LATIN II MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE – 2011-2012

What to expect on the midterm exam…………………

You will be given two hours to answer 105 multiple choice questions. 50 of these pertainto vocabulary. Be sure to study the vocabulary checklists at the end of STAGES 13-16.

In addition, you will translate a passage from Latin to English. You can prepare for this by readingover the stories in your text, especially STAGES 15 and l6. And you should be prepared to decline any noun from declensions 1,2,3; the personal pronouns (ego, tū, is/ea/id, nōs, vōs); reflexive pronoun (-----suī, sibi, sē, sē); demonstrative pronouns (hic and ille); relative pronoun (quī, quae, quod),and intensive pronoun (ipse, ipsa, ipsum).

Be prepared to conjugate a verb in all four of the tenses you have learned. Make sure that you know the principal parts of the irregular verbs and be prepared to conjugate these as well. You should be able to translate all forms of any verb I ask you to conjugate. Study especially the irregular verbs in present tense.

Study the adjectives and comparison of adjectives as presented pp. 192-196.

REVIEW all VOCABULARY, stages 13 - 16 be prepared to handle questions on derivatives.

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If you complete your exam with time to spare, it is expected that you will work quietly on your ownand use your time productively to prepare for another exam without distracting any classmate who may require more time for the exam.

The test includes a scantron sheet – you must have pencils. Bring at least two number 2 pencils (with erasers).

Latin II exam on Wednesday, Jan. 18.

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LATIN ALPHABET

Latin had 23 letters, missing the letters ‘j’, ‘u’, and ‘w’. However, your textbook uses the letter ‘u’.So for the purposes of your textbook, and thus also for your purposes, the Latin alphabet has24 letters.

Before you begin your review, make sure that you know the rules for word accent! Be sure, too,that you know the 6 diphthongs:

ae, au, ei, eu, oe, ui

There are 6 short and 6 long vowels in Latin (a,e,i,o,u,y). Including the 6 diphthongs, there are 18 basic vowel sounds in Latin.

WORD ACCENT

Vowel length is important for determining syllable length. And syllable length is important for determining word accent.

Remember, word accent goes on the penult. In words of 3 or more syllables, accent goes on the penult but only if it is long. Thus, you only need to figure out where accent goes in a word of3 or more syllables.

/e.g. a / mī / cus

When the penult is short, the accent goes on the antepenult.

/e.g. ae / di / fi / ci / um

Any syllable containing a long vowel sound (vowel with macron or diphthong) is long. A syllable may also be long by position if it is closed by a consonant. In the following example, even though all the vowels are short, the penult concludes with a consonant and is therefore long by position.

/e.g. an / cil / la

I. NOUNS

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By now, you should know the first three declensions inside and out. If not, take this opportunity to learn them! Your effort now will pay off as we soon will add the 4th and 5th declensions (which are not, BTW, on your midterm).

NOUNS ~ be prepared to decline nouns from each declension, all cases, singular and plural.

Study the following chart for case endings of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension nouns.

CASE 1st Sing. 1st Pl. 2nd Sing. 2nd Pl. 3rd Sing. 3rd Pl.Nom. -a -ae -us -ī -- -ēsGen. -ae -ārum -ī -ōrum -is -um/-iumDat. -ae -īs -ō -īs -ī -ibusAcc. -am -ās -um -ōs -em -ēsAbl. -ā -īs -ō -īs -e -ibus

→→→→→→Determine the declension to which a noun belongs by its genitive singular ending.Choose words from each declension (1,2,3) and practice declining them, singular and plural, in all cases. Do this multiple times on separate paper.

Procedure for declining nouns:

always write out nominative and genitive as illustrated below by declension:

1st 2nd 3rd

via, viae amīcus, amīcī mercātor, mercātōris

…..then, FIND THE NOUN STEM by removing genitive singular ending:

via, vi∕ae amīcus, amīc∕ī mercātor, mercātōr∕is

NOUN STEMS:

vi- amīc- mercātōr-

…….add other case endings ……….NOW PRACTICE!!!!!! Make sure you know the function(s) of each of the following cases in a Latin sentence.

