lateral load testing for pile design - · pdf filelateral load testing for pile design kyle...
TRANSCRIPT
Lateral Load Testing for
Pile Design
Kyle Rollins
Brigham Young University
Wind and Waves in
Hurricanes
Seismic Forces
Ship Impact
Landslides and lateral
spreading in Earthquakes
Lateral Testing
Useful where lateral loads may control design
Main Objective: measure soil resistance of
critical strata
Zone of most influence
Approx top 5 D
Objectives
Evaluate Soil Resistance
Confirm Design Assumptions
Improve Reliability
Reduce Foundation Cost
Stratigraphy & “the big picture”
Must have good geotech investigation at the
test site and elsewhere
Consider site variability when interpreting
results & applying to design; site specific
correlations w/ in-situ testing?
Scourable materials?
Field Test Setup & Loading
Calibrated Jack, Load Cell w/ rot’l bearing
Long travel jack, displacement transducers
Strain gages and inclinometers in piles
Test appropriate stratigraphy!
Single Pile Load Tests
324 mm OD Steel Pipe Pile 600 mm OD Steel Pipe Pile
Measurements - Purpose
Back-fit model to observations
Evaluate model for general soil conditions
across site
Develop model for design (using judgment)
Note: boundary conditions will differ between
test setup & design
Instrumentation & Measurements
At pile top:
Load cell & jack
Displacement
Rotation (use pair of LVDT’s)
I-15 Lateral Load Test Schematic
Swivel-Head End-Platens
12.75” Reaction Piles
12.75” Test Pile
300 kip Load Cell
300 kip Hydraulic Jack
Reaction Beam
Spacer box
LVDT attached to
reference frame
Inclinometer Pipe
Swivel-Head End-Platens
12.75” Reaction Piles
12.75” Test Pile
300 kip Load Cell
300 kip Hydraulic Jack
Reaction Beam
Spacer box
LVDT attached to
reference frameSwivel-Head End-Platens
12.75” Reaction Piles
12.75” Test Pile
300 kip Load Cell
300 kip Hydraulic Jack
Reaction Beam
Spacer box
LVDT attached to
reference frame
Inclinometer Pipe
Load-Deflection Curve (12.75” Pipe Pile)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60 80 100Deflection (mm)
Lo
ad
(k
N)
1st Cycle
15th Cycle
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60 80 100Deflection (mm)
Lo
ad
(k
N)
1st Cycle
15th Cycle
Continuous
15th Cycle
Curves
Instrumentation & Measurements
Below Grade:
Slope & Displacement
Inclinometer probe
EL-Sensor (downhole inclinometer array)
Shape Array Sensors
Strains
Deflection vs. Depth Moment vs. Depth
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Displacement (in)D
ep
th B
elo
w T
op
of P
ile
(ft)
10 kips
20 kips
40 kips
50 kips
75 kips
88 kips
95 kips
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-400 -200 0 200
Moment (kips-ft)
De
pth
Be
low
To
p o
f P
ile
(ft)
10 kips
20 kips
40 kips
50 kips
75 kips
88 kips
95 kips
Shape Accelerometer Array
Shape Accelerometer Array
Inclinometer Pipe Shape Array
Shape Sensor Array
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Displacement (in)
Dep
th F
rom
To
p o
f C
ap
(in
)
South Array
South Inclinometer
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Displacement (in)
Dep
th F
rom
To
p o
f C
ap
(in
)North Array
North Inclinometer
Strain Gauges
Photos courtesy Applied
Foundation Testing
Interpretation of Instrumentation
M = ε(EI/c)
What is effective I (cracked section)?
What is concrete modulus?
What is precision of strain measurement?
