latin iii/iv readings * vocabulary * translation worksheets 4 th ...€¦ · milites graeci gladios...
TRANSCRIPT
Latin III/IV Readings * Vocabulary * Translation Worksheets 4th Quarter 2015 Nomen:_______________________
Latin ______ Pyrrhus Nomen__________________________ Dies___________ 13 Story Gerard. A PYRRHIC VICTORY A Pyrrhic victory is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat. Someone who wins a Pyrrhic victory has been victorious in some way; however, the heavy toll negates any sense of achievement or profit (another term for this would be "hollow victory"). The phrase Pyrrhic victory is named after Greek King Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose army suffered irreplaceable casualties in defeating the Romans at Heraclea in 280 BC and Asculum in 279 BC during the Pyrrhic War. In both of Pyrrhus's victories, the Romans suffered greater casualties than Pyrrhus did. However, the Romans had a much larger supply of men from which to draw soldiers and their casualties did less damage to their war effort than Pyrrhus's casualties did to his. Pyrrhus is often quoted as having said "Another such victory and I come back to Epirus alone." And "If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined." Pyrrhus erat imperator notissimus et rex Epiri in Graecia. In Italia Graeci multi cum Romanis acriter pugnabant. Pyrrho in Italiam vocato, Graeci bellum in Romanos paraverunt. multi cum Romanis: what kind of ablative? Pyrrho…vocato: what kind of construction? Give two ways of translating the clause. ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Anxio animo Graeci in Italia Pyrrhum exspectabant. Tandem cum elephantis et multis viris Pyrrhus ad Italiam navigavit. Mox Pyrrhus cum copiis Graecis in Italiam venit, ubi bellum gerere incepit. anxio animo: what kind of ablative? cum elephantis: what kind of ablative? How would you say: After having proceeded into Italy with Greek troops, Pyrrhus….Use a participle and the deponent verb prōgredior, -ī, -gressus sum go forth, advance, proceed ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Latin ______ Pyrrhus Nomen__________________________ Dies___________ Milites Graeci gladios longos, hastas, scuta habebant; galeas validas in capitibus gerebant. ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Praeterea Pyrrhus multos elephantos habebat. Romani pedites et equites valida arma quoque habebant sed gladii et hastae eorum non satis longi autem erant. longi: what kind of genitive? ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Primo Romani fortiter steterunt; tum Pyrrhus elephantos in proelium misit. Hi elephanti nova atque mira animalia erant. Equi Romanorum elephantos timentes fugerunt et dominos suos interfecerunt et per Romanos graviter cucurrerunt. timentes: what verbal form and tense? modifying what? ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Hoc modo Graeci primo proelio Romanos vicerunt. Tamen victoria Pyrrhi pretiosa (costly) erat. Nam Romani multos Graecos vulneraverant; in campo corpora militum Gracecorum iacebant. In proximo proelio Romani fortissimi Pyrrhum et viros Graecos superaverunt. Hoc modo: what kind of ablative? primo proelio: what kind of ablative? vulneraverant: tense? militum: case? fortissimi: what is the comparative form of the adjective? ____________________________________________________________________________________
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Latin ______ Pyrrhus Nomen__________________________ Dies___________
The Ablative Absolute
An Ablative Absolute phrase is used when a thought, condition or action is grammatically separate but modifies the
meaning of the rest of the sentence. The ablative absolute is sometimes called an adverbial phrase because it modifies
the whole sentence as an adverb modifies the action of a verb. We use absolute adverbial phrases in English too: 'They
had a pleasant trip, all things considered.'
Here's a description from Arnold's Latin Prose Composition of the Latin ablative absolute:
"...the words in the ablative seem to stand apart, as if set free (absolutus) from the main section of the sentence.... The construction is widely used by Roman authors to indicate ideas of cause or time. The absence [in Latin] of a perfect active participle also determines the frequent use of this construction."
