lati compounds · in italy and worldwide. in fact, lati is: • an independent compounder with the...

LATI COMPOUNDSFOR WATER &

FOOD CONTACT

LATI COMPOUNDS FOR WATER & FOOD CONTACT

1

LATI is a company founded in Italy in 1945.

Since its foundation, it has been gaining a prestigious position in the field of engineering thermoplastic compounds in Italy and worldwide.

In fact, LATI is:

• an independent compounder with the widest range of products in Europe;

• one of the most qualified suppliers of self-extinguising compounds in the world;

• a partner in the development of high performance customized special products.

The company has two plants in Italy with a potential production capacity of 38,000 tons per year.

LATI products are used in the main application fields, from automotive to precision mechanics, from household appliances to electronics, from medical to biobased applications.

LATI’s technical compounds are distributed in all major foreign markets through the company’s own sales network.

LATI’s mission is to achieve customer satisfaction through a high technical content service ranging from the compound development to the support for the development of final projects according to customer’s needs and with maximum flexibility.

WHO IS LATI?


2

SUPPORT & SERVICELATI’s goal has always been to support customers in the implementation of innovative projects, providing both high performance compounds, and specialized technical services.

LATI provides assistance to its clients from the earliest stages of design through advice and, if necessary, customized formulations as well as assistance on site to ensure correct conversion.

• Co-design Simulations are performed by technicians operating in this sector for almost twenty years, by directly working on the geometries provided by customers and using mechanical and rheological characterizations complying with conditions of use.

• Support in injection molding At the beginning, moulding a special compounds may not be a simple task. Getting the maximum thermal, mechanical, and dimensional performance from selected materials may require a number of attempts to best tune the process. For this reason, LATI provides injection molding technicians on site, with thirty years experience in the field of injection molding, injection molding machines, and molds.

• Research and development The offer of customized products meeting specific customer requirements is a key issue for LATI. Each formulation is optimized to meet application requirements even when it differs from those included in the product range.

• Regulations in place LATI’s custom is to combine the supply of compounds with support in regulations. Its team of experts is at customers’ disposal for the certification procedures with accredited laboratories worldwide. LATI releases internal certificates of conformity to rules governing all market segments involving thermoplastics marketed.

Values shown are based on testing of injection moulded laboratory test specimens, conditioned according to the practice and represent data that fall within the standard range of properties for non-coloured material, if not otherwise specified. As they may be subject to variations, these values do not represent a sufficient basis for any part design and are not intended for use in establishing values for specification purposes. Properties of moulded parts can be influenced by a wide range of factors including, but not limited to, colorants, part design, processing conditions, post-treatment conditions, environmental conditions and usage of regrind during the moulding process. If data are explicitely explicitly indicated as provisional, range of properties has to be considered wider. This information and technical assistance are provided as a convenience for informational purposes only and are subject to change without notice. The customer shall always ensure that the latest release of technical information is at his own disposal. Lati S.p.A. extends no warranties or guarantee, including a warranty of merchantability of whatever use is made of the product, and make no representations as to the accuracy, suitability, reliability, completeness and sufficiency of the information provided, and assume no responsibility regarding the consequences of its use or for any printing errors. It is the customer’s responsibility to inspect and test our products in order to determine to his own satisfaction whether they are suitable for his intended uses and applications or used in conjunction with third-party materials This application-specific analysis shall at least include preliminary testing to determine the suitability for the customer’s particular purpose from a technical as

well as health, safety, and environmental standpoint. Such testing has not necessarily been done by us as the manner in which the customer uses and the purpose to which utilises our products are beyond our control. Lati S.p.A. does not accept and hereby disclaims liability for, any damages whatsoever in connection with the use of or reliance on this information. No one is authorised to make any warranties, issue any immunities or assume any liabilities on behalf of Lati S.p.A. except in a writing signed by a specifically authorised Lati S.p.A. executive. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, the exclusive remedy for all claims is replacement of the product or refund of the purchase price at Lati’s option, and in no event shall Lati S.p.A. be liable for special, consequential, incidental, punitive or exemplary damages. No information herein can be considered as a suggestion to use any product in conflict with intellectual property rights. Lati S.p.A. disclaims any liability that may be claimed for infringement or alleged infringement of patents. Unless specifically stated in writing, the products mentioned herein are not suitable for applications in the pharmaceutical, medical or dental sector, in contact with foodstuff or for potable water transportation. For any other issues Lati S.p.A. Conditions of Sales apply. Copyright © LATI S.p.A. 2013 LATI does not guarantee that the data contained in this list are current, complete and error-free. To double check the values, users are kindly requested to contact LATI Technical Assistance or commercial network. LATI Industria Termoplastici S.p.A. declines all responsibility arising from any use of the information described in this document.