Nominative (2 functions) –1) subject (completes action of verb) → Steve Warden wrestles.2) predicate nominative with linking verb

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~ predicate noun → Steve Warden is a wrestler. ~ predicate adjective → Steve Warden is invincible.

Genitive – possession → Emily hid Mary’s cell phone.

Dative – (3 functions)1) indirect object → I gave the book to you.2) dative of advantage → I made this study guide for you.3) object of special verbs → …crēdō, faveō, pāreō, appropinquō, obstō, persuādeō, respondeō….etc.

Accusative – (2 functions)

1) direct object → Tyler completed his applications for college.2) object of certain prepositions

…… ad (to), per (through), trāns (across), prope (near), in (into, against), apud (at house of)

[a preposition governs accusative if it IS NOT sid space]N.B. When ‘in’ governs accusative, it has a different meaning from SID SPACE ‘in’.

Ablative - object of certain prepositions

SID SPACE – …… the ABLATIVE astronaut Practice writing them:

sine (without)in (in)dē (down from, about, concerning)sub (under)prō (before, in front of, on behalf of)ā/ab (away from, from)cum (cum)ē/ex (out of)

[it helps to remember ………. ‘cum’ ≠ ‘sine’]

Also… ā/ab and ē/ex function in Latin the same way as ‘a’ and ‘an’ in English

Vocative - direct address → “Hey Derulo. Wake up!”

Learn the vocative rule.

Vocative = nominative in singular and plural EXCEPT for the2nd declension masculine (singular only) ending only in ‘-us’ or ‘-ius’

‘-us’ → ‘-e’ amīcus → amīce4

Remember, ‘a’ and ‘an’ do not exist in Latin. But they can be implied from context.

SID

SPACE

et et cētera = and the rest

‘-ius’ → ‘-ī’ fīlius → fīlī

Vocative (cont.) Hey Derulo! The vocative is used in direct address especially in commands.

BE GRATEFUL that vocative is generally the same as nominative singular or plural.

So if it’s not 2nd declension masculine ending in ‘-us’ or ‘-ius’ ……

……then the vocative is exactly the same as the nominative!

This means, too, that other 2nd declension masculines like ‘vir’ and ‘puer’remain unchanged in the vocative.

“Derulo! Be grateful!”

Two nouns placed next to each other (ad = to, near + position) where the 2 nd noun gives more info about the 1st.

e.g. Ms. Koslowski, our school principal, is an excellent role model for students.

VERBSThere are four conjugations of verbs that each follow their own same pattern. Think ofthe ‘verb conjugation’ as a ‘verb family’. The four conjugations are said to be ‘regular verbs’. Verbs that do not fall into a regular conjugation are called ……‘irregular’.

For this exam, you must be able to identify the conjugation to which a verb belongs.

Determine the conjugation by its infinitive (2nd principle part):

remember that the infinitive means …… ‘to verb’

1st -āre

2nd -ēre →→→→ for 2nd conjugation verbs, the first person singular, present ALWAYS ends in ‘-eō’

3rd -ere → note that the ‘-e’ is short here in the 3rd conjugation

4th -īre

N.B. [ = notā bene] Any verb that does not have these infinitive endings is………IRREGULAR.5

APPOSITION

In your own words, explain below the difference between 2nd and 3rd conjugations:

Besides being able to identify the conjugation of a verb, you also need to know the

Principal parts of the verb.

The principal parts are important because they enable us to determine the stem needed to formthe verb in the tenses we have learned.

So far, you have learned four (4) tenses:

Present

Imperfect

Perfect

Pluperfect

Before going any further, let’s review the PRINCIPAL PARTS!