How do you recognize an ablative absolute? Look for these features:
• Often -- but not always -- the phrase is set off from the rest of the sentence with commas. • A grouping of two or more words in the ablative case, in these combinations:
o Noun or pronoun plus participle. o Two or more nouns or pronouns with some form of 'esse' implied, since Latin has no present or perfect participle for
'esse'. o Noun or pronoun plus adjective with some form of 'esse' implied.
• The phrase is not linked grammatically to other parts of the sentence. For instance, there will be no preposition introducing the phrase.
• The phrase reflects upon the action of the main clause with regard to one or more of these: o Time sequence o Precondition or causation o Attendant circumstance o Opposing or contrasting circumstance
Exempli Gratia
Study these examples:
A. Nuntio misso dux dormivit per nocte ('A messenger having been sent, the general slept through the night'). The noun-participle phrase tells us the sequence of events. It also suggests causation -- that the general was able to sleep soundly because a messenger had been sent.
B. Duce nuntium mittente milites sua arma preparavunt ('While the general was sending a messenger, the soldiers readied their weapons'). Nuntium, although not in the ablative case, is considered part of the AA phrase because it is direct object of the active participle.
C. Eo discessuro tabulae geographicae sunt paratae ('As he was about to depart, maps were prepared'). A pronoun, taking the place of a noun, combined with a future participle.
D. Caesare ipso legiones ducente tamen bellum in Gallia longum erat ('Although Caesar himself was leading the legions, the war in Gaul was lengthy'). With tamen in the main clause, the AA phrase becomes a circumstance that opposes or contrasts with the main clause.
E. Hannibale mortuo res publica salva est ('With Hannibal dead the republic is safe'). A noun-adjective combination with 'being' implied.
F. Nuntiis gravibus Caesar misit Labienum ad Galliam ('The news being serious, Caesar sent Labienus to Gaul). A noun-adjective combination, with 'esse' implied. Serious news is the pre-condition; Caesar sends Labienus because of this news.
G. Omnibus paratis familia discessit ad urbem ('Since everything was prepared, the family departed for the city'). Latin has no perfect participle for the verb 'esse' so we must supply 'was.'
H. Caesare Bibulo consulibus flumen Tiberis urbem inundavit ('When Caesar and Bibulus were the co-consuls, the river Tiber flooded the city'). This noun-noun-noun combination requires us to supply the English 'were.' This is a common way to date a year. Since two men served together as joint consuls for a one-year term, 'consul' takes plural form.
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Latin ______ Pyrrhus Nomen__________________________ Dies___________ Practice Exercise
Practice with the sentences below. Separate the ablative absolute phrase from the rest of the sentence. Is it noun +
participle? Noun + noun with esse implied? Noun + adjective with esse implied? Try different ways of translating the
phrase and then the whole sentence into English. Most ablative absolutes are best translated with clauses introduced
by when, although, since, or if. NB: the last sentence is tough!
Answer these questions in Quia: “8 Ablative Absolute Sentences”
1. Servo accusato dominus discessit. 2. Oppidis nostris a barbaris captis, bellum geremus. 3. Eo volente omnes agentur. 4. Bello terminaturo milites domum ire parabant. 5. Omnibus perditis tamen milites spem habuerunt. 6. Senatores, nullo adversante, leges scelestas deleverunt. 7. Roma salva erit, Tito principe. 8. Claudio et Catone consulibus, Galli petentes ducti a Vercingetorice repulsi sunt a militibus Romanis Caesare
ducente.