Bending Moment vs Depth -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Bending Moment (kN-m)
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
De
pth
Be
low
Gro
un
d S
urf
ac
e (
m)
Deflection
4mm
6mm
13mm
19mm
25mm
38mm
51mm
64mm
76mm
89mm
Analysis of Lateral Load Test Data
Lateral Load Analysis
Nonlinear
springs
p
p
p
p
p
y
y
y
y Interval
y
y
y
y
y
1
2
3
4
5
H
After Coduto
Develop Design Soil Model
• P-y criteria should reasonably match geotechnical
profile
Backfit to test results using LPILE or FLPIER
Match load vs displacement response
Match general displacement vs depth and moment vs
depth response
Nonlinear bending response of the pile can be
important
Evaluate possible soil variations across site
Recommend soil parameters for design model
su= 70 kPa 50= 0.005
k= 136 N/cm3
STIFF CLAY
Water Table
STIFF CLAYsu= 105 kPa 50= 0.005
k=271.43 N/cm3
SOFT CLAY su= 35 kPa 50= 0.01
k= 27 N/cm3
STIFF CLAYsu= 105 kPa 50= 0.005
k= 271 N/cm3
1.07 m
1.34 m
3.02 m
4.09 m
SAND = 36O k =61 N/cm3
1.65 m
3.48 m SAND = 36O k=61 N/cm3
SILTY SAND = 38O k=61.07 N/cm
3
5.15 m
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
0 100 200 300
Undrained Strength, su (kPa)
Dep
th b
elo
w e
xcavate
d s
urf
ace (
m)
Vane Shear Tests
Unconfined Comp. Tests
Avg CPT strength
Strength Used in Analysis
Measured & Computed Load vs Deflection
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Deflection (mm)
Lo
ad
(k
N)
Measured
Computed - LPILE
Computed & Measured Moment vs. Load
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 100 200 300 400 500
Load (kN)
Mo
me
nt
(kN
-m)
Computed with LPILE
Measured
Computed & Measured
Moment vs Depth 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Bending Moment (kN-m)
De
pth
Be
low
Ex
ca
va
ted
Gro
un
d (
m)
133 kN
240 kN
300 kN
414 kN
Use of Model for Design
• Adjust for differing pile top boundary
conditions
• Allow for scour or other changes
• Allow for site variability
• Adjust for cyclic loading, group effects, any
other parameters which may not be
reflected in the load test data (liquefaction?)
Lateral Statnamic Load Testing
0 to 400 kips in 0.2 seconds
Large Displacement, High Velocity
Lateral Statnamic Testing
Have Safely Generated Loads >1000 tons
2000 ton Potential
Load Pulse Can Last Up To 200 ms
Rate of Loading Similar To Initial Pulse of
Earthquakes, Transient Wind Loads, Impact
Schematic of Statnamic Test
Test
Foundation
Statnamic
Sled
Load Piston
Combustion
Chamber
Statnamic Test Firing Videos
Downhole Motion Sensors &
Strain Gauges
Equation of Motion
F = Fa + Fv + Fu
= ma + cv + ku
where, F = applied force (statnamic load cell)
m = mass of the foundation
a = acceleration in g’s
c = damping coefficient
v = velocity
k = static stiffness
u = displacement
Comparison of Dynamic Forces
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec)
Lo
ad
(k
N)
Fstn
Fa
Fv
Fu
Damping
is
the
Difference 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 10 20 30 40
Deflection (mm)
Lo
ad
(kN
)
Calculated static load
Measured static load
Statnamic load
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 10 20 30 40
Deflection (mm)
Da
mp
ing
fo
rce
(k
N)
Damping ratios
between 0.3
and 0.5
Computation of Equivalent Static Force
Fs = Fstn - ΣMiai - ΣCivi
Lumped Mass Model
of Drilled Shaft
Elevation View of Test Site
8 m
Liquefied Sand
Non-Liquefied
Sand
5 m
3x3 Pile Group 1 m Drilled Shaft
High-Speed
Hydraulic Ram
Treasure Island Naval Station
Test Site
Blast Charge Pattern
Blast Holes
Drilled Shaft Pile Group
Pore Pressure Dissipation Data
0 .00
0 .20
0 .40
0 .60
0 .80
1 .00
1 .20
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
T im e [sec ]
Ru
7 .3 m E ast o f A
5 .5 m E ast o f A
4 .3 m E ast o f A
P o int A
3 .2 m W est o f A
6 .4 m W est o f A
Single Pile Test
Load vs Deflection Curves for Single Pipe Pile
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Displacement (mm)