Most Latin verbs have FOUR (4) principal parts:

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Present tense Infinitive Perfect tense ……coming soon

1st amō amāre amāvī ……coming soon

2nd dēbeō dēbēre dēbuī ……coming soon

3rd dīcō dīcere dīxī ……coming soon3rd –iō faciō facere fēcī ……coming soon4th veniō venīre vēnī ……coming soon

N.B.

NOTE that you can begin distinguishing conjugations from the 1st principal part. But it’s the2nd principal part (infinitive) that is definitive for each conjugation.

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CONJUGATIONS

To form present and imperfect tenses, use stem from 2nd principal part.

…….simply remove ‘-re’ ….then add the appropriate endings.

MOST MUST I’SNT m/ō s t mus tis nt

I you he,she,it we you they

PRESENT TENSE

1st and 2nd conjugations are formed the same way. Find the ‘present’ verb stem by removing ‘-re’from the infinitive (2nd pp.). Then add endings.

Just like you have a procedure for nouns, follow this one for verbs.

ALWAYS WRITE OUT PRINCIPAL PARTS FIRST.

1st 2nd

amō, amā/re → present stem = amā dēbeō, dēbē/re → present stem = dēbē

conjugate: conjugate:

amō I love dēbeō I owe; I oughtamās you love dēbēs you owe; you oughtamat he,she,it loves dēbet he,she,it owes; he,she,it oughtamāmus we love dēbēmus we owe; we oughtamātis you all love dēbētis you all owe; you all oughtamant they love dēbent they owe; they ought

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This way you won’t make mistakes!

B BASIC VERB ENDINGS

4th conjugation verbs in present tense work pretty much the same way as 1st and 2nd except that the letter ‘u’ is added in the 3 rd person plural .

veniō, venī/re → present stem = venī

veniō I comevenīs you comevenit he,she,it comesvenīmus we comevenītis you all comeveniunt they come

(note that the ‘i’ becomes short before the ‘u’)

3rd conjugation works differently in present tense. The stem vowel changes from ‘-e’ to ‘-i’.

dīcō, dīce/re → present stem = dīce

2 mnemonics may help.

FISHOOK

dīcō I saydīcis you saydīcit he,she,it saysdīcimus we saydīcitis you all saydīcunt they say

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NOTE that the first principal part IS the first person singular present!!!!

veniUnt

In the verb system, note that the stem vowel -ā,ē,ī (1st, 2nd, 3rd conjugations) is ALWAYS SHORT in 3rd person before letters ‘t’ or ‘nt’.

o ….. 4 i’s… u

oiiiiu

dīcōdīcis

dīcit

dīcimus

dīcitis

dīcunt

IMPERFECT TENSE

Simply add –ba to the present stem + personal verb endings (most,must,isn’t). Note, however,that 1st person singular ending here is ‘–m’.

The ‘imperfect’ sheep goes -baaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.

Formed the same way in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd regular conjugations.

1st amō, amā/re → present stem = amā → amābam

2nd dēbeō, dēbē/re → present stem = dēbē → dēbēbam

3rd dīcō, dīce/re → present stem = dīce → dīcēbam (‘-e’ becomes long…..)

……….difference for 4th conjugation and 3rd conj. ‘-iō verbs

4th veniō, venī/re → present stem = venī → veniēbam

3rd -iō faciō, face/re → present stem = face → faciēbam

…..bottom line: 3rd and 4th conjugation imperfect look the same!

PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT TENSEs…… EASY. EASIER. EASIEST.

The 3rd principal part IS the 1st person singular perfect.

Establish the perfect stem by removing the ‘-ī’ and you’re ready to add the other endings.

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While 4th conjugation imperfect adds the letter ‘-e’, 3rd conjugation adds the letter ‘-i’.

PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT TENSE ARE FORMED THE SAME WAY FOR ALL VERBS!

euge!

“Be grateful, Derulo!”

