages. The nameOguz apparently is made up of the words akwhite, grey and uz, the most ancientethnonym of Trkic tribes, and means old and respectable Trks. Compare it with theTrkic word aksakal beard calling old men and bearing a sense of politeness andrespect. One of the most ancient Oguz Trkic languages is Turkish.

One would think that all languages have the same age, coming out of Africa atthe same time, or in case of few separate migrations, as old as their particular


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Tavr to Taurus, and most of the written history).

All the mentioned facts make us pay especially close attention to the Trkic languages inan attempt to discover the first language of the humanity, its mother tongue.

Here G.Shuke touches on the most interesting concept, the Nostratic theory,gently alluding that Trkic and Nostratic may be synonymous. Nostratists would

draw and quarter her for such unheard of heretical idea.

Having started studying the Turkish language, the author of the research came across anastonishing phenomenon: many words of her native Russian language appeared to beoriginated of Trkic stem morphemes. Studying the Turkish grammar gave awareness ofTurkish word-forming affixes and word-forming models that helped to understand themodels used in word formation of the Russian language. The knowledge of the Turkishaffixes impelled the author to pay attention to the meaning of numerous Latviangeographical names that cannot be explained with the help of the Latvian language, thoughthey can be easily deciphered by means of the Turkish language.

The Latvian language is not the author's mother tongue, nevertheless she has beenteaching it for many years. The look at the Latvian language through the prism of theTurkish language revealed deep links of the Latvian language with Turkish. Therelationship of these languages rises to those remote times when the territory of themodern Latvia was released from ice and started to get settled by humans. The discovery ofTrkic roots of the Latvian language motivated the author to conduct this research: toanalyze the stages of the mankind's development, to examine the place of the origin of thehuman culture, to look at the time of people's arrival on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea,to study the development of the human language and the connection of that language withthe environment.

The discovery of the toponyms of Trkic origin in the territory of the modern Latvia, theelements of Trkic substratum lexis and common symbols of the Latvian and Trkic folkloregave rise to the hypothesis of the birth of the Latvian language on the substrate of Trkic inthe territory of the modern Latvia during the Mesolithic period. The Russian language thatalso has Trkic /4/ substrate started its development in the nearby territory around thesame time. It took a lot of lexis from the developing Latvian language, for a certain period itwas evolving beside the Latvian language in a parallel way, and then followed its own pathwithout losing its links with the Trkic language, while the Latvian language at a certaintime lost its connection with Trkic, only retaining possibility of borrowing Trkic wordsfrom the Russian language.4

The goal of the work is to show the Trkic roots of both the Latvian and Russianlanguages, and discover stages of their development on the Trkic substrate.

First of all we shall turn to the world history to trace the roots of the Trkic language, itsplace in the history of the world languages, answering the question when and how thearrival of the Trkic language on the Baltic Sea coast could become possible, and what wasthe historical period when the formation and developing of the Latvian language on theTrkic substrate could happen. Then we shall have a close look at the geographical map ofthe world in order to understand better the outstanding role of the Trkic language in thehistory of peoples and languages of the world. After that, we shall make the analysis ofgrammatical system of the Latvian language in order to understand how the Latvianlanguage could spring and develop on the substrate of the Trkic language. Turning to theRussian language, we shall examine its connection with the Trkic. Uncovering andcomparing the developmental stages of the Latvian and Russian languages, we shalldetermine the degree of their relationship to one another, and to the Trkic language.


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1. Hypothesis on the Origin of the Eastern European Substratum

Linguists state that Indo-European languages in the territory of Europe have elements ofnon-Indo-European origin. That is so called substratum that leaves its imprints not only inlexis, but in the grammar structure of European languages as well.

Let's turn to the history of the humanity in order to examine the circumstances and

figure the appearance time of substratum lexis in the territory of Eastern Europe.1.1. The Role of Asia in the History of Europe

The unique role of Asia in the history of Europe was ascertained long ago. The Russianhistorian and writer of the beginning of 19th century N. M. Karamzin says that the opinionthat Asia is a cradle of peoples seems to be fair, as all European languages, regardless of a

variety of changes, retain the similarities with the ancient Asiatic (,1995, 51).

Archaeological discoveries (With. paleogenetics and investigative genetics) of recentyears concluded that Africa is a motherland of humanity, due to its geographical positionand climate, and one of the centers of birth and development of human culture, and that itsubsequently spread to other regions via Asia Minor. A revolutionary stage in the history ofhumanity was the period of Neolithic. In Asia Minor it ended several thousands yearsearlier than in Europe.

The Neolithic period is the highest stage of the Stone Age, characterized by newtechnologies in making stone tools and production of clay articles hardened by heat, theceramics. This stage is a transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and farming,and consequently to the settled lifestyle: permanent settlements, sturdier dwellings,so-called country lifestyle.

The foundation of a new, basically different economy was a long and complex processthat had independent and original character only in few centers of the world. According tothe modern data, Europe didn't belong to any of them, but it was situated close enough to

one of them, West Asian, the ancient centre of agriculture and farming.5

1.2. Who Were the Ancient Inhabitants of Asia Minor?

About the ancient inhabitants of Syria and Palestine, researchers tell us the following.The Bible contains a number of dim memories about prehistoric tribes. The ancientinhabitants are /5/ depicted at times as giants speaking a completely strange language, attimes as spirits of the dead. More realistically, they sometimes are called cave people. Allof them are contrasted with the Jews and Canaanites, the later Semitic inhabitants(Udaltsova Z.V. et al./ . ., 1988, 97).

In his monumental research work the famous Turkologist M.Z. Zakiev gives a detaileddescription of the ancient areas of the Trks, mentioning the names of ethnic groupspopulating the areas, and explaining their names with the help of the Trkic language. Asthe most ancient region inhabited by Trks the scientist names the region of the West Asia,with a part of Asia Minor and Caucasus. He points out that examining Sumerian, Akkadian,

Assyrian and Urartu sources allowed to show the ancient history of West Asia in a new way.So the Azerbaijan linguist Firidun Agasioglu Djalilov, having studied the above mentionedsources, ascertains that in the 4th-3rd millenniums BC between Assyria and Urartu, nearthe upper course of the river Tiger, were residing the Trkic-speaking Subar people (sub-river, ar people that means people of the river). A little downstream were theTrkic-speaking Kumans, further on were the Trkic-speaking Guti and Lulu, and on thesouthern shore of the Lake Urmia were settled the Trkic-speaking Turuks. These groups

also included Trkic-speaking Kumugs, Kashgays, Salurs, and other tribes.


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The existence of the Trkic-speaking areas of West Asia and Asia Minor is also proved bythe geographical objects bearing Trkic proper names that were common names in ancienttimes.

M. Z. Zakiev reflects on the roots of the Sumerians, the people famous all over the worldas inventors of writing, creators of first civilization, etc.

In the Akkadian sources the region south of modern Bagdad was called Kienkir (Kangar),it was populated by Sumerians. The Sumerian people didn't call themselves Sumerians,but Kangars. Kangar is a Trkic ethnonym. The Kangars could live there before thearrival of the Sumerians, or the Sumerians could be the Kangars themselves. If theSumerians were Trks in 4th millennium BC they were undergoing assimilation by theSemitic-speaking Akkadians. In that case, the Trkic words of their language are notderivations, but a Trkic substratum, i.e. the remains of the Trkic language, nativespeakers of which switched to the Akkadian speech (Zakiev/, 2002).

The great number of the Trkic tribes living in Asia Minor in 4th-3rd millenniums BC, theTrkic toponyms and hydronyms preserved in this area, and references to the ancientnon-Semitic inhabitants of this region in the Bible allow to reckon that the original

language of the earliest inhabitants in this area could be entirely Trkic.1.3. Ancient Inhabitants in the Territory of the modern Latvia

Archaeological explorations in the territory of Latvia show that first people arrived thereat the end of the 9th millennium BC. Remains of their presence were found near the oldestuary of the river Daugava. Anthropologists describe anthropological phenotype of the

first inhabitants in the East Baltic region 2 as ancient Mediterranean type of southern origin(Moora et al./ ., 1959, II, 146).

Archaeologists found two Mesolithic settlements that can be attributed to the 6thmillennium BC. One of them was situated on the shore of Lake Burtnieku, near the mouth of

the river Rja. Nearby, is a Mesolithic burial ground. Until present this is the only burialground that has been found in the East Baltic region. Red ochre was used in the burialritual, a very very important fact, as it shows cultural roots of the first inhabitants. Theylead to the burial grounds in the territories of Iraq and Czech Republic, where red ochrewas already used in 10th-9th millenniums BC.