Lo
ad
(kN
)
Non-Liquefied
Liquefied
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 120 240 360 480 600
Time (sec)
Ru (
%)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 120 240 360 480 600
Time (sec)
Load
(kN
)
Blast Liquefaction Video
(4 Pile Group and Shaft)
Moment Before & After Liquefaction
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Moment (kN-m)
Dep
th B
elo
w E
xcavate
d G
rou
nd
(m
)
Before Liquefaction
After Liquefaction
Development of p-y Curves
Integrate Curvature
EI
Differentiate
P-Y curve
Slope
Moment
Strain
Distributed
load or
“pressure”, P Shear
Deflection, Y Integrate
Differentiate
Gerber p-y Analysis Routine
Generalized p-y Curves
Computed
vs Measured
Response
Cooper River Bridge Charleston, South Carolina
New Bridge-Completed July 2005
Longest Cable-stayed bridge in
North and South America
Charleston Statnamic Testing
Good Group Behavior
Poor Group Behavior
Angry Mob Congress
Group IQ = Lowest IQ of anyone in the group
Pile Group Interaction
Leading Row Piles
Trailing Row Piles
Direction of
Loading
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
P-Multiplier Concept (Brown et al, 1988)
Horizontal Displacement, y
Ho
rizo
nta
l F
orc
e/L
en
gth
, P
Single Pile Curve
Group Pile CurvePSP
PGP = PMULT PSP
P-multipliers from Full-Scale Tests (Situation in 1998)
Soil Type
(Reference)
Front
Row
2nd
Row
3rd
Row Clean Sand
(Brown et al. 1988)
0.8 0.4
0.3
Stiff Clay
(Brown et al. 1987)
0.7 0.5 0.4
Soft Silty Clay
(Meimon et al. 1986)
0.9 0.5 -
BYU has conducted 11 Full-scale tests over the past 10 years
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ult
ipli
er
Reese et al (1996)
Reese & Van Impe (2001)
WSDOT (2000)
AASHTO (2000)
US Army (1993)
P-multiplier vs. Spacing Curves
I-15 Pile Group Testing
9 Pile Group (324 mm) at 5.6 D Spacing
12 Pile Group (324 mm) at 4.5 D Spacing
15 Pile Group (324 mm) at 3.3 D Spacing
9 Pile Group (600 mm) at 3 D Spacing
15 Pile Group at 3.3 D Spacing
9 Pile Group at 5.6 D Spacing
LVDT Tie-Rod
Load Cell
Pinned
Connection
9 Pile Group at 5.6 D Spacing
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60 80
Avg. Group Deflection (mm)
Avg
. P
ile L
oad
(kN
)
Single
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
12 Pile Group at 4.5 D Spacing
0
50
100
150
200
0 20 40 60 80
Avg. Group Deflection (mm)
Avg
. P
ile L
oad
(kN
)
Single
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
15 Pile Group at 3.3 D Spacing
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60 80 100
Avg. Group Deflection (mm)
Avg
. P
ile L
oad
(kN
)
Single
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
9 Pile Group at 3 D Spacing
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 20 40 60
Avg. Group Deflection (mm)
Avg
. P
ile L
oad
(k
N)
Single
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
P-multiplier vs Spacing for Stiff Clay
(a) Leading Row P-Multipliers
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ult
ipli
er
Stiff Clay-Rollins et al (2003)
Reese et al (1996)
AASHTO (1998)
(b) Trailing Row P-Multipliers
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ult
ipli
er
Row 2-Stiff Clay Rollins et al (2003)
Rows 3-5-Stiff Clay-Rollins et al (2003)
Reese et al (1996)
AASHTO (1998)
Rollins et al. Oct 2006, ASCE JGGE
Brown et al
(1997)
Brown et al
(1997)
2 ft Pile
2 ft Pile
2 ft Pile
P-multiplier Curves vs. Spacing
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ult
ipli
er,
Pm
1st Row Piles
2nd Row Piles
3rd or Higher Row Piles
AASHTO
Rollins et al. Oct 2006, ASCE JGGE
Test
Site
Layout
9 Pile Group at
2.8 D Spacing
15 Pile Group at
3.9 D Spacing
9 Pile Group at
5.6 D Spacing
1.2 m Drilled
Shafts
SLC
Airport
Pile
Group
Tests
(b) Trailing Row P-Multipliers
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ult
ipli
er
Row 2-Stiff Clay Rollins et al (2003)
Rows 3-5-Stiff Clay-Rollins et al (2003)