-bam-bas-bat-bamus-batis-bant

euge! means __________________

PERFECT TENSE ENDINGS PLUPERFECT TENSE ENDINGS

Since the perfect and pluperfect are formed the same way for ALL verbs, you can practice with any verb you like. However. it all boils down to knowing the principal parts. You MUST learn the principal parts of every verb you meet.

Here is a 3rd –iō verb.

Remember, start with the principal parts!

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Present tense Infinitive Perfect tense ……coming soon

faciō facere fēcī ……coming soon

fēc/ī → perfect stem = fēc

PERFECT TENSE PLUPERFECT TENSE

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īistīitimusistisērunt

eramerāseraterāmuserātiserant

SUGGESTION: practice these tenses using verbs whose principal parts you have trouble remembering. E.g. the irregular verbs.

fēcīfēcistīfēcitfēcimusfēcistisfēcērunt

fēceramfēcerāsfēceratfēcerāmusfēcerātisfēcerant ērunt

I have madeyou have madehe,she,it has madewe have madeyou all have madethey have made

I had madeyou had madehe,she,it had madewe had madeyou all had madethey had made

Remember the mnemonic I gave you for recognizing the perfect tense stem.

Perfect tense indicator: SUV x(tra) LONG reduplicated (this is on my web page, see VERBS, left sidebar)

NOTE THAT I have translated each tense with a helping verb: ‘have verbed’ = perfect; ‘had verbed’ =pluperfect. The helping verb is called the auxiliary verb. Please learn this word! That’s right, Derulo!(yup, gotta sneak in another vocative….). The Latin word for help is auxilium. The English word, auxiliary is a derivative. And because this English derivative looks exactly like its Latin root, it iscalled a cognate.

ALL perfect system tenses have auxiliary (helping) verbs.

PERFECT I have ‘verbed’ PLUPERFECT I had verbed

(and in the future perfect to learn next year) I will have verbed

Depending on context, you can modify your perfect tense translation for better English.

In bibliothēcā heri discipulōs meōs vīdī.

………..how’s this for a dopey translation:

Yesterday I have seen my students in the library.

modify to:

Yesterday I saw my students in the library.

IRREGULAR VERBS….

sum, esse, fuī, futūruspossum, posse, potuīvolō, velle, voluīnōlō, nōlle, nōluīeō, īre, īi, itum

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ON TRANSLATING PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT TENSES

W When you think that the perfect ‘have verbed’ sounds dopey, you’re right! But because the othertwo perfect system tenses ALWAYS have the auxiliary verb, you may find it helpful to construe the

perfect tense this way too. Thus, always a ‘helping verb’ for the perfect system tenses.

ferō, ferre, tulī, lātustollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus (tollō = regular, 3rd conjugation verb. Notice that it shares principal parts with ferō)

Fill in the principal parts of the verb volō, _____________, ______________ (to want).

In the space below, conjugate volō in the present tense.

Person Singular Plural

1st

2nd

3rd

Fill in the principal parts of the verb nōlō, _____________, ______________ (to not want).

In the space below, conjugate nōlō in the present tense.

Person Singular Plural

1st

2nd

3rd

Fill in the principal parts of the verb possum, _____________, ______________ (to be able).

In the space below, conjugate possum in the present tense.

Person Singular Plural

1st

2nd

3rd

These irregular verbs are usually followed by a complementary infinitive, i.e., [= id est or ‘that is’] the ‘complementary infinitive’ completes the meaning of the verb.

e.g. [exemplī grātiā]….. for example

Tyler is able to hit the ball out of the park. (‘to hit’ tells what Tyler ‘can verb’)

The present active infinitive is the ________________ principal part of a verb.The _________________ principal part of a verb tells us its conjugation.

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PRACTICE YOUR Verb Conjugations on another sheet of paper. For regular verbs, see p. 202.Irregular verbs pp. 206-07. Don’t neglect: ‘sum’, ‘eō’, ‘ferō’

The imperative singular is the same as the ‘present stem’.

To form the imperative plural, add ‘-te’ to the present stem.