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29. interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectus: kill; destroy
30. miles, militis M: soldier; foot soldier; soldiery; knight; knight'sfee/service
31. mirus, mira, mirum: wonderful, strange, remarkable,amazing, surprising, extraordinary
32. mitto, mittere, misi, missus: send, throw, hurl, cast; let out,release, dismiss; disregard
33. modus, modi M: manner, mode, way, method; rule, rhythm,beat, measure, size; bound, limit
34. mox: soon, next
35. navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus: sail; navigate
36. notus, nota -um, notior -or -us, notissimus -a -um: wellknown, familiar, notable, famous, esteemed; notorious, of illrepute
37. novus, nova -um: new, unusual
38. paro, parare, paravi, paratus: prepare;furnish/supply/provide; produce; obtain/get; buy; raise; put up;plan
39. pedes, peditis M: foot soldier, infantryman; pedestrian, whogoes on foot; infantry
40. praeterea: besides, thereafter; in addition
41. pretiosus, pretiosa -um, pretiosior -or -us,pretiosissimus -a -um: expensive, costly, of great value,precious; rich in
42. proelium, proeli(i) N: battle/fight/bout/conflict/dispute;armed/hostile encounter; bout of strength
43. proximus, proxima, proximum: nearest/closest/next; mostrecent, immediately preceding, last; most/very like
44. pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatus: fight; dispute
45. quoque: likewise/besides/also/too; not only; even/actually
46. satis: enough, adequately; sufficiently; well enough, quite; fairly,pretty
47. scutum, scuti N: shield
48. sto, stare, steti, status: stand, stand still, stand firm; remain,rest
49. supero, superare, superavi, superatus: overcome,conquer; survive; outdo; surpass, be above, have the upper hand
50. tandem: finally; at last, in the end; after some time, eventually;at length
51. timeo, timere, timui, -: fear, dread, be afraid
52. tum: moreover
53. ubi: where, whereby
54. validus, valida, validum: strong, powerful; valid
55. venio, venire, veni, ventus: come
56. victoria, victoriae F: victory
57. vinco, vincere, vici, victus: conquer, defeat, excel; outlast;succeed
1. acriter, acrius, acerrime: sharply, vigilantly, fiercely;severely, steadfastly; keenly, accurately
2. animal, animalis N: animal, living thing/offspring; creature,beast, brute; insect
3. animus, animi M: mind; intellect; soul; feelings; heart; spirit,courage, character, pride; air
4. anxius, anxia, anxium: anxious, uneasy, disturbed;concerned; careful; prepared with care; troublesome
5. armum, armi N: arms, weapons, armor, shield; close fightingweapons; equipment; force
6. atque: and, as well/soon as; together with; and moreover/even;and too/also/now; yet
7. bellum, belli N: war, warfare; battle, combat, fight; war; militaryforce, arms
8. campus, campi M: plain; level field/surface; open space forbattle/games; sea; scope; campus
9. caput, capitis N: head; person; life; leader; top; source/mouth;capital
10. copia, copiae F: plenty, abundance, supply; troops, supplies;forces; resources; wealth
11. corpus, corporis N: body; person, self; virility; flesh; corpse;trunk; frame; collection/sum
12. curro, currere, cucurri, cursus: run, move/flow swiftly
13. elephantus, elephanti M: elephant
14. elephas, elephantis M: elephant; ivory; large variety of lobster,large sea creature; elephantiasis
15. eques, equitis M: horseman/cavalryman/rider; horsemen,cavalry; equestrian order
16. equus, equi M: horse; steed
17. exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatus: lookout for,await; expect, anticipate, hope for
18. fortis, forte, fortior -or -us, fortissimus -a -um: strong,powerful, mighty, vigorous, firm, steadfast, courageous, brave,bold
19. fortiter, fortius, fortissimo: strongly; bravely; boldly
20. fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus: flee, fly, run away; avoid, shun; gointo exile
21. galea, galeae F: helmet
22. gero, gerere, gessi, gestus: bear, carry, wear; carry on;manage, govern
23. gladius, gladi(i) Msword: ...