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Continuous contact with drinking water is a much more challenging issue than it might seem not only as regards plastics, but also the most conventional metallic materials.

There are many difficulties that have to be carefully considered in order to avoid serious consequences ranging from damage to finished products, such as structural failure, to various forms of contamination and pollution that may pose a health hazard.

Metals undergo corrosion in aggressive environments, so special steels and other stainless metals are used to avoid such phenomena.

Besides, it is well-known that the release of toxic metals is increasingly limiting, for example, the use of conventional brass and aluminum in different sectors.

Even though plastics do not rust in contact with water, several chemical and physical processes are to be identified and prevented, such as:

• Hydrolysis: water, especially hot water, can physically destroy the molecular chains polymers are made of. Hydrolysis affects all plastics obtained by polycondensation, such as polyamides and polyesters (e.g. PET, PBT, PC, PLA, and LCP), for which the effects of prolonged exposure to water, especially at temperatures above 70°C, should be carefully evaluated. In addition to a remarkable loss of mechanical properties, hydrolysis results in the release of chemical species that end up contaminating the water with which they come in contact.

• Extraction: generally, water can be considered as an effective solvent able to extract from materials the various substances contained therein. Metals, for example, such as lead and arsenic from brass, or oligomers/monomers and various additives from plastics. It is extremely important to make sure that none of the species that can be extracted from the water are subject to restrictions imposed by the specific migration limits set for the protection of human health as well as to guarantee the integrity of organoleptic properties of water (color, taste, odor).

Fig. 1 - Hydrolysis of chemical bonds in esters. Fig. 2 - Solvent extraction of solutes from polymers.

DRINKING WATERCompound and water interaction


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The list of certified materials, which is always updated according to the various standards, is available on LATI’s website, and is continuously expanding.

Proposed compounds are all glass fiber reinforced, and intended for structural use in the most different items:

• hoses, fittings, mixers, valves, taps;• boilers, heat exchangers, bearing structures,

crankcases, and kinematic devices exposed to hot water and steam, such as, for example, coffee machines, infusers, and kettles;

• safety groups, e.g. pressure vessels and lines for the transport of water and steam;

• pumps, turbines, and compressors of all types.

The list of possible applications is as long as that of devices meant to contact with hot or cold water.

LATI’s certified compounds offer peculiar and complementary features so as to cover the widest possible spectrum of operating conditions.

Safe operation in the field of contact with drinking water requires simple formulations based on resins and reinforcements designed to withstand the solvent and hydrolytic action of water, especially at high temperatures.

LATI’s flagship products are made starting from PA66, PPS, and PPA reinforced with dedicated glass fiber up to 60 percent by weight.

MATERIALS NSF Std. 61 ACS WRAS W270 KTWLATAMID 66 H2 G/30 NAT. F:0003LATAMID 66 H2 G/30 NERO F:3352

--

--

85°C85°C

--

--

LATIGLOSS 66 H2 G/50 NAT.:0003F2LATIGLOSS 66 H2 G/50 BLACK:3352F2LATIGLOSS 66 H2 G/50 BLUE:7393F2

Cold and hot waterCold and hot water

-

þþ-

85°C85°C23°C

þþ-

23°C23°C

-

LATIGLOSS 57 G/40 NAT.:0138F2LATIGLOSS 57 G/40 BLACK:3302F2LATIGLOSS 57 G/50 NAT.:0138F2LATIGLOSS 57 G/50 BLACK:3302F2LATIGLOSS 57 G/60 NAT.:0138F2LATIGLOSS 57 G/60 BLACK:3302F2

Cold and hot waterCold and hot waterCold and hot waterCold and hot waterCold and hot waterCold and hot water

þþþþþþ

85°C85°C85°C85°C85°C85°C

þþþþþþ

23°C - 85°C23°C - 85°C23°C - 85°C23°C - 85°C23°C - 85°C23°C - 85°C

LATENE AG30H G/30 NAT. F:0023LATENE AG7H G/30 BLACK F:3352

--

--

--

þþ

--

LARTON G/40 NAT.:0169F1 - - 85°C - -

LATILUB 95-25GR CE/10 BLACK W:3339 - - - þ -

Applications

Tab. 1 - LATI materials certified for contact with potable water.