“Surge, Derulo.” “Stand up, Derulo!”

N.B. The imperative (verb) is used with noun in direct address (vocative case).

Formation of the imperative as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL

1st amō amāre → amā amāte

2nd dēbeō dēbēre → dēbē dēbēte

3rd surgō surgere → surge surgite3rd –iō capiō capere → cape capite4th veniō venīre → venī venīte

i.e. the stem ending changes fro ( -e ) to ( -i ). e.g. mitte → mittite

Irregular imperatives

Mnemonic:dīc, dūc, fac, fer HAD an -e but lost it somewhere...........

for the most part, the plural has no surprise: dīcite, dūcite, facite........... ferte (ferte is still....weird)

The plural of the first three are regular 3rd conjugation verbs.Note that the imperative plural for these is formed the sameway as for all other 3rd conjugation verbs.

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THE IMPERATIVE IS USED FOR MAKING COMMANDS

Note the ‘fishhook’ vowel change to a short ‘i’ in 3rd conjugation imperative plural.

SINGULAR PLURAL

dīcō, dīcere → present stem = dīce BUT dīc dīcite

dūcō, dūcere → present stem = dūce BUT dūc dūcite

faciō, facere → present stem = face BUT fac facite

ferō, ferre = IRREGULAR VERB fer ferte

The negative imperative is formed using nōlī + infinitive for singular, and nōlīte + infinitive for plural.

Clēmēns, nōlī vīsitāre Poppaeam! (Clēmēns, don’t visit Poppaea)Clēmēns et Grumiō, nōlīte bibere aquam! ( Clēmēns and Grumiō, don’t drink the water)

VERBS THAT GOVERN THE DATIVE........... I repeat this because it’s important……

You must learn to recognize these. For example,

faveō pāreō persuādeōcredo appropinquō respondeō

Many compound verbs such as appropinquō and obstō

When you can’t figure out the case of a word that looks “dablative”, and more especially when you expect that word to be accusative, most of the time the word will be dative because of the verb This useful guideline enables you to dispense memorizing all 150 + verbs that govern the dative case.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Correspond to verb endings

m = ego (I)

s = tū (you sing.)

t = is, ea, id (he, she, it)

mus = nōs (we)

tis = vōs (you all)

nt = eī, eae, ea (they)

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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

meus, mea, meum = my

tuus, tua, tuum = your

no possessive adjective for 3rd person singular; use ‘eius’ = genitive of ‘is,ea,id’

noster, nostra, nostrum

vester, vestra, vestrum

no possessive adjective for 3rd person plural; use ‘eōrum’ = genitive of ‘eī, eae, ea’

Fill in the personal pronouns and adjectives below (copy from above).

Pronoun Adjective

1st singular

2nd singular

1st plural

2nd plural

Make sure that you can decline ALL the personal pronouns in singular and plural.

See pages 197 section B and 201 section D in your textbook.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN see page 197, section C

The ‘reflexive pronoun’ is dedicated to the 3rd person. Thus the same form works both in the singularand the plural because it simply ‘reflects’ (refers) to the subject.

e.g. (Derulo! What does ‘e.g.’ mean?)

Tyler saw himself in the mirror. → Tyler sē in speculō vīdit.Tyler left his book under his desk. → Tyler librum suum sub mēnsā suā relīquit.

These simply use the other cases of ‘ego’, ‘tū’, ‘nōs’, ‘vōs’ (or corresponding adjectives, see above).

I saw myself in the mirror. → ego in speculō mē vīdī.

I left my book under my desk. → ego librum meum sub mēnsā meā relīquī.

You saw yourself in the mirror. → tū in speculō tē vīdistī.

You left your book under your desk. → tū librum tuum sub mēnsā tuā relīquistī.15

Reflexives for 1st and 2nd persons.

Demonstrative pronouns:

SINGULAR PLURAL

CASEMasculine Feminine

SingNeuter Sing Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. hic haec hocGen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

SINGULAR PLURAL

CASEMasculine Feminine

SingNeuter Sing Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. ille illa illudGen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

INTENSIVE PRONOUN

ipse, ipsa, ipsum is the intensive pronoun and is translated ‘himself’, ‘herself’, ‘itself’.

SINGULAR PLURAL

CASEMasculine Feminine

SingNeuter Sing Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. ipse ipsa ipsumGen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

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Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in gender and number, but not case. The case of a relative pronoun is determined by its use in its own clause. This does not, of course, mean that the relative pronoun cannot be in the same case as the word to which it refers. But this happens due to its use in its own clause, and is therefore incidental!

In the chart below, decline quī, quae, quod

SINGULAR PLURAL

CASEMasculine Feminine

SingNeuter Sing Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom.

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

PREPOSITIONS

Here are a few prepositions that govern the ACCUSATIVE case.

per: across prope: nearapud: among, at the home of trāns: across

…….remember, compare with SID SPACE……

Preposition practice (choose correct preposition + put the object in correct case):

Translate into Latin –

About the lion: ____________________ Across the forum: ____________________

Around the palace: ____________________ In the city: ____________________

Into the sea: ____________________ Out of the house: ____________________

Through the house: ____________________ To the arena: ____________________

Without the soldiers: ____________________ At father’s house ________________________17

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives must agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. A 1st /2nd declension adjective such as magnus,-a,-um and miser, misera, miserum will have 1st declension endings on the feminine and 2nd declension on the masculine and neuter.

Decline “the happy friend” and “the outstanding sailor”. Careful! ‘nauta’ is masculine.

CASE SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. amīcus laetus

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

CASE SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. nauta optimus

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

Review adjectives, pp. 192 – 193 and fill in the charts as suggested. Select some noun~adjective pairs of your own choosing from the word glossary in the back of your textbook.

CASE SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. leō miser

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

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Abl.

CASE SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. māter trīstis

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

CASE SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. puer fortis

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

Get the gender of an adjective from the declension: first declension= femininesecond declension = masculine or neuter

Degrees of adjectives:

Positive kind benignus, -a, -um

Comparative more kind, kinder, rather kind benignior (m/f), benignius (n)

Superlative most kind, kindest, very kind benignissimus, -a, -um

The comparative adjective is used frequently (not only) when 2 things are being compared. When 2 things are not being compared, translate “rather + adjective”. Similarly for the superlative, if no comparison is being made, translate “very + adjective”.

“quam” meaning “than” is used with the comparative. If “quam” is used then both things compared are in the same case. When “quam” is omitted, the 2nd thing compared is in the ablative case:

This apple is prettier than that.

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Hoc mālum pulchrius quam illud est. OR Hoc mālum pulchrius illō est.

Degrees of ComparisonSee pages 194-195 in textbooklongus (long) positivelongior (longer) comparativelongissimus (very long, longest) superlative

Translations of quam 1.quam with a positive adjective = how

quam pulcher est ānulus tuus. (How beautiful your ring is!) 2. quam with a comparative adjective = than Melissa est pulchrior quam Metella. (Melissa is more beautiful than Metella.) 3. quam with superlative adverb = as ___________as possible Quīntus ad vīllam quam celerrimē contendit. (Quīntus hurried as quickly as possible to the house.) 4. quam as the accusative singular feminine relative pronoun = whom / which Metella, quam Caecilius nōn vīsitāverat, erat īrāta.

(Metella, whom Caecilium had not visited, was angry.

QUESTION WORDS

–ne [added to 1ST word of sentence ~ AKA, an enclitic] simple question with no particular answer expected (i.e. person might not know answer to his own question)

estne Caecilius in vīllā? Is Caecilius in the farm house?

nōnne [begins question expecting yes answer] nōnne Caecilius est mortuus? Surely Caecilius is dead, isn’t he?

nōnne multī virī dōnum deō dedērunt? ___________________________________________

num [begins question expecting no answer] num Caecilius est laetus? Surely Caecilius is not happy, is he?

num Rūfilla ipsa pecūniam tibi dēbēs? ___________________________________________

OTHER INTERROGATIVESquid: What… ?quis: Who… ?