Red ochre is ubiquitous in the Trkic Kurgan burial tradition that extends to thepresent time, it is present all archeological sections of all historical works on thehorsed nomadic people of the Kurgan culture.

Not far from the Mesolithic burial ground in Latvia there is also a Neolithic burialground, where red ochre was also used, though in smaller quantities.

2. The area of the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.

6

In the territory of the modern Latvia, Neolithic sites were found alongside theMesolithic ones. Archaeological discoveries prove the continuity in economic and culturallife between the ancient people in the territory of the modern Latvia. For example, firstevidence of using harpoon is dated to the end of the Paleolithic. In the period of Mesolithicthe same kind of harpoon was used by the ancient people in the territory of the modernLatvia. Fish-hook of the same kind occurred in the Mesolithic and also inn Neolithic, that isanother evidence of the uninterrupted continuity.

The Mesolithic settlements in the territory of the modern Latvia belong to the warmAtlantic period, when the life on the coast of the Baltic Sea became possible. Historians


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state that about 7th millennium BC, people of Europe acquired skills in making boats ofhollowed out trees. At that time the Baltic Sea was a huge basin of fresh water abutting a

vast territory of swamps. Rivers flowing from the territory of the Carpathian Mountainsbrought their waters to the Baltic Sea. To move from place to place people used rivers, andsettled not far from them. Archaeologists confirm that people reached the dense woodlandsby rivers.

The warm Atlantic period made people more active than they were in the previousclimatic period. Till the beginning of the Neolithic period the population of settlements inthe territory of the modern Latvia increased meaningfully.

Fragments and whole ceramic objects found in the territory of the modern Latvia testifythat the art of ceramics didn't arise there. It was brought to the Latvian territory fromsouthwestern or southeastern regions, and there it was highly developed.

1.3.1. Folklore Symbols Testify

Symbolic depictions left by first inhabitants of the East Baltic on implements and then onceramics remind the tribal symbols of the ancient Trks.

Depiction of comb is an ornamental element after which the East Baltic comb-pitceramics was named. The symbolic sign tarak comb is one of the tribal symbols of theancient Trks.

Symbolic depiction of the world eternity and sun in the ancient ornaments of Balticsettlers is completely identical to the symbolic signs of ancient Trks called bersh andbaybakti.

The Trkic sign koceyis depicted as a vertical line. In Latvian ornamental drawings avertical line is an ancient symbol of force and fortitude. A horizontal line known in Latvianornamental art from time immemorial as a symbol of constancy and peace is reminiscent ofthe Trkic sign bura.

Latvian symbolic depiction of the sky and home completely coincides with the depictionof the Trkic sign cherkesh.

The sign of light and fire, energy and happiness depicted like a cross, known in theterritory of the modern Latvia since the Palaeolithic, is reminiscent the ancient Trkic signbagana.

The symbol of the sky, the universe, the God is known in Latvian ornamental art as anequilateral triangle with the tip upward. It is known to the Trks as a sign called tumar.In Latvian ornamental drawings, the Trkic sign tumar, depicted as a triangle with the tipdownward, is known as a symbol of earth and fertility.

Both the Trks and Latvians depicted the sign of fire cross connected with four parts ofthe world.

The sign depicted in the territory of the modern Latvia on sacred stones and later onceramic objects is reminiscent two horses or cocks heads or twin cereal spikes. Sinceancient times it has been known to both the Trks and Latvians as a symbol of fertility,wealth and happiness, decorating roofs of dwellings.7

1.3.2. Language of Ancient People in the territory of the modern Latvia

Investigators of ethnic anthropology of the East Baltic region find ethnic links of the

ancient inhabitants of this territory with the Europoid (I.e.Caucasoid) southern tribes. They


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hold that in the past /7/ on the European coast of the Mediterranean Sea lived multiplenon-Indo-European peoples, and the same in the North (e.g. Scotland) which induces themthink of similar ethnic groups in other parts of ancient Europe, for example, in the territoryof the modern Baltic. Scientists note influence of non-Finno-Ugric and non-Indo-Europeanlanguages on the languages in the East Baltic and nearby territories (Moor/o, 1959, II,153 155).

We have already mentioned Sumerians, the people that occupy a distinguished placeforging knowledge and culture in Asia Minor. The Sumerians called themselves Kangars.Kangar is the name of the ancient Trkic ethnos in Mesopotamia. That allows scientists tosuggest a Trkic origin of the Sumerians, which was corroborated by the analysis of theirlanguage.

It is fascinating that in the geographical center of Latvia we find the name Kangarkalnithat translated from Latvian means Kangars' mountains.

Some distance from the sea we find a chain of towns. One of them bears the nameKangari. Other names of this chain attract one's attention by ending with i (-ji): Ainai,Ropai, Suntai (Ainaji, Ropaji, Suntaji), etc.

Turning to the Turkish language we can see that with the help of the affix -i (-chi) [chi]and its phonetic variants are formed Trkic words for a man by his occupation, inclination,or connection. For example, in Turkish kundura means shoes, kundura-i (kundurachi)shoe-maker, demiriron- demir-i (demirchi) blacksmith. With the help of Turkishstem morphemes we decipher the names of these Latvian towns:

Ainai: in Turkish aynac means one who makes or sells mirrors. We must point outthat obsidian mirrors were produced in the territory of modern Turkey in the 6thmillennium BC (Masliychuk/, 2006, 18).

Ropai: in Turkish rop means female gown without sleeves (English robe). Adding theaffix -ci [i], people could call a woman-maker or seller of gowns;

Suntai: sunta in Tukish means hardboard, accordingly its maker should be called


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suntaci (sunta is an old word, hardboard is a novelty, thus hardboard is a semanticalextension meaning);

Limbai: in Turkish the word limba means barge, with the help of-i [i] could becalled its maker or seller;

Kirbii: in Turkish krba means waterskin, its maker or seller is called krba;

Allai: the Turkish word allk/all means blush powder, to make a name for amaker/seller we must add the affix -i;

Pabai: in Turkish pabu means shoe, pabu - shoemaker, who makes and sellsshoes.

Surprisingly, we did find a number of towns that received their names after the goodsthat were made or sold there.

From the Latvian language we can't explain the names of the places and othergeographical locations in the territory of the modern Latvia where were found Mesolithicand Neolithic settlements.

Looking at them through the prism of the Turkish language, we can conjecture that thename Osa, one of the two Mesolithic settlements, could initially have the name Os. TheTrkic phoneme [] (Like i in sit, bit) could have transformed into [] (Interchangeabilityof the back vowels). The words As, Os are ancient Trkic ethnonyms (Zakiev/,2002).

The name of the river Ia [it] that flows near the settlement cannot be explained withthe help of Latvian either. In Turkish the word i/ii [it/iti] means inside, inner, inland,and also heart, soul; the verb imek and verbial noun ie mean to drink/drinking.

The name of the river Rja, where was situated the second Mesolitic settlement, in

Turkish means dream (rya).8

River Rja feeds into a lake named Burtnieku, which is consonant with the Turkish verbburtmak to twist (With allophones bkmek, burmak, bklmek, burkmak, burkulmak, allto twist). In Latvian the verb burt means make magic gesticulations, motions to reach adesired. The Trkic word burt beehive' apparently grew into the Russian word [bortnik] collector of forest bees' honey.

In the Latvian Mesolithic settlements, were found in great numbers three types of boneharpoons, a sledge runner 2.1 m long, a bone hoe, a bone knife with handle in a form of anelk's head, and other objects.

The Latvian names of these articles resemble the corresponding Turkish stems andsound so similar that the origin of these Latvian words from the Turkish stems could beasserted:

the Latvian kamanas sledge is sonorous with the Turkish keman curve;

sledge runners were attached to the first pair of uprights 3; the Latvian word ilkssshaft (draft) is sonorous with the Turkish word ilkfirst; the Latvian word ebrklis harpoon finds a sonorous stem morpheme in the Turkishwords cebretmek/cebren to force/by force, while -ki/-kand -li are frequently usedTurkish affixes meaning which and with respectively; the Latvian kaplis hoe is close in its meaning and sound to the Turkish verb

kapamak to cover, to bury, to hide, li is the Turkish affix with, so the word kapliscould initially have a meaning covering.


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As the result of ecological changes that took place in the post-glacial period, Mesolithicpopulation of the Eastern Europe mainly engaged in fishing and hunting individual animals(Udaltsova/ 1988, 66)

The name of the animal that was one of the main nutritional and economic resources ofthe first people in the territory of the modern Latvia is surprisingly connected with theTurkish verb lmak to be taken, catch, l is the verbal noun taking, catch. The Latvian

name of this animal is alnis elk.

Thus, the findings and research corroborate that the culture inherited by the Latvianscame to the modern Baltic territory, and to the territory of Central and Eastern Europe,from the south. That indicates that the language brought by the first settlers was thelanguage of people in the south. The great number of Trkic ethnic groups in the ancientpopulation of Mesopotamia makes indicates that first residents of the South-Eastern Europewere ethnic groups speaking Trkic, because probably at that time no other language evenexisted. The detected connection of Latvian geographical names, Latvian names for theobjects used by ancient people, and surrounding them nature, animals, and plants with theTrkic language allow to formulate that the language of the most ancient inhabitants in theterritory of the modern Latvia is rooted in the Trkic language.

The recognized mastery, knowledge, and culture that Sumerians probably inherited fromtheir ancestors, tentatively a Trkic ethnos called Kangars, forces to think that with theirknowledge, mastery, and culture the Latvians are obliged to the fortuitous event of comingin the Metholoitic period by Kangar or some other developed Trkic ethnic group on thebanks of the Baltic Sea.

traditions, religion and symbols of folk songs and arts of Lithuanians and Latvians aresaturated with the past The Pre-Christian layer appeared to be so old that it undoubtedlyarises to the prehistorical times (Gimbutas M./, 2004, 187).

3 The rods that fasten a sledge seat to the runners.9

The only Mesolithic burial found in the Eastern Baltic near lake Burtnieku testifies of theancient peoples' permanent presence. That allows to surmise that with time theirknowledge, mastery, and culture were shared with other newcomer settlers to theneighboring regions.

That the substratum lexicon of the Latvian language initially belonged to an ethnos ofhigh culture is confirmed by the archeological finds of workshops in the Latvian territorythat testify to the high production technologies. The modern Latvia retained its mastery ofhide tanning and production of leather objects, production of ceramics, wattle weaving, andother crafts.

Historians testify to high spiritual culture of the ancient Latvians. The religiousknowledge of Latvian priests enjoyed respect of the neighboring tribes, they propagated farfrom the Latvian settlements. On the power of their knowledge, connected with the laws ofnature, is evidenced by the preserved among the modern Latvians spiritualization of nature,extensive use of folklore symbolism, following the ancient traditions, and the transfer of thespiritual culture, knowledge, and mastery to the younger generations.

2. Geographical Names of Trkic Etymology

From historical sources we know that at the beginning of the Common Era peoples inEurope were polyethnic. Scientists affirm that among Cimmerians, Scythians, andSarmatians had more Trkic tribes than the tribes of any other ethnic background living in

Europe today (Zakiev/, 2002).


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The aim of this chapter is to point to the endless list of the Trkic toponyms we find notonly in Europe, but all over the world. This indicates that apparently at some time thehumanity didn't speak any other language but Trkic.

The territory of the modern Latvia is remarkable for its numerous ancient toponyms andhydronyms of Trkic etymology that have been preserved there. This attests thatinhabitants of that region, notable for their initial high spiritual culture, preserved their

cultural heritage and zealously safeguarded it.

Knowing the rules for composing and stringing together the Trkic words allows toperceive and recognize them in geographical names, linguistic lexicons, etc.

What distinguishes Trkic words and why it can be easily spotted?

1. Affixes of the Trkic language are almost unvarying. Each affix has a fixed unequivocalmeaning and is easily discerned.

2. Trkic words have distinct inner form with readily detectable semantics.

3. Trkic words can be easily parsed into morphological units.

4. Trkic word roots are laconic and unchangeable.

5. Many Trkic words carry phonetic symbolism, i.e. the words often arouse live imagesand sensations: drdris annoying chattering, trtk is nubbiness, serration. Thisparticularity of the Trkic language is the brightest evidence of the exceptional antiquity ofthe language that takes us to that stage in the development of human's language whichstands close to the definition of language of children.10

2.1. Trkic Toponyms and Hydronyms on the World Map

It's not surprising that we find lots of Trkic toponyms and hydronyms on the map ofCentral and Middle Asia. Obviously, the name of the continent itself ascends to the ancientTrkic ethnonymAs.

Maybe the origin of the word e that we find in some languages (in Turkish as meansperson who excels in some activity) (This Trkic word is spelled Ace in English) is alsoconnected with the ethnonym s. Then the wordAsia should be translated toward Aces(the final - (-a/e) is the affix of the Turkish genitive case that indicates a direction of anaction).

The geographical name Siberia also corresponds with the Trkic ethnonym sabr, butthe Turkish meaning of the word sabris patience (The form Suvar found among Suvarlinguistic decedents in Tatarstan and in Classical records gives the definition: Suv + ar =Warter/river + people).

On the geographical map of America, the name of the Central American plateau Ozarkcatches our eye. It is reminiscent of a combination of the Turkish words z arkthat meansprimary irrigation channel. The name of theAndes corresponds to the Turkish wordnt/and oath. The name Canada has apparently originated from the Turkishkanat/kanad wing, flank.

In the geographical centre of Australia is a mountain Uluru, sacred for aboriginals. Itsname may sprung from the Trkic stem morphemes ul great, uroutgrowth, swellingand the Trkic affix of the 3-rd person -u (Another sacral term found in Polynesia is theword for divinity Tangaroa = Great Tanga = Hawaian Kanaloa, cognate with the

Sumerian Dingir and Trkic Tengri) (The Fennic ur = mountain is apparently a form of


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Trkic r = upland, present in Trkic Ural = Urals, originally aplied only to the SouthernUral uplands).

In the Nicaragua territory is an island metepe where were found the first traces offarming. The second part of the word must be the Trkic word tepe hill. Thegeographical map of Turkey has lots of compound names with tepe: Kzltepe Red Hill,Gltepe Rose Hill, Gktepe Heavenly Hill.

In the Pacific and Indian Oceans are numerous islands with Trkic etymology. On one ofthem, Sulavesi, live the Kayan people. The people believe that the motherland of humanityTanatova lives on their island. They believe that life started in the sacred forest whereappeared first people and where they live now, so nobody is allowed to enter that sacredforest (Kayi is one of the oldest known Trkic ethnonyms, originated from the wordsnake; it is known in a number of forms, one of which is another word for the snake,ilan/yilan/djilan, hence Herodotus' Gelons and Persian Gilans; Tanatova must be another

form of Polynesian Tangaroa - Tengri). Drawings of red ochre paint on steep lime cliffs ofthe island attest that people settled there 30,000 years ago (Enigma, 2008, 67).

The name of the island contains the Trkic stem morpheme su water and the Trkic

word-forming affix -la meaning with.The name Tanatova consists of three Turkish stem morphemes: tan atmak (for day) to

break, to dawn, ova grassy plain, meadow and means plain where it dawns.

One of the meanings of the Turkish verb kaymak is to escape, kayan is the form of thepresent participle, hence the name of the people can mean escapees.

The Turkish Russian dictionary explains the words kara yel as Northwestern wind(Yusipov/, 2005, 316). Literally, kara yel means black wind. In the Baltic, blackwind in winter is a serious test for the animals. The geographical name Karelia could havederived from these words, then it may be translated as to the black wind, because theTurkish affix (-ya) indicates the direction of an action (Kara also denotes westerndirection, like in Kara Dingez = Western Sea, which is synonymous with Black Sea, thus

Karelia ~ Western Wind).

The name of the Donegol plateau in the northwestern Ireland can be translated from theTurkish as icy lake. It is reminiscent of the compound name of the Bingl plateau inTurkey meaning thousand of lakes. This place in Ireland is connected with Celtic legendsabout the aborigines of the island, the Great People of the Goddess Danu (in Old Trkicdana means wise (Enigma, 2008, 38) (Don/ton is also icy, hence the Greek name of theriver Don/Tanais, the tautological Icy Tanais).

Kaldra, the name of the ancient graveyard on the Boa island in Ireland, corresponds tothe Turkish verb kaldrmak that means to bury according to the rituals, and the name ofthe island correlates with the Turkish verb bomak to torture, to torment psychologically.

In ancient times the name of the Latvian river Daugava (Aka Western Dwina) was Duna,which corresponds to the Turkish word dun meaning low, lower. Remarkably, in ancienttimes the name of the river Danube was Duna, too (And the form Danube is the apparentadoptation of the old Trkic name Duna. The upper portion of the river Danube, Ister,could very well have a Trkic meaning too).

The names of the Visla, Oka, Volga, Kama, and Enisey also stem from the Trkiclanguage.

It's noteworthy that the geographical names of Trkic etymology are connected with the

traces of the ancient people, with the known stories of the most ancient history of theworld. In one or another way they are connected with stories about ancient tribes and


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peoples. It allows to conclude that the Trkic language stands closest to the mankind'scradle than any other language.11

2.2. Trkic Toponyms and Hydronyms of Latvia

Having heard to his question Where are you from? the answer Im from the Baltic, a

Turkmen asked: Baltic, is it a swamp? Linguists hypothesized, connecting the nameBaltic with the Rumanian word balta swamp, pond, lake, Albanian balte mud,Lithuanian and Latvian bala puddle, Old Slavic [blato] swamp (Dini, 2000, 29).

In Turkish the word balk(balchik, balchug) means clay (swamp). Taking intoconsideration the importance of clay in the Neolithic, we can imagine that the name Balticoriginated from the word balk[baltk].

As was noted earlier, the words of Trkic origin are given away by distinctive form andstable meaning of their affixes.

Examining the Latvian toponyms and hydronyms we find some of them ending in -d(-t). Let's try to translate them keeping in mind that the Trkic morpheme -d (-t is a

voiceless form) points to the local case and means to be/to be located at some place.

The geographical name Dagda that we find in East Latvia would mean on the hill(Turk. da means highland, mountain), and the town Dagda is really situated on a highhill. The name of the riverAmata would mean at blind's, i.e. blind, as ama in Turkishmeans blind, and the countless windings of this river prove its name: going down thisadmired by the tourists river is not an easy task.

The Turkish morpheme le (-la) shows instrumental case and means with, togetherwith, by means of, by, then the name of the Latvian river Memele may be translated withmother's breast (Turk. meme breast, udder) (And how come that the Sakha Yakuts havememe for breast, did they learned it in Latin universities: mammal - L.L. mammalis of the

breast, from L. mamma breast, perhaps cognate with mamma; etymology stops at theLatin like at a brick wall).

The name of the Latvian river Msa is reminiscent the Prophet's name Musa who laterin Judaism and Christianity received the name Moses. The name of the highest peak in theBalkans is Musala meaning with/by Musa. Maybe the name of the sacred town Musasirof the ancient state Biainili (Urartu) is also connected with the name of the Prophet Musa.

With the help of the Turkish language we can decipher innumerous names on thegeographical map of Latvia:

Mustkalni - hills where an exciting message was received, as mutu (mushtu) in

Turkish means pleasing news (English message);Kalupe - river that stays at a place (Turk. kalmak to stay);Durupe - river that doesn't move, in Turkish durmak means to remain at a place;Balupe - honey river, Turk. bal honey;Kurma (lake) - in Turkish kurma means building;Ia (Icha) (river) in Turkish imek means to drink, ie is the form of presentparticiple;Sable, the name of the town may be related to the Turkish word sap bundle ofcornstalks, the affix -le means with, i.. with bundles of cornstalks;Talsi, the name of the town corresponding to the Turkish tali secondary, subordinate,-si the affix of the 3rd person;kele (kshele), iskele in Turkish means pier, port, from history we know that this

town used to be a significant port on the river Daugava;Bulduri, the name of this health resort on the coast of the Baltic Sea may ascend to the


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Turkish verb buldurmak to make somebody remember something; Sigulda, in Turkishslk/sl (slk/sl ~ slk/sl with silent , like in Sinor) means shallow, theaffix da means on, in, so the name of the town can be read as on the shallow(place);Rjena, Turk. rya dream, n is the affix of the 2nd person (affix of belonging), isthe affix of dative case (oblique case), the compound means dream to/for you;Koknese, Turk. kken native (place), motherland, - si is affix of the 3rd person, i..

their motherland (Cockney - an interesting English word without transparentetymology, the etymologies of milksop, simpleton; effeminate man; Londoner, as well asspoiled child, milksop; cock's egg; runt of a clutch all appear to be based on latephonetical folk etymologies; the semantics of domestic (language) < motherlandseems to be the most suitable survival from the forgotten past; all folk etymologies date

from late Middle Ages, a thousand years after the collapse of the substrate language)Ataiene (Atashiene), Turk. ate (atesh) fire, ateine (ateshine) - to your fire (-inaffix of the 2nd person, is affix of direction);Kamalda, Turk. kama fortification, -la > l with, -da in, i.e. in fortification >fortified;Krimulda, Turk. krm ofkrmak to exterminate, to break, to destroy, to cut down(trees), da is affix in: the name may be explained in a clearing.

Azanda, Turk. az little, -n ( > a) is affix of genitive case 4, da is affix in; the namecan be explained in small (number, quantity), in shortage;Dindas [jinjas], Turk. cinci [jinji] sorcerer (bringer of evil spirit);

Jrsika [yersika], the name of the town apparently derives from the Turkishyer[yer]place (earth), -si is affix of the 3rd person, -ki is affix that, which, so the name meansbelonging to that place; of that place. Compare this with the Russian ecclesiasticalterm [jeres'] (heresy) which means opposite to common

viewpoint/understanding, usually belonging to a certain place; the heresy originatesfrom the same Turkish morphemes.

Heresy was first used by Lyon Bishop Irenaeus (ca 130 ca 202 AD) from

Smyrna/Izmir, who somehow knew the Trkic lexicon and probably the Greekderivative of yersiki = choice; he was an apologetics who tried tomake sense of the Christian faith by looking for a rational basis for it, probably ashot at Tengrian syncretic rationalization. 200 years later Lyon was overtaken byBurgunds, the nomadic horse husbandry people of Sarmatian root.

Kente, the name of the first fortified town in the territory of the modern Latvia,surprisingly coincides with the Turkish word kent town. As there is the Trkic affix temeaning in, the name probably meant in the fortified place.

4 Corresponds to the genitive12

The Russian historian and writer of 19th century N.. Karamzin spoke about Slavicpagans that had the same gods with the tribes in the territory of the modern Latvia. Hebelieves that the name of the Russian tribe Krivichi proves that the tribe regarded theLatvian priest Krive to be a head of their faith (Karamzin N../, 1995, I, p. 91).

The name of the Latvian town Krivanda may arise from the name rive, but the Turkishaffixes -n- (3rd person) and da in, at allow to translate it at riv's (people).

Oziki, Turk. zini place abundant with water, -ki that. The name of the town couldmean the place that is abundant with water.

The etymology of the Latvian city Rezekne apparently can be explained with the help ofthe Turkish word rzk/rzkn (form of 2nd or 3rd person, accusative) meaning one's daily


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bread. Compare it with the Russian verb [ryskat], that means hunt down.

The name Uava may be derived from the Turkish word ua high and ova plain.

One of the Trkic ethnic names is Kangali. It is reminiscent of the Baltic ethnic namesZemgali and Latgali (Kangar = Kangly > Kangaly; -g is a part of nasal ng and is not aword-producing morpheme).

The Turkish word gl lake can be found in geographical names of Turkey: Bingl,Karagl, Glpazar.

The name of the Latvia region Letgola may ascend to the Turkish word gl lake andmean lakes of Letts; the name of the Latvian region Zemgale may originate from theTurkish word cemi all and gl and mean all the lakes.

The Baltic ethnic name emaiti [emaiti] corresponds to the Turkish word that has thefollowing meanings: group, crowd, religious community.

2.3. Baltic Hydronyms on the Map of Europe, or Problem of Pan-Baltic

In the 1960s linguists started addressing innumerable hydronyms of origin in the vastterritory of East Europe. A further research work led expansion of the Baltic hydronymsarea so far that explorers couldn't stop being surprised. Because of this phenomenon, anumber of Lithuanian scientists ventured to trace the border of the ancient Baltic peoplesto the Urals. As to their western border, it was earlier demarcated alongside the river Visla,but then it stretched much further west, which is vigorously discussed. An Italian specialistof Baltic philology P.U. Dini points out that this surprising spread of Baltic elementsrequires to follow strict methods in the research work on hydronyms, not to create acomfortable panacea for pan-Baltism as a simplest solution of all questions (Dini, 2000, 34).13

A Latvlian scientist A.Breidaks wrote that linguists had discovered innumerous Baltic -

Old Balkan onomastic parallels. One third of Latgalian names for the rivers have similaritieswith the Old Balkan names, partially with Central European and Asia Minor onomastics as awhole, and with hydronymy in particular (Breidaks, 2002, 3540).

As has already been shown, a great number of ancient Baltic hydronyms and toponymscorresponds to the Trkic lexis and can be easily deciphered with the help of Turkish stemmorphemes. Their semantics is very close to the semantics of the Turkish stems. Moreover,Turkish stems always provide underlying descriptions for them.