Country by country regulationsThe compatibility of materials for use in continuous contact with drinking water is regulated by a strict regulatory structure that sets, country by country, the acceptable release limits:

ACS: is the regulation used in France for attesting the health conformity (Attestation de Conformité Sanitaire), based both on a careful analysis of the material formula and strict contact tests.

Very similar to the European Acceptance Scheme (EAS), which will form the future European Harmonized System, the ACS certificate is applicable to plastic items and accessories containing at least one plastic piece.

WRAS: The Water Regulations Advisory Scheme regulates the approval of items intended for contact with drinking water for the UK market. The approval procedure controls not only the organoleptic and chemical properties of water, but also the processes of microbial growth.

The use of an already WRAS-approved material in the manufacture shortens the certification process

of any finished product.

KTW: in Germany, the DVGW agency takes care of the suitability of plastics for contact with drinking water.

DVGW also provides the criteria for the monitoring of bacterial growth on plastic products, and related certifications are known as W270.

NSF 61: born in the United States, is by far the most recognized certification of suitability for contact with drinking water, even in terms of customer confidence.

The standard 61 of the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) sets out the requirements that must be met by products and materials involved in the transport of water.

In line with its business choice, LATI offers to the market of contact with water/food only high technical content molding compounds.It is worth mentioning that all LATI formulations dedicated to this type of use are to be considered strictly complying with modern RoHS and SVHC safety standards up to the latest updates.


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PPS PES PPSU PSU PA 6 PA 66 PP

Acetic acid, concentrated + + + - - - o

Citric acid, aqueous solution 10% + + + o o o +

Edible fats, Edible oils + + + o + + +

Ethanol 96% + + + + o o +

Fruit Juices + + + + + + +

Glycerine + + + + + + +

Lactic acid, aqueous solution 10% + + + + + + +

Milk + + + + + + +

Soap solution, aqueous solution + + + + + + +

Tartaric acid + + + + + +

Wine, Brandy + + + o o +

Vegetables oil + + o + + +

+ resistant - not resistant o limited resistance

If plastics have to come in contact with food, difficulties connected with drinking water add to those due to the heterogeneous chemical and physical properties of food.

In fact, in addition to the already mentioned degradative processes associated with water, the possible chemical etching due to the presence of acids, e.g. in fruit concentrates and juices, of ethyl alcohol as well as various oils and fats that may contribute to the extraction of additives from the

thermoplastic matrix, should be considered.

These substances may cause stress cracking phenomena, i.e. the formation of even fatal cracks and breaking, especially on amorphous resins such as PS, ABS, and PC.

Issues related to the formation of permanent stains on the products and the aggressive action of cleaning products (detergents, descaling agents, rinse aids, etc.) should not be neglected.

Special purposeBesides traditional applications that can be found in different industrial sectors, LATI offers many special purpose compounds suitable for injection moulding of parts suitable for water and food contact.

• Magnetically Detectable Thermoplastics, available on any base resin and engineered to be tracked by any detecting device but avoiding any metallic powder of fibre. Easy to mould, offering very good mechanical properties and colourable if required - MDT compounds fit perfectly to any application belonging to the food supply chain and wherever it is mandatory to prevent any contamination of food, beverages and similar goods.

• LATIGEA compounds, featuring PLA as base resin to get plastics from renewable, compostable, sustainable and environmental-friendly assets. PLA can be filled with FSC certified wood flour and this compound can be moulded on ordinary equipment and into any geometry, leading to appealing parts with strong “green inspiration”, a nice marketing value for any low-impact proposal.

Tab. 2 - Chemical resistance data.

CONTACT WITH FOODCompound and water interaction


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TRADE DESIGNATION COLOR TYPE OF FOODMAXIMUM

TEMPERATURE OF USE

Glass Filled Nylon for Food Zone

LATAMID 66 H2 G/30 NAT. F:0003 Natural Any except Alcoholic Beverages 212°F (100°C)

LATAMID 66 H2 G/30 BLACK:F3352 Black Any except Alcoholic Beverages 212°F (100°C)

LATAMID 66 H2 G/50 NAT. F:0003 Natural Any except Alcoholic Beverages 212°F (100°C)

LATAMID 66 H2 G/50 BLACK:3302F1 Black Any except Alcoholic Beverages 212°F (100°C)

PES for Food Zone

LAPEX A NAT.:0134F1 Natural Any 212°F (100°C)

PPS for Food Zone

LARTON G/40 NAT: 0169F1[1] [2] Natural Any 212°F (100°C)

LATILUB 80-17ST G/30[3] NAT.:0032F1 Natural Any 212°F (100°C)

PPSU for Food Zone

LAPEX R NAT.:0176F1 Natural Any 212°F (100°C)

PSU for Food Zone

LASULF NAT.:0030F1 Natural Water/Ice 180°F (80°C)

Reinforced Nylon for Food Zone

LATIGLOSS 66 H2 G/50 NAT.:0003F2 Natural Any except Alcoholic Beverages 212°F (100°C)

[1] This material is only acceptable for repeated use.[2] The food contact area of the finished article must not exceed 70 square inches. If the contact area does exceed 70 square inches, the material must contact a minimum of 12 kg of food per day.[3] The food contact area of the finished article must not exceed 40 square inches. This material is only acceptable for repeated use.

Tab. 3 - NSF/ANSI standard 51 materials and finishes used in the manufacture of food equipment.

As in the case of contact with drinking water, suitability for contact with food is also strictly regulated in each country:

• In the European Union, reference is made to Regulation EC no. 1935/2004 that repealed the Framework Directive 89/109/EEC and lays down the general principles for all materials that may come into contact with food. In particular, as regards plastics, the relevant legislation is Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011, amended and corrected by the Regulation (EU) No. 321/2011 and Regulation (EU) No. 1282/2011, which repealed the Directive 2002/72/EC.

The main advantage of this legislation was harmonizing the various national laws of the EU countries, so that products manufactured in a country could be freely exported to any other European state.

• In the United States of America, the suitability for contact with food and the use of food additives are regulated by Chapter 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, CFR, sections from 170 to 199 under FDA’s (Food and Drug Administration USA) jurisdiction.

In particular, sections 174 to 178 are dedicated to additives in indirect contact with food, which include

coatings, polymers, and related additives.

FDA defined very detailed and specific criteria for the individual resins, additives and coloring, often highly dependent on application and final conditions of use of the product.

Due to its complexity, this legislation strongly differs from the European one, thus almost always requiring a specific formulation.

Compliance with 21 CFR is officialized by the NSF International agency through the NSF51 standard certification applicable to materials and coatings used in the manufacture of items intended for contact with solid or liquid food.

Due to the strict standards, it is essential to design the component being clear from the start about the markets in which to operate and related restrictions imposed by current regulations.

Besides offering products that already comply with local regulations in relation to the suitability for contact with food, LATI develops tailor-made solutions for specific requirements on the strength of its wide experience with the most different resins and colors.

Of its more than 2500 formulations, almost 400 can be composed from basic products complying with constraints imposed by the FDA.

Country by country regulations


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LATIGLOSS 66 H2 G/50(PA66 50% glass fibre)Infusion chamber

Main featuresGood mechanical and thermal properties , though,hot water resistant.

4

LATAMID 66 H2 G/50(PA66, 50% glass fibre)Coffee machine chassis

LATIGLOSS 57 G/50(PPA, 50% glass fibre)Holding arm for coffee pods

65

Main featuresdimensional stability,easy moulding,good mechanical properties.

Main featuresExcellent surface finish andmechanical properties at 100°C,resistant to hot water.

LAPEX R (PPSU resin)Perforator

Main featuresThough, temperature and steam resistant, dimensional stability.