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ubi: Where.. ?cūr: Why…. ?quōmodo: How… ?quot: How many… ?ENCLITICS

An enclitic is a word segment which is added to the end of a word with specific meaning.

-que = et ......Maria et Tullia or Maria Tulliaque ( Tulliaque )

Note - from a visual perspective - how use of the (-que) pulls Maria and Tullia closer together!!!!!

note, too, that word accent changes with the addition of an enclitic

Túllia but Tullíaque

-ne also an enclitic. Added to the first word of sentence = Roman style question mark ( ? )

The Romans did not actively use punctuation with any consistency.

Use the enclitic ‘-que’ to rewrite the underlined section in the following sentence:

Daedalus et Icarus nōn vīxērunt laetē. __________________________

REVIEW the Latin #’s1 - 2050, 100, 500, 1000 ….. only 1,2,3 and 1000 are declinable

Study these short little words that are so hard to remember:

deinde namigitur enimita vērō itaqueitem tamentandem tum

Random warnings:

pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus (to put, place) and possum, posse, potuī (to be able) have formsthat look similar. Know the principals parts for both these verbs and practice conjugating them in the various tenses.

ALSO, DO NOT CONFUSE imperfect and pluperfect of ‘possum’.

‘poterat’ ≠ ‘potuerat’

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CULTURE TOPICS:

Roman Britain People to know:

AgricolaBoudicaCartimanduaCeltsClaudiusCogidubnusIcēnīJulius Caesar (was never emperor but rather a dictator; father of the 1st emperor, Augustus)Caesar was born in 100 B.C.E. and died on the IDES OF MARCH = March 15, 44 B.C.E.Augustus was emperor from 27 B.C.E. to 14 C.E.Regnensians (+ the other 5 Celtic tribes as noted in text)CalēdoniīQuestions to consider: How did the Britons live before the Romans invaded Britain? What did the Romans bring? How were the Romans received?

REVIEW all VOCABULARY, stages 13 - 16 be prepared to handle questions on derivatives.

Review Culture & Historical Background, Stages 13-16this means study and make sure that you know all the material pertaining to Roman

Britain.

Islands and bodies of water Mediterraneum Sea (mare nostrum), Mare Hadriāticum, Mare Tyrrhēnum

Calēdonia = Scotland Lūsitānia = Portugal Ireland = Hibernia

Islands off western coast of Italy: Corsica, Sardinia, Sicilia

Meals of the day ientāculum, prandium, cēna

yesterday, today, tomorrowheri, hodiē, crās

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IcēnīRēgnēnsēsCantiacīAtrebatēsDurotrigēsBrigantēs

It’sRainingCats andDogsBad

Pay attention in class, and make sure you remember some of the Latin expressions used commonly in English. e.g. = exemplī grātiā; festīnā lentē; etc. = et cētera

Common Phrases, Quotes, and Abbreviations

use the online exercises for Latin abbreviations on left sidebar of my webpage

S.P.Q.R. (Senātus Populusque Rōmānus) = THE SENATE AND THE ROMAN PEOPLE.

“vēnī, vīdī, vīcī” = I came, I saw, I conquered. ‘vīcī’ means I CONQUERED.

dulce et decōrum est prō patriā morī = It is sweet and proper to die for one’s country.

prō bonō = “ for free” e.g. = exemplī grātiā = for example

choose 1st, 2nd, 3rd declensions nouns from the glossary in back of your book and practice declining in all cases, singular and plural

conjugate some verbs in

presentimperfectperfectpluperfect

……….make sure you know the irregulars!!!

Once you have finished the midyear exam, YOU WILL STILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS MATERIAL. SO KEEP UP YOUR HARD WORK!

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