24. graviter: violently; deeply; severely; reluctantly
25. hasta, hastae F: spear/lance/javelin; spear stuck in ground forpublic auction/centumviral court
26. iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitus: lie; lie down; lie ill/inruins/prostrate/dead; sleep; be situated
27. imperator, imperatoris M: emperor; general; ruler;commander
28. incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus: begin; start, undertake
13 Story PyrrhusStudy online at quizlet.com/_19y1j3
58. vir, viri M: man; husband; hero; person of courage, honor, and nobility
59. voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus: call, summon; name; call upon
60. vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratus: wound/injure/harm, pain/distress; inflict wound on; damage
Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ Cincinnatus Lesson 58 LFA I
During the struggle against the Aequians (a neighboring tribe), a Roman army was trapped along with both consuls, and the Senate appointed Cincinnatus (the curly haired) dictator to raise a relief army and save the trapped army and consuls. This Cincinnatus does. After completing his mission, Cincinnatus gives up his power and returns to his farm, even though he might have remained as dictator for up to six months.
In addition to illustrating the use of infinitives in indirect statement, this story also illustrates the use of various pronouns. A complete presentation of pronouns is included at the end.
Hostes Minucium ducem Romanum, et milites eius in loco alieno magna vi premebant.
How is vis declined? (index)
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Ubi id nuntiatum est, omnes Romani timentes vim hostium cupiverunt Cincinnatum dictatorem facere, quod is solus Romam a pericula non levi prohibere et civitatem servare poterat. Ille trans Tiberim eo tempore agrum parvum colebat.
case of hostium?
what kind of ablative is eo tempore?
“is” give whole declension of this demonstrative pronoun
“ille” give whole declension of this demonstrative pronoun.
Translation:
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Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Nuntii a senatu missi eum in agro laborantem invenerunt et constiterunt. Salute data acceptaque, Cincinnatus uxorem parare togam iussisse dicitur; nam non oportebat sine toga nuntios audire.
missi: what kind of verbal? what does it modify?
a senatu: what kind of ablative
laborantem: what kind of verbal? tense? modifies?
salute data acceptaque: what kind of construction?
iussisse: what verbal form? what tense?
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Hi nuntii eum dictatorem appellant et dicunt: "Milites nostri ab hostibus premuntur et cives terrentur. Periculum nostrum non leve est. Hostes non consistent sed mox ad portiis nostras ipsas venient.
Decline the demonstrative pronoun “hi” in all forms
premuntur: tense and voice
consistent: tense and voice
venient: tense and voice:
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Auxilium tuum rogamus." Itaque Cincinnatus, vocibus eorum adductus, contra hostes contendit. Romani, telis iactis, hostes opprimunt et castra expugnant. Minucio servato, Cincinnatus dicitur hostes sub iugum misisse.
adductus=persuaded, influenced
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Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ vocibus: what kind of ablative?
telis iactis: what kind of construction; translate
Munucio servato: what kind of construction?
misisse: what verbal form and tense?
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Tum, nullis hostibus prohibentibus, milites ad urbem reduxit et triumphavit. Vis hostium fracta erat. Ducti sunt in pompa ante eum duces hostium, capta arma ostenta sunt; post eum milites venerunt praedam gravem ostendentes.
nullis hostibus prohibentis: “with no enemy blocking (his) way” what kind of construction?
ostendentes: what verbal form? tense? modifying?
Translate: praedam gravem ostendentes.
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Et haec omnia Cincinnatus magna celeritate gessit: potestate dictatoris in sex menses accepta, sexto decimo die ad agros discessit, non iam dictator sed triumphans agricola. Eodem mense agricola et dictator et iterum agricola fuit.
gessit: accomplished
potestate…accepta: what kind of construction? translate
die: what kind of ablative?
eodem mense: what kind of ablative?