2

LARTON G/40(PPS, 40% glass fibre)Pod holder

Main featuresStiff and resistant tohigh temperatures and hot water.

3

LARPEEK 10 (PEEK resin)Splashshield

Main featuresHigh temperature,dimensional stability,no-compromise chemical resistance.

1

COFFEE AND VENDING


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Highly aesthetic versions of the similar standard products, LATIGLOSS PA66 and PPA-based compounds are intended for structural use and metal replacement.

Only available in 50% glass fiber reinforced versions for PA66 and 40-50-60% glass fiber reinforced for PPA, all LATIGLOSS grades feature:

• excellent surface finish even on high thickness, without the typical defects associated with glass fiber emergence;

• considerable dimensional stability, which is necessary for the manufacture of accurate products complying with tolerances normally present in applications intended for the transport of fluids (liquids and gases);

• extraordinary mechanical features in terms of stiffness (elastic modulus), resistance (stress at break), and resilience (elongation at break and impact resistance).

Compared to the PA66 base, the PPA base used for LATIGLOSS 57 products offers several interesting advantages:

• better chemical resistance, although all polyamides are generally resistant to most organic substances (hydrocarbons, solvents, fats, oils) and (differently) vulnerable to these aggressive substances;

• better thermal resistance, which results in a higher and safer temperature of use even over time;

• Lower moisture absorption in all conditions.

The combination of the three properties described above allows PPA to successfully pass all certification tests related to contact with cold and hot water.

Fig. 3 - All grades of the LATIGLOSS family are designed to offer the best appearance quality. When correctly molded, certified versions ensure excellent, homogeneous surface finish in both natural and black colors. Colored versions can be obtained using masters suitable for contact with food and drinking water. Nickel-plating and chromium-plating (also galvanic) provide excellent results for such heavily reinforced materials, thus opening new application opportunities in areas hitherto reserved to materials for aesthetic use only, such as ABS. (Courtesy of Manconi & C.)

LATIGLOSS 66 & 57

23°C 60°C

90°C

120°C

150°C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Stre

ss [M

Pa]

Strain [%]

LATIGLOSS 57 G/50 Stress-strain curves in temperature

Fig. 4 - LATIGLOSS 66 H2 G/50: stress-strain curves in temperature.

23°C

60°C

90°C

120°C

150°C

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Stre

ss [M

Pa]

Strain [%]

LATIGLOSS 66 H2 G/50 Stress-strain curves in temperature

Fig. 5 - LATIGLOSS 57 G/50: stress-strain curves in temperature.


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CHEMICAL RESISTANCE LATIGLOSS 57

** Acetic acid, conc ** Ozone **** Ammonia ** Phosphoric acid 50% aqueous**** Antifreeze (ethylene glycol) **** Potash (potassium carbonate) satt.**** Calium chloride, satt. ** Potassium permanganate 5%

* Chlorine **** Sea water**** Citric acid, conc. **** Soap solution**** Ethylene oxide **** Soda lye 50%**** Fats **** Soda solution satt*** Formaldehyde **** Sodium carbonate satt.**** Glycerine **** Sodium carbonate satt.*** Hydrochloric acid 1% ** Sodium hypoclorite 5% aqueous** Hydrochloric acid 10% *** Tartaric acid, 10% aqueous*** Hydrogen perioxide 2% **** Urea 20%, aqueous** Hydrogen perioxide 10% *** Vinegar** Hydrogen perioxide 30% **** Water

**** Hydrogen sulphide **** Wine**** Magnesium chloride satt.

Excellent: **** Fine: *** Good: ** Limited: *

MATERIALS RATIO: DIE CAST VS. PLASTIC

Density (g/cc) 1.7Moulding costs ratio 2.1Finishing costs ratio (flash removal, sanding etc.) 6.9Tool cost ratio 2.2Material cost ratio (per kg) 0.3Finished part cost ratio 3.6

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Stre

ss [M

Pa]

Strain [%]

LATIGLOSS 57 Stress-strain curve at saturation

LATIGLOSS 57 G/60

LATIGLOSS 57 G/50

LATIGLOSS 57 G/40

Tab. 4 - Chemical resistance LATIGLOSS 57.

