last pre-war days: the final straw(s)
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Last pre-war days: The final straw(s). Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857). Had been slave in MO Moved with owner to IL & WI (free states) Lived there 4 years They returned to MO. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857). Owner died in MO Inherited? Sued to officially receive freedom. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Last pre-war days:
The final straw(s)
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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
• Had been slave in MO
• Moved with owner to IL & WI (free states)– Lived there 4 years
• They returned to MO
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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
• Owner died in MO
• Inherited?
• Sued to officially receive freedom
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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
• CJ/SC Roger Taney ruled:– Slaves didn’t
have rights of citizens
– Case couldn’t be heard in a slave state court
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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
• CJ/SC Roger Taney ruled:– MO Comp (1820)
unconstitutional– If owner moves
to “free state”, can’t be forced to give up property
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Reaction to Dred Scott
• Taney thought he was settling slavery issue
• President James Buchanan:– To their decision, in common with
all good citizens, I shall cheerfully submit… (A)ll agree that under the Constitution slavery in the States is beyond the reach of any human power except that of the respective States themselves
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1857 – Lecompton Const
• Proslavery Kansans had won original vote to set up state gov
• 1857 – state gov asked Congress to admit KS as a slave state
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1857 – Lecompton Const
• Abolitionists asked for a referendum on slavery–90% of people in Kansas against slavery by then
• State gov refused referendum (they knew they’d lose)
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1857 – Lecompton Const
• Pres Buchanan (D) backed Lecompton government–He owed the south for his election
• Stephen Douglas (also D) disagreed – popular sovereignty–He didn’t care who won, just wanted them to vote
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1858 – Lincoln vs. Douglas
• Race for Senate from IL• Stephen Douglas (D)
–Incumbent Senator
• Abraham Lincoln (R)–Unknown lawyer
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1858 – Lincoln vs. Douglas
• Lincoln challenged Douglas to 7 debates all over IL
–Many people came to watch them
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Douglas’s argument
• Popular sovereignty in territories was important
• Slavery might die out on its own
• Slavery not immoral, just backward and unnecessary in plains states
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Lincoln’s argument
• Slavery is immoral – based on greed
• Popular sovereignty not enough –must pass laws to limit slavery
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Freeport doctrine• Lincoln trying to say popular sovereignty wouldn’t work–Asked what if settlers of a territory vote down slavery• Dred Scott decision said you couldn’t ban slavery
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Freeport doctrine• Douglas replied that if local cops didn’t enforce slave laws
• It didn’t matter what the law was, b/c locals determine what laws would be enforced
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1858 – Lincoln vs. Douglas
• Douglas won Senate seat
• BUT: –people began to notice Lincoln
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1859 – Harper’s Ferry, VA
• John Brown led 21 abolitionists
• Raided US arsenal for weapons
• Planning massive slave revolts
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1859 – Harper’s Ferry, VA
• Took 60 wealthy locals hostage–Hoped their
slaves would revolt
–They didn’t
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1859 – Harper’s Ferry, VA
• Finally captured by US Marines
• Brown convicted of treason, sentenced to die by hanging
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Reaction to John Brown
• In north:–Martyr for freedom
• In south:–Mobs attacked people suspected to be abolitionists
–Secession talk increased
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1860 Republican convention
• William Seward expected to be the nominee–Strong abolitionist–Gov of NY – very powerful–Made lots of political enemies
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1860 Republican convention
• Abraham Lincoln–More moderate about slavery• Said he didn’t intend to interfere with southern slavery
–Unknown, so few enemies
• Republicans selected Lincoln
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1860 Democrats• North & south couldn’t agree on one candidate
• North – Stephen Douglas (IL)
• South – John Breckenridge (KY)
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Constitutional Union Party
• Minor party for this election
• Moderates from across the country
• Ignored the issue of slavery
• Just wanted to keep US together
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1860 electionAbraham Lincoln (R, IL) – Stephen
Douglas (D, IL)
John Breckenridge (SD, KY) – John Bell (CU, TN)
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Secession• Lincoln’s election scared the
south–Feared north would oppress
them
• South Carolina seceded first–December 20, 1860
• 2½ months before Lincoln inaugurated
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Secession• MS was next to secede• Then FL, AL, GA, LA & TX
• Other southern states didn’t secede until after war started
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The states of the CSA
• Only 11 states ended up seceding
• 4 slave states didn’t secede at all–MO, KY, MD, DE–All had very few slaves–Economic ties to northern
states–Lincoln promised US wouldn’t
free slaves in states that remained loyal
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Legal issues• Secession decision based on:–USA compact between states,
not government above the states
–States can leave peacefully–States’ rights must be
guaranteed
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Previously threatened secessions
• Northerners:–Hartford Convention (1814-15)
• Southerners:–Debate over slavery (1790)–Missouri crisis (1820)–Nullification crisis (1832)–California crisis (1850)
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Confederate States of America
• Formed Feb 1861• Copied US Constitution, but:–Protected states’ rights–Guaranteed slavery–Referenced God–Prohibited protective tariffs
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Jefferson Davis• President of
the Confederate States of America
• Was US Senator from Mississippi