Let us look for some more geographical European names that could arise from the Trkicstems.

The map of the Central and Eastern Europe has a great number of geographical namesthat in Latvian end in ava/-ova: Daugava, Kuprova, Varava, Maskava (Turk. Moskova). InTurkish language the word ova means plain, meadow, then the nameVarava(Varshava) could mean suburb meadow (Turk. varo suburb). Compare this with thegeographical nameYeilova (Yeshilova) green meadow that we find in Turkey.

Oba in OTD is translated clan, tribe, following M.Kashgari, but the semanticsof its usage tends to lean more to state, motherland.

One of the earliest names of the river Daugava/West Dvina, as well as the name for theNorth Dvina, was Duna. t can be explained with the Turkish dun low, lower.

In Turkish the wordvzlamak means to buzz, to hum, to keep on complaining. Thename of the riverVisla is reminiscent of the Turkish wordvz buzz, hum, the Turkish


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affix -la means with, so the name can be translated as with buzzing, or noisy. We find ariver with the same nameVizla in Latvia as well.

The name of the riverVolga in Russia (on its banks even now live many peoples whoselanguages are not understandable for the Russians) may correspond to the old Turkishname of a kind of a fishing netvol a (Turk. yulga river, body of water > Volga river, also > vlaga water, and numerous Sl. derivatives).

The name of the Danube tributary Tisa resembles the Turkish verb tslamak to hiss.The name of the river Nmunas (Niemen), with widely open phoneme (I.e. ) in theLithuanian language, may arise from the Turkish stem nam glory, reputation, fame(Turk./IE stem nam ~ name is one of those Nostratic words, but why anybody would call ariver Name?).

The name ofazuria (North Poland) that once was a part of Prussia can have its originsin the Turkish word mazurexcused, excusable.

Both in Europe and in the Urals we find rivers with the same name Kuma that couldspring from the Turkish word kum sand.

A great number of geographical names of Trkic etymology in the territory of Europemust be attributed to the times when Neolithic inhabitants of Asia Minor were settlinguninhabited territories of Europe. They were bringing their knowledge, culture, and theirlanguage, the stem morphemes of which served to produce new lexis with their ancestors,gods and people, geographical objects, animals, plants, and nature, parts of human's body,clothes, activities, fruits of labor, terms of social life, and so on.

Remarkably, the Russian scientist Y. N. Drozdov, depicting panorama of Europe in thefirst centuries AD, finds a countless number of Trkic ethnic names on that territory. Thescientist also explains the names of modern European countries by means of the Trkic

language: Austria Country of As 5 Sowers, England Country of Quick-witted men,

Russia Country of As Men, etc., etc. (Drozdov Y. N./, 2008, 366) (Austria =Celtic nor- east or eastern > Roman Noricum > Germ. Bavarian Ostar- = east oreastern > Latinized Austr.+ ia; of that, only -ia = possession is Lat. borrowing fr.Trkic; the Germ. reich and Lat. regis and rex ascend to the same Trkic aryg = noble,respected, pure, sacred).

5 The word As is the most ancient Trkic ethnonym.14

3. Discovery of the Trkic Substratum in the Latvian language

So, the great number of Latvian geographical names read with the help of the Turkishlanguage leads to unveiling and deciphering of the substratum lexis in the Latvian

language.

Since the revealed substratum lexis constitutes a great body of words in the Latvianlanguage, it is possible to compile words into groups according to their meanings.

3.1. Ancestors, Gods, Names of People, Symbols

Probably, preserving traditions of polytheism helped Latvian people to save words thatpresent a greatest interest for a linguist. In the Latvian language spirits of dead are called

vei, urgui, ii, elki. In Turkish the wordveli means patron, saint, the word uruk/urumeans tribe, clan, the Turkish affix i/i (-ji/-chi) is used to produce occupational nounswith nominal stem's meaning. The Turkish word ilgi with the corresponding Latvian word

ii means relation, connection. The Latvian word elki is reminiscent of the Turkish wordel which means hand, the affix ki means that. But more likely, the word elki (with open


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phoneme [] (I.e. []) in the first syllable) formed from the stem morpheme of the verbalmak take and the affix ki, and had a form alki meaning taker, because according tothe beliefs the spirits of ancestors take gifts brought over by living people. Compare elkiwith the name of the Latvian riverAlkupe (Engl. river elki, i.e. river of gifts taker).

In Lithuanian the word alkas means hill or another place for sacrificing. The famousarcheologist . Gimbutas, describing pagan rituals of the Baltic tribes, writes that their

sacred grottoes usually were situated on a hill calledAlka ( .Gimbutas/, 2004,192). In Poland, not far from the Belorussian border, is a town called Elk.

The Latvian word urgui for the spirits of ancestors attracts a special attention, it wasstill used at the end of the 19th c., in the modern Latvian language it has fallen into disuse.

It must be pointed out that the words of substratum lexis are the most ancient words ofthe Latvian language, and they gradually disappear.

The name of the ancient Latvian god si (Usinsh) could derive from the Turkish wordus reason, intellect. Compare it with the Russian idiom (wind on us) thatmeans understand and remember (Equivalent to Eng. fix in mind) where the word

[us] appear to be of the same origin.The most popular and beloved Latvian name isJnis [ja:nis] (Yanis). It is celebrated with

a greatest Latvian holiday, that coincides with the day of summer solstice, and is precededby a night of bright fires set on the lake shores, river banks, and on the sea coast. It iscalled a Day ofJnis. In Turkish the wordyan [jan] means burning, it is connected withthe verbyanmak [janmak] to burn.

The Latvian name Krijnis (Krishyanis) apparently arises from the Turkish kar yanopposite fire. The etymology of the Russian name [Uljan] can be explained withthe help of the Turkish words ulu yan great fire (Yan is a Trkic name like Yan Arslan ~

Fiery Lion, Yan is a popular Old Slavic name that retained its popularity to the present,Chinese annals document a subordinated to Kangar state/tribe Yan in the Urals-Aral area,later Alan; yan has an Ogur counterpart yar which means reverent, sacred, eager ~ fieryand was a popular component of early Slavic names like Yaropolk ~ Trk. Fiery Warrioror Reverent Warrior).

There is a line of popular Latvian male and female names Guna, Gunta, Guntis, Gunrs,

having the same stem with the Turkish words gn [gyn] 6 day, gne [gynesh] sun. Inthe Latgalian language, a language related to Latvian, the word gus means fire, in theLatvian language fire is uguns, in Russian /ogon. In the English language we alsofind the corresponding word gun (The etymological source of the Sl. /ogon from theTrkic yangn is obvious; Vasmer cites Anc. Indian agn and Lat. ignis, which points to the

Nostratic origin and also ultimately connects to the Trkic root gn in respect to Sun).

The Latvian namesAinrs,Aigars,Aivars may ascend to the Turkish word [aj]moon. Compare them with the Turkish namesAyla with the moon, Nurayfull moon.

As the Turkish wordvarmeans is the Latvian name Aivars can be read in moonlight. Inthe dictionary of Latvian names we find an old female nameAila, totally identical with theTurkish female nameAyla (Sili, 1990).

6 In this work the Turkish vowel represented by is transcribed as [y].15

The etymology of both the Latvian female name Sarma and the word sarma hoarfrostmay originate from the Turkish verb sarmakto embrace, to cover. The verb has also ameaning to interest, to captivate, so the name Sarma can be connected with that

meaning.


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The Turkish verb oymak [ojmak] to scoop out, to engrave, to carve and its participleoyar[ojar] carving, engraving, scooping out could produce the Latvian male name js.

The Latvian male name Egils can stem from the Turkish verb eilmek to get down to (ajob).

The etymology of the Latvian male nameVaris can arise from the Turkish wordvaris

meaning inheritor (Turk. varmak to have).For both the Trks and Latvians, the symbolic depiction of objects they worshipped was

of great importance. Numerous Latvian folkloric symbols correspond to the Trkicmythological symbols.

The Latvian wordjumis [jumis] for the symbol of family success and fertility correspondsto the Turkish wordyom [jom] bringing luck, good news.

The Bulgarian Trks depicted the symbol of dawn, home and family success as atwo-headed bird ergi eagle. The Latvian word erglis eagle must be connected with theTrkic word ergi (Turk. -li means with) (That is how this symbol became the symbol ofthe Trkic clans, then the symbol of their dynasties, then the symbol of Europeandynasties, and finally the emblem of a number of the modern states).

In the pre-historic times ornaments of amber were made in the territory of the modernLatvia. They were believed to have magic power. The Latvian word dzintars meansamber. It can be explained with the help of the Turkish words cin [chin] evil spirit andters opposite, contrary, so the word calls the object opposing or fighting evil spirits.The etymological dictionary of the Latvian language gives a version of the word dzintarswith the second syllable ters: dzinters (Karulis, 2001, 255).

3.2. Man, Earth, Water

The Latvian word cilvks (chiveks) man and dzve (jeeve) life correspond to the

Turkish words civelek[chivelek] lively, vivacity, communicative and civcivli [chivchivli]lively, crowded, busy that makes us notice the initial connection between the Latvianwords cilvks (chiveks) and dzve (jeeve). It is clear that both the Turkish and Latvianwords have the same stem morpheme civ. It's worth to point out that once the Latvian verbdzvot (jeevot) to live was used with the word darbs work, and dzvot darbu meant towork.

The Russian historian and writer of the 19th c. N.M.Karamzin, speaking about the paganreligion of Old Slavs, mentions their Goddess of Life named [Siva] or [zhiva](Karamzin N.M./ 1995, I, 89).

The Latvian word dzsla vein (Turk. la means with) corresponds to the Turkish word

cisim [chisim] body.

The Latvian words sen long ago and sencis ancestor relate to the Turkish seneyear. The Latvian adjective sensens very old, ancient, immemorial is composed bydoubling the root morpheme. In Turkish this type of word formation is used in makingadjectives expressing a high degree of a quality, for example, gzel gzel very beautiful,byuk byukvery big, etc.

The Latvian word zeme coinsides with the Turkish word zemin with the same meaningearth, ground, beneath. Latvian has the words zem under, zems low and the verb ofthe /16/ same stem pazemot humiliate, demean. In Turkish, the verb zemmetmek meansreprove, condemn, blaspheme, vilify, and it is formed of the words zem reproach and

etmekto do, to make (In Slavic, earth, ground iszemlya, with a rootzem, suffix -l, andvariable endings, which makes it an exact Trkic match. In Russian, the word expanded its


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semantics to numerous derivatives rooted in the concept of common land:Zemlya = planetEarth,zemsvo = district council,zemlyak = ountryman,zemlya = plowland, etc.).16

The name of the sacred well Zemzem (Engl. Zamzam) of Kaaba in Mecca drawsattention in this connection as well.

We find the Turkish stem morpheme su water in the Latvian word sula juice, wherethe Turkish affix -la means quality defined by stem morpheme, and which corresponds tothe Turkish word sulu meaning juicy. The Latvian map has many geographical namescontaining the Turkish stem morpheme su, for example, Sudarbe, where the Turkish worddarbe means blow, stroke, therefore the name Sudarbe can be read as water blow.Perhaps, the Latvian word darbs labour ascends to the Turkish word darbe, and it is notaccidental that the Russian language has an expression ( =udarnyi = prefix u- + dar+ sufix -n- + various endings). In the Bulgarian language theword darba means labor as well.

Commonality of linguistic traits, like other ethnological traits, allows to tracelinguistic affiliations of the peoples and nations. Likewise, a distinct absence of

commonality is also helpful in tracing peoples and nations, like in the case ofGagauz and Persian, where studies draw on the absence of mutual linguisticborrowings.

The shared Turkish word darbe = labor, Bulgarian darba = labor, andLatvian darbs = labor allows to connect the dots between Sarmatianmigration into the modern Poland in the ca 150 BC, the Trkic substrate of theLatvian language, and the absence of the historical connections between Balticand the Eastern European Oguz tribes (10th-12th cc. AD) and their descendentsSeljuk and Ottoman Turks. Given that neither Bulgaria, nor the Oguz tribesextended into the Baltic area, the only viable source of the Latvian darbs are theSarmatian tribes, known as Onogur confederation in the North Pontic of the

Classical times (5th c. AD), also known as Bulgars, and the Vandals (Germanicwendeln Wanderers) and the tribes of the Vandal circle in the Poland andBaltic areas: Przeworsk culture, Vandals, Burgunds, Varini, Carini, Guttones(Guzes and Goths), and Assi ~ Osi, and Hasdingi. The Sarmatian loop is closedby identification of Burgunds with the North Pontic Onogurs (Agathias, ca530-582/594 AD).

The name of the town Subate could be derived from the verb batmak to sink, to gobelow the surface. In Latvia are streams with the names Sulka, Suda, Sumulda, Sumanka,etc. containing the root morpheme su and the Turkish affixes la/-l, -da, -ki/-ka, thereforethey can also be deciphered.

We can find the Turkish root morpheme su in many geographical names not only inLatvia. So, near the PolishBelorussian border is a town Suvalki, its name could ascend tothe Turkishvali governor with affix -ki that, and mean water administrator. Thename of the river Daugava tributary Suraki could be composed of the words su waterand rae tremble, quiver, ripple and mean water ripple. Poles fondly called their townSuvalishki. The common Slavic affix -ishk- probably also goes back to the Turkishdiminutive affix -ik-.

The Turkish wordvalide governor corresponds to the Latvian verbvaldt to rule(Actually, valide has a constellation of meanings centered around ruler: governor, mother,proconsul, prefect, dey, ban, exarch, chief magistrate. Via cognates in Baltic valdt and inSlavic volodet of the Trkic valide ruler and of the Trkic mir/pirruler was formedthe Slavic tautological title-name Vladimir = vladi ~ ruler + mir ~ ruler, the


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title-name Volodar ~ Ruler, and the title-name Vladislav ~ Slavic ruler, and otherclones. Vladimirmay also be a form ofEvlad = children, i.e. originally generic collectiveterm that grew to become a proper name).

The Latvian word sauss dry, waterless must have its origin in the Turkish adjectivesusuz that has the same meaning (the affix suz in Turkish shows absence of quality) (Andthe Slavic, Greek, Illirian, Balkan Albanian, Baltic, Hindu, Avestan hushka, all ascend to the

Trkic su = water and a form of negation cognate with suz. The Avestan hushkademonstrates the s/h transition that in s dialect is sushka, an exact match to the Russianword sushka; the Middle Asian s/h transition is found in the words Huar < Suar = Turk.Water People and toponym Huaras = Suaras = Water People As > Chuarasm =

Horezm. The spread of the semantics not watery = dry points to Nostratic origin basedon the Trkic su = water in the noun, adjective, and verbal forms. The Nostraticcommonality was facilitating transactions between the Trkic and local vernaculars).

The Latvian word dens water with open phoneme [e] (I.e. []) stands closest to theTurkish word sudan out of water, from water, with the help of water. In the Russianlanguage we find the words [udit] to fish, [uda] fishingrod and [voda]water (Vasmer has homophonic verb [udit] with semantics to ripen, but none for

[udit] with semantics to fish, which thus hangs up in the air. The Latvian form forwaterdens and emaite (Jemaite, a Lithuanian tribe) unduo appear to be transitionalbetween the Trkic sudan and Slavic voda).

The etymology of the Latvian wordjra sea must be connected with the Turkish verbremek to increase, when the Latvian ezers lake arise from the Turkish ezermeltingthat is a present participle of the Turkish verb ezmek to melt, to run over.

In Turkish there is a verb akmak to flow, to run (water), efflux. The Latvian word akawell can be connected with this verb. The name of the Latvian townAkniste associateswith the Turkish word akn torrent, stream (with Turk. affix of the 3rd person s and

affix of the locative case -te 7), and must mean in the stream.

The Latvian word dibens has a corresponding word dip/dibi in Turkish that has thesame meaning bottom.

In Turkish upuzun means very long; the word consists ofup and uzun long. InLatvian the word upe means river. The morpheme up can be found in the Latvian wordslejup down, downwards, augup up, upwards, malup at/on/to the side.

The Latvian word urga stream could be derived from the Trkic root morpheme urandthe Trkic affix ga. The Turkish word urmeans outgrowth, in the Tatar language [ur]means ditch, dyke, [urgl] rapid, gush, [urglu] seethe. In Latvia is ariver called Ura. We find the Turkish affix -ga in the Turkish words yonga chip, shaving (of

wood), kavga fight, quarrel. The Turkish word kavga corresponds to the Latvian verbkauties to fight.

The language of Itil Tatars, commonly called Tatar language in Russian lingo, isa blend of many Trkic dialects, mostly of Oguz variety, superimposed on theOgur Bulgar language, which in turn was a blend of numerous Ogur languages(Bulgar, Burjan/Burgund, Suvar/Savir/Subar, Eseg/Esegel/Sekler, and more) withpossible minor Oguz admixture. Via the Bulgar language, the modern Tatarlanguage ascends to the Sarmat vernaculars, which creates a link between theSarmatian substrates in the Tatar and Baltic. Hence, the Tatar urmoat, Lith.rvas moat, but Latv. sdzba < Tr. su = water.

7 In Turkish it is -de hali, the case expressing location.


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17

3.3. Home, Parents, Holidays

In Turkish there are two words maya, one of them means female of a herd animal,another word means origin, blood. The Latvian word mja home may originate fromone of them. In the Bulgarian language the word aa (maika) [majka] means mother.

The word nams house apparently appeared later than the word mja home, houseand it is probably connected with the Turkish word nam meaning name, fame,reputation, too. The origin of the Latvian word istaba room could arise from the Turkish

verb stmak(isitbak, isitba with m/b alteration and with Ogur truncation) to heat, towarm. This name could appear when people had learnt to build houses with a room heatedby a clay stove (ni, 2003, 198) (Among numerous cognates of the Latvian word istabain numerous European languages are some that are closer to the Trkic substrate thanmore reprocessed versions: Sl. and OCS ist'ba, Czech jistba (with trace of j/i alteration, jbeing the Ogur version), Luj. jstwa, Germanic stub. Phonetically, no explanation withoutTrkic origin is able to account for the initial i. The predominant independent semantics innumerous languages of bathhouse, heated room is consistent with the Trkic origin of the

word, pointing to the source of the semantical drift) .The (later) Russian word [izba] house, a hut must have descended from the

Latvian word istaba: *stba > istaba > izba.

The Latvian language has a colloquial word ata So long! See you!(aka Hasta la vista).The etymology of this word may arise from the Turkish word at horse in the form of the

dative case 8 meaning mount horses! The Latvian verbjt to ride a horse must alsoarise from the Turkish word at, where the phoneme [j] was added (Jat would be an Ogurversion of Oguz at).

Practically every Trkic language has two versions of the base root at = horse,

one with a prosthetic consonant and b in the root, and one without a prostheticconsonant, demonstrating a long and extensive history of join existence ofdifferent groups in various Trkic states and confederations: Turkish, Azeri -alaa/at/yaby; Karachai - alaa/at/jabu; Tatar - alaa/at/jabak; Uzbek, Uigur -oloa/ot/jaby; Chuvash - laa/ut/jupax; Turkmen - alaa/at/jaby/jabymak; theeastern Trkic vernaculars have more pronounced distinctions: Tuva -at/awydaq; Yakut at/sybydax; Khakass - at/abdax; Chuvash is aligned with thewestern forms. The voiceless version ofyaby/jabu produced the Greekhippo andEnglish hippodrome, unrelated to the IE equine and its cognates, pointing to theborrowing from the pre-Scythian or Scythian Ogur version resemblingyaby/jabu.O.N. hross, O.Fris. hors, M.Du. ors, Du. ros, O.H.G. hros, Ger. Ro "horse"

The Latvian words tta father with the open phoneme [] (I.e. []) (compare it with the

Russian [t'at'a] (tyatya) 9 father) and mamma mother may originate from theTurkish words ata father and meme breast, udder. Nowadays one can hear a Latviancalling a capricious child memmes dls mother's son, i.e. suckling.

In Turkish the word kem means evil, sinister. In the Latvian language the word msmeans scarecrow, bogey.

In the Latvian language masked people going all round the village with jokes and songs(that was connected with the ritual of blessing and fertility) are called budi (sing.budlis). In Turkish also is a word budala meaning fool, foolish, crazy (about), for

example, moda budalas crazy about fashion. Turkish has some more words of the samestem: budalamak(budalashmak) to become stupid/crazy, budalalk stupidity,


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foolishness, craze.

If the Latvian word egle fir-tree (Russ. [jel']) arise from the Turkish verb elemekto amuse, the custom of decorating New Year tree ascends to remote past. It becomesclear why in the Russian is another word (calque) for a decorated fir-tree , meaningamusement, of the same stem with the word to amuse. In a book of Latvianfolksongs we find a description of a Latvian burial ritual, where after a burial the

deceased's family is flogged with a fir branch and a rant Don't die! Don't die! (Jansons,1942, 184).

The now secular tradition of decorating sacral tree is an extension of theTengrian prayer ritual at the sacral tree, which survived to the present, forUt-Ana = Mother Fire service, the tree is decorated with chalama (ribbons ofblue, red and white color), and its branches brought home, set in the flooraround the hearth, and decorated likewise (see details R.Bezertinov Ch.3 Deity).Notably, of all IE peoples in Europe, only Germanic people retained thattradition from their monotheistic past, labeled Arianism by the militant EarlyChurch, the Slavic people rooted in Trkic traditions, and the remnants of theTrkic people who did not fall into Christianity or Islam.

3.4. Parts of Human Body, Objects, Actions

Latvian language has words for parts of a human body stemming from the Turkish words.So, in Turkish the word amak means to open, in Latvian the word acs/aele(aks/acheno) (dim. form) means eye. In the Latvian etymological dictionary we find anold word aka (achka) that had two meanings: one-eyed and clever, mysterious person(Karulis, 2001, 55) (Amak is a polysemantic word with a dictionary's 83 meanings,centered around uncover, an unlikely substitute for an eye in any language, but theconnection discover/uncover ~ observe ~ reveal ~ make visible suggests a viable path) .;

The Latvian word elkonis an elbow is connected with the Turkish el hand. TheLatvian word is created with the help of the Turkish affixes -ki and n and its meaning isrelated to hand. The Russian word [lokot] elbow came to the Russian languagefrom Latvian having had some phonetical changes.

8 In Turkish this is e genitive case, indicating direction9 Here the soft variant (labilized) of the Russian consonant represented by is transcribed as [t']18

The Latvian word kja [ka:ja] (kaya) leg could relate to the Turkish ayak[ajak] legwith transposition of syllables. It could also correspond to the Turkish verb kaymak to slip,to slide, to skid, ayakskies. It is remarkable that the most ancient depictions of skiershave been found on the cliffs of the east shore of Lake Onega and the west coast of the

White Sea. They date to the Neolithic (Artsikhovsky/, 1954, 56) (Dating ofpetroglyphs require isotope technology that still is not used in the former USSR space, soall published datings are purely speculative).

It seems evident that the Turkish word aya palm (of the hand) gave birth to the Latvianverb aijt to lull (to sleep).

The origin of the following words also seems to be connected with the Turkish stems: theLatvian zarnas intestines, gut with the Turkish zarmembrane, pellicle, the Latviangalva head with the Turkish kelli head, the Latvian dzsla vein with the Turkishcisim body.

The Latvian word ddas bagpipe corresponds to the Turkish words dudu hum, buzz,drone and dudak lip. Ddia is Latvian affectionate appellation for a child.


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Latvian language has a word pastalas pastalas (piece of sole-leather formed as simplefoot-wear). In Turkish post means skin, postal is gaiter (Slavic postoly).

Turkish word aka [jaka] means collar, the Latvianjaka [jaka] is parka.

The Latvian word kapuce [kaputse] hood could arise from the Turkish word cover, top. The Turkish word ut means greatcoat. The Latvian word kaplia crypt

corresponds to the Turkish verb kaplamak to cover and the adjective kapl covered(The Trkic kapmak (v.) and kap (n.) 1. container, vessel, box, 2. cover; and all thecompounds from the vessel and cover are most productive, they produced 39derivatives listed in a small Turkish dictionary, they are innate to Germanic languages, andare mirrored in the European languages, from cap to cup and far beyond. Moreover,derivatives like hood ~ bonnet cap, a trademark of the Scythian, Sarmatian, and Trkicdress across millennia called kapon (kapshon) in Trkic, retained both its Trkic stem andTrkic affix in loanwords: Engl. capuche, Germ. Kapuze, Spanich capucha, Frenchcapuchon, Lat. kapuce, Russian kapushon, Arm. kapot, It. Churchcapuccino (Order of St. Francis), and so on).

The Latvian verb durt to stub, to prick corresponds to the Turkish drtmek to prod.

The words dre fist' and piedurkne sleeve of the Latvian language apparently havetheir origins in the Turkish verb drmek to roll up.

Dikmek means sew in Turkish, the corresponding word diegs in the Latvian meansthread, cotton.

In Turkish lle lle means with curls, curly, the Latvian words lelle doll apparentlyarose from Turkish lle ile with curls, curly. The Latvian verb lolot to cherish, to petcan be connected with the word lle, too. Compare it with the Russian word [l'ul'ka] cradle. In Russian folklore is a personage of Golden-haired Lel (Russ. ) (Vasmer has homophonic noun [l'ul'ka] with semanticssmoking pipe, from Trkic ll = smoking pipe but none for [l'ul'ka] withsemantics cradle, which thus hangs up in the air) .