Tab. 5 - Ratio: die-cast aluminum vs. LATIGLOSS 57 G/50.

Fig. 7 - LATIGLOSS 57: Stress-strain curve at saturation.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

Stre

ss [M

Pa]

Strain [%]

LATIGLOSS 57 G/60 Isochronous curves at 23°C

10 h 100 h 1000 h 10000 h 100000 h

Fig. 6 - LATIGLOSS 57 G/60: Isochronous curves at 23°C.

EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE 2011/8/EU AND BPAThis measure came into force only in 2011, after many states of the European Union established a restriction on BPA content in polycarbonate baby bottles.

Due to the supposed harmful effects on newborn babies resulting from the ingestion of the molecule released in foods, the use of alternative materials for the manufacture of items intended for the early childhood has been imposed.

LATI offers outstanding alternatives to PC based on amorphous transparent resins, as PES and PPSU, or semicrystalline as PPA and PPS.These proposals are suitable to manufacture temperature resistant vessels, valves, dishes, bottles etc.


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LARTON G/40PPS is one of the most widespread base resins for the manufacture of high performance materials.

Besides excellent temperature resistance allowing them to be used in continuous up to 200°C, PPS compounds feature other outstanding properties:

• dimensional stability;• chemical inertness;• resistance to stresses over time.

Besides, PPS compounds are anhygroscopic in virtually any environmental condition, and this is why they are suitable for all applications where exposure to hot water and steam should not cause a reduction in mechanical performance.

LARTON G/40 is among the most popular PPS-based grades. This 40% glass fiber reinforced material for structural use is suitable for the manufacture of items intended for both the transport of drinking water and contact with food.

LARTON G/40 can be used for the same products as LATIGLOSS, but the great advantage offered by the use of PPS is the resistance to the most adverse environmental conditions (humidity, temperature, and aggressive chemicals).

PSU PES PPSUAmorphous resins featuring high thermal performance, LASULF (PSU), LAPEX A (PES), and LAPEX R (PPSU) sulfonated polymers are used where transparency is as essential as an excellent resistance to high temperature and hydrolytic action of water.

In the area of contact with drinking water and food, the primary use of sulfones is in fact associated with the manufacture of:

• valve bodies and taps;• couplings and fittings; • inspectable and pressurized glasses

and similar containers;• trays, plates, molds, etc.

Like all amorphous thermoplastics, sulfonated polymers also feature a very good dimensional stability, impact and constant load resistance, and so they are best suited for the manufacture of parts that should not show leakage or pressure drop.

Cleaning and sterilization procedures as well as the use with steam and boiling water can be carried out according to material limits.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Stre

ss [M

Pa]

Strain [%]

LARTON G/40 Stress-strain curves in temperature

23°C

60°C

90°C

120°C

150°C

Fig. 8 - LARTON G/40 Stress-strain curves in temperature.

Fig. 9 - LARTON G/40 used in valves for liquids (courtesy of DIGMESA.)

Fig. 10 - LASULF, device for milking machine (courtesy of 2M.)

MATERIALSCYCLES

TO CRACKCYCLES

TO FAILURE

PSU 80 150

PES 100 275

PPSU >1000 no breakAutoclave conditions• Vapor pressure: 0.303 Mpa (44.0 psi)• Vapor temperature: 132°C (270°F) • Vapor contains 50ppm di morpholine

• Specimen size: 127 x 13 x 3 mm• Bending stress: 6.9 MPa (1000 psi)

LATI Industria Termoplastici S.p.A. - Via F. Baracca, 7 - 21040 VEDANO OLONA (VA) ItalyTel. +39-0332 409111 - Fax +39-0332 409307 - http://www.lati.com - email: [email protected][ ]

Special materials

Special materials guide

LATI profile

LATI Thermoplastic industries profile

Products guide

Engineering thermoplasticsflame retardanthigh performance

Latilub

Engineering polymers featuring low coefficient of friction and high wear resistance

Metal replacement

Hi-performance compounds, with high mechanical properties

Laticonther

Thermally conductive thermoplastic compounds

Lati Pro-medical

LATI range for medical applications

Lati Compounds

For water & food contact

Latigray

Radiopaque thermoplastic compounds

Latiohm

Electrically conductive compounds

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