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Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ Questions
1. Why did the Romans elect Cincinnatus dictator?
2. Where was Cincinnatus’ farm?
3. What did he tell his wife to do when the messengers arrived? Why?
4. How long did he stay away from his farm?
5. What did Cincinnatus accomplish?
6. What did the triumphal military parade (pompa) look like?
7. What lesson does the story teach about holding the all-powerful position of dictator?
Translate
1. Vim prohibere et pacem conservare est nobile.
2. Regis filia librum scripsisse sine auxilio dicitur.
3. Milites consistentes arma levia magna cum vi iecisse dicuntur.
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Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ Indirect Statement Dies ____________________
I. Write the Latin infinitives with their English translations.
1) prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus = prevent
Pres. Act.
Pres. Pass.
Perf. Act.
Perf. Pass.
Fut. Act.
2) solvō, solvere, solvī, solutus = pay
Pres. Act. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Pres. Pass. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Perf. Act. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Perf. Pass. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Fut. Act. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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Latin III/IV Cincinnatus LFA 58 Nomen______________________ consisto, consistere, constiti, constitus stop/stand/halt/cease; pause, linger; stop spreading/flowing; take a position
mox soon, next
venio, venire, veni, ventus come
auxilium, auxili(i) N help, assistance; remedy
rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus ask, ask for; invite; introduce
vox, vocis Fvoice, tone, expression
adduco, adducere, adduxi, adductus lead up/to/away; bring up/to; persuade, induce
contra (preposition + accusative) against, facing, opposite
contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus stretch, draw tight, make taut; draw/bend; tune; stretch out
telum, teli N dart, spear; weapon, javelin; bullet
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus throw, hurl, cast; throw away; utter
opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressuspress down; suppress; overthrow; crush, overwhelm, fall upon, oppress
castrum, castri N fort/fortress; camp, military camp/field; army; war service; day's march
expugno, expugnare, expugnavi, expugnatus assault, storm; conquer, plunder; accomplish; persuade
servo, servare, servavi, servatus watch over; protect, store, keep, guard, preserve, save
sub iugum mittere to subjugate
sub (preposition + ablative) under; up to, up under, close to; until, before, up to, about
iugum, iugi N yoke; ridge, summit
mitto, mittere, misi, missuss end, throw, hurl, cast; let out, release
tum moreover
nullus, nulla, nullum (gen -ius) no; none, not any
prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitus hinder, restrain; forbid, prevent
urbs, urbis F city; City of Rome
reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductus lead back, bring back; restore; reduce
frango, frangere, fregi, fractus break, shatter, crush; dishearten, subdue, weaken; move, discourage
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus lead, command; think, consider, regard; prolong
pompa, pompae F procession; retinue; pomp, ostentation
ante (preposition +ablative) in front of, in the presence of, before; facing
capta arma ostenta sunt; post eum milites venerunt praedam gravem ostendentes.
capio, capere, cepi, captustake hold, seize; grasp; take bribe; arrest/capture; put on; occupy; captivate
armum, armi N arms, weapons, armor, shield; close fighting weapons; equipment; force
ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus show; reveal; make clear, point out, display, exhibit 8
1. accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus: take, grasp, receive,accept, undertake; admit, let in, hear, learn; obey
2. adduco, adducere, adduxi, adductus: lead to/away; bringto; persuade, induce; INFLUENCE
3. ager, agri M: field, ground; farm, land, estate, park; territory,country; terrain; soil
4. agricola, agricolae M: farmer
5. alienus, aliena -um, alienior -or -us, alienissimus -a -um:foreign; another's; hostile, UNFAVORABLE
6. ante (preposition +ablative): in front of, in the presence of,before; facing
7. appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus: call; address;appeal; name
8. armum, armi N: arms, weapons, armor, shield; close fightingweapons; equipment; force
9. audio, audire, audivi, auditus: hear, listen, accept, agreewith; obey; harken, pay attention; be able to hear
10. auxilium, auxili(i) N: help, assistance; remedy
11. capio, capere, cepi, captus: take hold, seize; grasp; takebribe; arrest/capture; put on; occupy; captivate
12. castrum, castri N: fort/fortress; camp, military camp/field;army; war service; day's march
13. celeritas, celeritatis F: speed, quickness, rapidity; speed ofaction, dispatch; haste; early date
14. cincinnatus, cincinnata, cincinnatum: with curled/curlyhair; with hair in ringlets
15. civis, civis: fellow citizen; countryman/woman; citizen, freeperson; a Roman citizen
16. civitas, civitatis F: community/city/town/state
17. colo, colere, colui, cultus: inhabit; till, cultivate, foster,maintain
18. consisto, consistere, constiti, constiturus: stand still, stop
19. consisto, consistere, constiti, constitus:stop/stand/halt/cease; pause, linger; stop spreading/flowing;take a position
20. contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus: hurry, hasten
21. contra (preposition + accusative): against, facing, opposite
22. cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus: wish/long/be eager for;desire/want
23. decimus, decima, decimum: tenth
24. dictator, dictatoris M: dictator
25. dicto, dictare, dictavi, dictatus: dictate; compose; draw up;order/prescribe; fix
26. dies, diei: day; daylight; open sky; weather
27. discedo, discedere, discessi, discessus: go/march off,depart, withdraw; scatter, dissipate; abandon; lay down
28. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus: lead, command; think, consider,regard; prolong
29. dux, ducis M: leader, guide; commander, general
30. eodem: to the same place/purpose
31. expugno, expugnare, expugnavi, expugnatus: assault,storm; conquer, plunder; accomplish
32. frango, frangere, fregi, fractus: break, shatter, crush;dishearten, subdue, weaken; move, discourage
33. gero, gerere, gessi, gestus: bear, carry, wear; carry on;manage, govern
34. gravis, grave, gravior -or -us, gravissimus -a -um: heavy;painful; important; serious; pregnant; grave, oppressive,burdensome
35. hostis, hostis m or f: enemy; stranger, foreigner
36. iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus: throw, hurl, cast; throw away; utter
37. iam: now, already, by/even now
38. invenio, invenire, inveni, inventus: come upon; discover,find; invent, contrive
39. iterum: again; a second time; for the second time
40. iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus: order/tell/command/direct;enjoin/command; decree/enact; request/ask/bid; pray
41. iugum, iugi N: yoke
42. laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus: work, labor
43. levis, leve, levior -or -us, levissimus -a -um: light, thin,trivial
44. locus, loci M: position; soldier's post; place
45. mensis, mensis M: month
46. miles, militis M: soldier; foot soldier
47. mitto, mittere, misi, missuss: end, throw, hurl, cast; let out,release
48. mox: soon, next
49. nam: for
50. non oportebat: it is not fitting, appropriate
51. nullus, nulla, nullum (gen -ius): no; none, not any
52. nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatus: announce,report
53. oporteo, oportere, oportui, oportuitus: require, order
54. opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressus: overthrow;crush, overwhelm, oppress
55. ostendeo, ostendere, ostendi,: -show; reveal; make clear,point out, display, exhibit
56. ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus: show; reveal; makeclear, point out, display, exhibit
57. paro, parare, paravi, paratus: prepare;furnish/supply/provide; produce; obtain/get; buy; raise; put up;plan
58. parvus, parva -um, minor -or -us, minimus -a -um:small, little, cheap; unimportant
59. periculum, periculi N: danger, peril; trial, attempt; risk;responsibility for damage, liability
60. pompa, pompae F: procession; retinue; pomp, ostentation
61. post: behind, after; subordinate to
LFA LVIII Cincinnatus All VocabularyStudy online at quizlet.com/_18qkz6
62. potestas, potestatis F: power, rule, force; strength, ability; chance, opportunity
63. praeda, praedae F: booty, loot, spoils, plunder, prey
64. premo, premere, pressi, pressus: press, press hard, pursue; oppress; overwhelm
65. prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitus: hinder, restrain; forbid, prevent
66. reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductus: lead back, bring back; restore; reduce
67. rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus: ask, ask for; invite; introduce
68. salus, salutis F: health; prosperity; good wish; greeting; salvation, safety
69. senatus, senatus M: senate
70. servo, servare, servavi, servatus: watch over; protect, store, keep, guard, preserve, save
71. sex: 6
72. solus, sola, solum (gen -ius): only, single; lonely; alone, having no companion/friend/protector; unique
73. sub iugum mittere: to subjugate
74. sub (preposition + ablative): under; up to, up under, close to; until, before, up to, about
75. telum, teli N: dart, spear; weapon, javelin
76. terreo, terrere, terrui, territus: frighten, scare, terrify, deter
77. Tiberis, Tiberis: Tiber
78. timeo, timere, timui,: fear, dread, be afraid
79. toga, togae F: toga
80. trans: across, over; beyond; on the other side
81. triumpho, triumphare, triumphavi, triumphatus: triumph over; celebrate a triumph; conquer completely, triumph
82. tum: moreover
83. ubi: where, whereby
84. urbs, urbis F: city; City of Rome
85. uxor, uxoris F: wife
86. venio, venire, veni, ventus: come
87. vis, vis F: strength, force, power, might, violence
88. vox, vocis F: voice, tone, expression
Infinitives
General: An infinitive is, strictly speaking, an abstract verbal noun.
The infinitive is used in Latin, as in English, as a noun: Errare humanum est = To err is human. When so used, the Latin infinitive is an indeclinable neuter noun.
The infinitive is also used in Latin, as in English, to complete the meaning of another verb (complementary infinitive): Possum videre = I am able to see.
Unlike English, Latin rarely uses an infinitive to indicate purpose.
The infinitive is most widely used in Latin in Indirect Speech (Oratio Obliqua), which combines an accusative subject with an infinitive in subordinate clauses after a verbs of saying, thinking, and perceiving.
Puto eum sapientem esse = I think that he is wise.
Because the infinitive is widely used in the Indirect Speech, it must in Latin show tense and voice and (where able) gender. Note the forms of the infinitive:
Formation:
Active Passive
Present: amäre (to love) amärï (to be loved)
Perfect: amävisse (to have loved) amätus esse (to have been loved)
Future: amätürus esse (to be about amätum ïrï (to be going to be to love) loved) Notes:
1) The present passive infinitive is formed by dropping the -e from the active infinitive and adding -ï. But in the third conjugation, the entire infinitive ending (-ere) is dropped before adding the -ï: ducere ducï (to be led).
2) The perfect passive and future active infinitives will show gender where appropriate: Puto eam me amaturam esse = I think she will love me. Puto eos eam ad oppidum ducturos esse = I think they will lead her to the town.
3) The future active infinitive, rare in English, is widely used in Latin for Indirect Speech constructions (see 2 above).
4) The future passive infinitive is rarely seen.
PRONOUNS
14. PERSONAL 15. REFLEXIVE Norn. ego tii Gen. mei tui sui
SINGULAR Dat. mihi ti bi sibi Acc. me te se or sese Ab!. me te se or sese
Norn. nos VOS
Gen. nostrum or nostri vestrum or vestri sui PLURAL Dat. nob is vobis sibi
Acc. nos VOS se or sese Ab!. nobis vobis se or sese
16. DEMONSTRATIVE
SINGULAR
Norn. hic,rn. haec,f hoc, n. ille, rn. illa,f illud, n. 'Gen. huius buius huius illius illius illius Dat. huic huic huic illi illi illi Acc. hunc bane hoc ilium illam illud Ab!. hOc hie hoc mo ma. mo
PLURAL
Norn. hi hae haec illi illae ilia Gen. hOrum hi rum ho rum illorum illirum illorum Dat. his his his ill is ill is illis Acc. hos his haec illos ill is ilia Ab!. his his his illis ill is ill is
SINGULAR
Norn. is, rn. ea,f id, n. idem, rn. eadem,f idem, n. Gen. eius eius eius eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem Dat. ei ei ei eidem eidem eidem Acc. eum earn id eundem eandem idem Ab!. eo ea eo eodem eidem eOdem
PLURAL
Norn. ei (ii) eae ea eidem, iidem eaedem eadem Gen. eorum ear um eorum eorundem eirundem eorundem
Dat. eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis) { eisdem eisdem eisdem isdem isdem isdem
Acc. eos eas ea eosdem easdem eadem
Ab!. eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis) { eisdem eisdem eisdem isdem isdem isdem
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SINGULAR
Nom. ipse, m. ipsa, f. Gen. ipsius ipsius Dat. ipsi ipsi Acc. ipsum Abt. ipso
Nom. qui, m. Gen. cuius Dat. cui Acc. quern Abt. quo
ipsam ipsa
SINGULAR
quae, f. cuius cui quam qua
17. INTENSIVE PLURAL
ipsum, n. ipsi, m. ipsae, f. ipsa, n. ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis
18. RELATIVE PLURAL
quod, n. qui, m. quae, f. quae, n. cuius quorum quarum quorum cui quibus quibus qui bus quod quos quas quae quo quibus qui bus quibus
19. INTERROGATIVE
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abt.
SINGULAR
quis, m. f. cuius cui quern quo
quid, n. cuius cui quid quo
NoTES. 1. The plural of the interrogative pronoun quis is like the plural of the relative qui.
2. The interrogative adjective is declined throughout like the relative qui; qui deus, what god? quae via, what road? quod donum, what gift?
20. INDEFINITE
Substantive Form
SINGULAR
Nom. aliquis, m. f. Gen. alicuius
aliquid, n. alicuius alicui aliquid aliquo
Dat. alicui Acc. aliquem Ab!. aliquo
Nom. aliqui, m. Gen. aliquorum Dat. aliquibus Acc. aliquos Ab!. aliquibus
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PLURAL
aliquae, f. aliquarum aliquibus aliquas aliquibus
aliqua, n. aliquorum aliquibus aliqua aliquibus
Adjective Form
Norn. aliqui, rn. Gen. alicuius Dat. alicui Acc. aliquem Ab!. aliquo
Norn. aliqui, rn. Gen. aliquorum Dat. aliquibus Acc. aliquos Ab!. aliquibus
SINGULAR
aliqua,/. alicuius alicui aliquam aliqua
PLURAL
aliquae,f. aliquarum aliquibus aliquas aliquibus
aliquod, n. alicuius alicui aliquod aliquo
aliqua, n. aliquorum aliquibus aliqua aliquibus
NOTE. After si, nisi, ne, and num the indefinite pronoun quis, quid is generally used. It is declined like the interrogative pronoun. The adjective form is qui, qua, quod.
Norn. quidam, rn. Gen. cuiusdam Dat. cuidam Acc. quendam Abl. quodam
Norn. quidam, rn. Gen. quorundam Dat. quibusdam Acc. quosdam Ab!. quibusdam
SINGULAR
quaedam,f. cuiusdam cuidam quandam quadam
PLURAL
quaedam,f. quarundam quibusdam quasdam quibusdam
quiddam, n. cuiusdam cuidam quid dam quodam
quaedam, n. quorundam quibusdam quaedam quibusdam
NoTE. The adjective form has quoddam, n., instead of quiddam.
SINGULAR
Norn. quisque, rn. f. quidque, n. Gen. cuiusque cuiusque Dat. cuique cuique Acc. quemque quidque Ab!. quoque quoque
(Plural rare)
NOTE. The adjective form of quisque is quisque, quaeque, quodque.
SINGULAR
quisquam, rn. f. cuiusquam cuiquam quemquam
quidquam, n. cuiusquam cuiquam quidquam
quoquam quoquam (Plural lacking)
NoTE. Quisquam is used chiefly in negative sentences, and in questions implying a negative answer.
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