In Latvia there is a town Lielvrde. The name is reminiscent of the Turkish words llevard there was a spring, as the word lle also means spring. There are cases whenresidents of Latvia build a house over a spring. The spring remains under the house, andonly the house owners can use it.

The Latvian word ipars doll, baby coincides with the Turkish kparblinking one'seyes, it is the present participle form of the Turkish verb kpmak to blink.

The Turkish word ier[iter] (icher) drinks (imek to drink) is reminiscent of theLatvian dzerdrinks (dzert -to drink). There is a river in Latvia called Ia [ita] (Icha),

toos

The Latvian verb st to eat must have its origins in the Turkish verbyemek to eat.Compare the Russian dialectal form [jist] (yist) eats with the Turkish. yiyor [jijor](yiyor) eats (The linguistical spread of ye/et/ed/es from Trkic to Germanic to Slavic to

Latin and Greek and Armenian and Avestan for verbs, nouns, and adjectives for edibles andeat points to the Nostratic origin and consequently can't be linked to any particularlanguage).

In Turkish burtmak means to make twist, in the Latvian language the verb burt meansto conjure, to practice magic (In Turkish twist has 13 verbs and 19 nouns, apparentlythe Trks engaged in lots of different twisting, with different particular semantics and

numerous derivatives and idiomatic expressions, one of which could easily be conjuringpicked up by Balts).


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More words belonging to this group are shown in Table 1.19, 20

Table 1

Turkishword

TranslationLatvianword

Translation

tapa stopper tapa stopper

ilewith, togetherwith

lens awl

verev diagonal virve rope

man bow kamanas sledge

dokumak weave deis blanket

ilk first ilkss shaft

kuka ball, tangle ka/kuka cake/kitchen

tur/turta round/pie, tart torte cake

The Enlish word tart (an open pastry containing jam, etc.) is connected with the OldFrench tarte and Latin medieval tarta with unknown origin. 10 Both tarte and tartaresemble the Turkish turta consisting of the root morpheme turand locative case affix-ta.

3.5. Animals, Plants, Nature

Table 2

Turkish word TranslationLatvianword

Translation

kedi cat kae/kais

pussy-

cat/tom-catbbr leopard bebris beaver

zil bell zle titmouse

sla motherland slis jay

sla motherland sils pine forest11

lmak/alto betaken/verbalnoun

elk elk (moose)

duymak to sense djapigeon,

dovesunmak to direct suns dog

kurmak to build kurmismole(animal)

asmak/asar to evade asaris perch

l geol. alluvium lnis tench

asmak/asttohang/suspended

aste tail

ut/ut yeri shame/genitals uts louse

t horse jtto ride a

horse


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armak/karp to mix/mixed karpa carp

ilkfirst, initial,primary

ilknis tusk, fang

gbrelik/gbre dung/dunghill guba heap

uur ki1) hen/puff2) good luck

guris cucumber

krba waterskin irbis pumpkinkiraz cherry irsis cherry

baldran hemlock baldrins valerian

zelspecial,particular

ozols oak

koanstem (of a

vegetable)kacns

cabbagehead

burkmak to turn burkns carrot

elmekto amuse egle fir-tree

arpa barley vrpa

spike

(cereal)iek flower zieds flower

emencumin (aka Lat.,Gr., Heb., Arab)

imene cumin

ezmek/ezer melt/melting ezers lake

ak mn 12white, clear,unspotted, old

akmens stone

kk root koks tree

yosun moss sna moss

alkanmak/alkant

rough

(sea)/wave (sea) alkoa roar (sea)aarmak/gnaaryor

to dawn/dawn agrs/agri early

zp: zp diye suddenly zibens lightening

ayna mirror ainavalandscape,scenery

duman haze, smoke dmaka/dmi haze/smoke

gani abundant, rich ganbas pasture

gani/ganisi olmak abundant, rich gan/ganenough,that's

enough

narin delicate, slim nrawater-nymph,mermaid

10 Swannell, 1995, p.120.11 Remember the story about the Kayan people that believe that the life started in the sacred wood.21

The history testifies that the ancient inhabitants of the East Baltic region worshippedoak growths where they believed the God of justiceProve was dwelling (KaramzinN.M./, I, 1995, 85).


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Sacral trees and mountains are locations for Tengrian prayer rituals, they wereknown sacral landmarks, as much related to the adobe of the Almighty aschapels, temples, churches, mosques, and synagogues are adobes of theSupreme God. Misunderstanding of the Tengriism is fed by derogatorydisinformation propagated by the new militant religions. On substance andrituals, see R.Bezertinov Ch.3 Deity, M.Adji Tengrianism, L.Potapov Origin of

Altaians. L.GmyryaHun Country. The names Thor, Prove, Perun are appellationsfor Tengri.

The Latvian name of oak is ozols that corresponds to the Turkish word zl special.Some special treatment of oaks (trees that are witnesses of the human history) on behalf ofthe Latvians we can watch nowadays as well.

12 Man/men is the Turkish root morpheme of compound wards indicating a person or an object.21, 22

3.6. Abstract Objects

The table contains Latvian words that correspond to Turkish root or stem morphemes.

The words meaning is also connected with the corresponding Turkish words.

Table 3

Turkish word Translation Latvian word Translation

komak to run, to chase kos bright

srma silver thread sirms grey (hair)

bayat/bayatlamaknot fresh, stale/toget stale

bojt spoil

dumur atrophy dumjstupid, silly(demented)

akl albugo, walleye akls blindkatra drop (liquid) katrs/katra every

i/iineinterior,inner/inside

iekiene inside

ya yes j yes

ara gap, intermediate r outside

stnevarmak oppress varmka/varmcba oppressor/oppression

varmak dare vart can, dare

sur fortune srs severe

ki who, that kas who, that

onu him viu him

snmak/sndrmak defeat ca struggle, fight

kavga quarrel kauties fight

bildirmek informbildint,iebilda/piebilda

propose,objected/remarked,added

mihr ransom miers peace

manita swindle mnt cheat, deceive

yuk load, burden jgs yoke

vermek/vergi give/gift, tax vergs slavepatak/pata beating ptaga/ptagot whip, knout/to whip


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dn yesterday diena day

devasgigantic,giant-like

dievs god

yeni new jauns new, young

acemi aylak[tailak]

beginner,inexperienced

lis [ta:lis]clis [tsa:lis]

guy, chicken

dul/dulluk widow/widowhood dulls/dullums crazy, mad, foolish

kunt stout, solid kundaregular customer(patron)

lmak/alg take/wages alga wages

alak low, mean alkas/alkatgs longing/greedy

saplamakto stick, thrust,pierce

sps pain, ache

enebaz,kfrbaz

talkative (ene jaw),foul-mouthed

(kfra curse)

bztto shove, thrust,poke

angal support, prop angalsnegl. nickname of aLatgalian

sk thick, frequent sks tiny, small

tek only, solely tikai only, solely

yl/yllamak/ylmak/yl

year/stay for along time/tobore/terror

ilgi for a long time

mayi/mayimakliquid, fluid/togrow soft

maigs soft, gentle

uzluk/uzman mastery/specialist uzmant to watch

kakmak push, encrust kaka mksla swindle

danmakto trust, support,last

dainaLatvian folk song(and Rom., Mold.)

tekeshrimp, he-goat(riding animal)

tectgo/run at sauntergait

resim picture, drawing rast to draw

beste/bestekar,namus/namuskar,komak/kokar

melody/composer,honor/honest,embrace/fightingram

krsyearninggreedy

az few maz fewaz few azaids snack

man man/thing manta thing

The Latvian folksongs and fairy-tales contain lots of substratum lexis. The older theword is, more likely is detection of its Trkic roots.

Mei rca, mei ca,Bites gja kumuriem.

For example, in two lines of this Latvian folksong we find the word kumuriem, unusualfor the modern Latvian language. Turning to the Turkish dictionary, it has a Turkish wordkme pile, heap, mound, kme kme means in heaps/groups. Knowing that Turkish


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ordinals are created from the numerals with the help of the affix ()er: birerone apiece,ikiertwo at a time, erthree apiece, etc. bir, iki, , etc., we can deduce that theLatvian word kumuriem was composed with the help of the affix er(-er > -ur), and theword means in a group: km > kumuriem. The vowel in the affix has changed

according to the Trkic vowel harmony rule. 13

Researcher Irek Bikkinin in his scientific work addresses the most ancient English lexis

borrowed from Trkic language.

For example, in

latvian-turkic connection-galina shuke-2010.pdf

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