Row 2-Soft Clay-This Study
Rows 3-5-Soft Clay-This Study
Reese et al (1996)
AASHTO (1998)
(a) Leading Row P-Multipliers
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ult
ipli
er
Stiff Clay-Rollins et al (2003)
Soft Clay-This Study
Reese et al (1996)
AASHTO (1998)
Group Interaction Reduction Factors
(P-multipliers)
Pile Group Load Tests in Sand
3x3 Group at 3.3D Spacing
2x2 Group at 3.3D Spacing
3x5 Group at 3.9D Spacing
3x3 Group at 5.65D Spacing
P-Multipliers vs Spacing (Sand) (a) 1st Row P-Multipliers
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ult
iplier
Reese et al (1996)
Full-Scale Tests
Centrifuge Tests
Design Line
AASHTO
, f m (b) 2nd and 3rd Row P-Multipliers
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ult
iplier
Reese et al (1996)
Full-Scale Tests
Centrifuge TestsDesign Line
AASHTO
, f m
(c) 4th or higher Row P-Multipliers
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ult
ipli
er
Reese et al (1996)
Full-Scale Tests
Centrifuge Tests
AASHTO (2000)
, f m
Explanation of Variability in Sand
Natural variability of sand relative to clay
Sand more influenced by installation procedure than clays
Different installation procedures
Jetting
Driven, Open-ended
Sand compacted around previously driven piles
Drilled shafts
Influence of Friction Angle on Group Interaction
Passive failure wedge
inclined at 45-/2.
As increases the
angle gets smaller and
wedge gets longer.
Longer wedge causes
more group
interaction.
45-/2 45-/2
Elevation View
Influence of Friction Angle on Group Interaction
Passive failure wedge
fans out at .
As increases the
angle gets larger and
wedge gets wider.
Wider wedge causes
more group
interaction.
Plan View
Influence of Friction Angle on P-multiplier P
-Multip
lier
Drained Friction angle, ’
1.0
Soft
Clay Stiff
Clay Looser
Sand Denser
Sand
Less Group
Interaction More Group
Interaction
Post-Liquefaction Pile Response
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Displacement (mm)
Av
era
ge
Pile
Lo
ad
(k
N) Single Pile
Resistance due to
Pile alone
Resistance due to
Soil Dilation
P-y curves for Liquefied Sand
(ASCE JGGE, Jan 2005)
Built into LPILE/GROUP
Post-Liquefaction Group Effects (10th 200 mm Cycle)
-60
-10
40
90
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Displacement (mm)
Av
era
ge
Pil
e L
oa
d (
kN
)
Lead Row-Group
Middle Row-Group
Trail Row-Group
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Displacement (mm)
Avera
ge P
ile L
oad
(kN
)
Single Pile
Lead Row-Group
Middle Row-Group
Trail Row-Group
Rollins Pile Group References Rollins, K.M., Olsen, R.J., Egbert, J.J., Jensen, D.H., Olsen, K.G.,
and Garrett, B.H. (2006). “Pile Spacing Effects on Lateral Pile Group Behavior: Load Tests.” J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 132, No. 10, October, p. 1262-1271.
Rollins, K.M., Olsen, K.G., Jensen, D.H, Garrett, B.H., Olsen, R.J., and Egbert, J.J. (2006). “Pile Spacing Effects on Lateral Pile Group Behavior: Analysis.” J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 132, No. 10, October, p. 1272-1283.
Rollins, K.M., Lane, J.D., and Gerber, T.M. (2005). “Measured and Computed Lateral Response of a Pile Group in Sand.” J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg, ASCE, Vol. 131, No. 1 Jan., p. 103-114.
Rollins, K.M., Gerber, T.M., Lane, J.D. and Ashford. S.A. (2005). “Lateral Resistance of a Full-Scale Pile Group in Liquefied Sand.” J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 131, No. 1, p. 115-125.
Rollins, K.M., Snyder, J.L. and Broderick, R.D. (2005). “Static and Dynamic Lateral Response of a 15 Pile Group.” Procs. 16th Intl. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotech. Engineering, Millpress, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 4, p. 2035-2040.
Brigham Young University Campus
Sponsored by Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints