lasl phermex data, volume 3

LOS ALAMOS SERIES ONDYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES

LOS ALAMOS DATA CENTERFOR DYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Charles L. Mader Program .ManagerTerry R. Gibbs Explosive Data EditorStanley P. Marsh Equation of State EditorCharles E. Morris Shock Wave Profile EditorAlphonse Popolato Explosive Data Editor.Martha S. Hey-t Computer Applications AnalystSharon L. Crane Technical Editor

John F. BarnesWilliam E. Deal, ,Jr.Richard D. DickJohn W. Hopson, Jr,James X. JohnsonElisabeth .MarshallTimothy R. NealRaymond N. RogersMeIvin T. ThiemeJerry D. WackerleJohn .M. Walsh

LASL PHERMEX DATAVOLUME III

EditorCharles L. Mader

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESSBerkeley . Los Angeles . London

University of California PressBerkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.London, England

Copyright@ 1980byThe Regents of the University of California

[SBN: 0-520-04011-2Series ISBN: 0-520-040074Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-66580Printed in the United States of America

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...> 1

L)ATAPRESENTATIOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

REFERENCES .,...........,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

CATALOG OF SHOT SUBJECTS,PHERMEX SHOTS 801 THROUGH 1943 (Volume III) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

CATALOG OF SHOT SUBJECTS,PI-IERMEXSHOTS lTHROUGH 1943 (Volumes I, II, and III . . . . . . . . ..l0

SUllJECT INDEX (Volumes l,lI, and III) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...16

PHERMEX SHOTS WITHROUGH 1943 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...19

INTRODUCTION

About 15 years ago, a unique and important flash-radiographic facilitybecame operational at the Los Alamos Scientit3c Laboratory, This facility isknown as PHERMEX, which is an acronym for Puked High EnergyRadiogmphic Machine Emitting X rays. The PHERMEX machine is a high-current, 30-MeV, linem electron accelerator that produces very intense butshort-duration bursts of bremsstrahlung from a thin tungsten target for flashradiographic studies of explosives and explosive-driven metal systems. Thefacility was built in the early 1960s to complement other hydrodynamicsfacilities at Los Alamos and to implement studies of shock waves, jets, spalling,detonation characteristics of chemical explosives, and other hydrodynamicphenomena,

Flash radiography has been used in diagnosing explosive-driven systems forabout 40 years and has provided direct observation of dynamic processes. Thesize of systems that could be radiographer dynamically using conventionalequipment has always been severely limited by the poor ability of the availablex-ray flux to penetrate the blast protection devices. PHERMEX, however, wasdesigned and built to overcome these limitations and to permit preciseradiography of large systems containing materials of high atomic number.

PHERMEX has been used to study materials in various geometries under avariety of shock conditions. This is the third of the volumes scheduled forpublication by the LASL Data Center. The PHERMEX facility is described inVolume I.

DATA PRESENTATION

The PHERMEX data, starting with Shot 801, are presented by increasingshot number, which increases according to the date the shot was planned, notnecessarily the date on which it was freed. Many shots either failed or were nevercompleted. A descriptive shot title is given, along with the date on which theshot was fired and the name of the person who originated the experiment. Theradiographic time is that from initiation of the detonator to the middle of theradiograph pulse. The radiograph pulse width is 0.2 PSor 0.1 Ms.The plane-wavelens and detonator burning times (typical of the PHERMEX firing system) usedto estimate other times were

P-040 13.5 ps,P-081 22,5 ,uS,P-120 29.5 @.

Literature that describes a shot or its general purpose is cited. The purpose ofthe shot and important features of the radiograph are discussed. The experimen-tal setup is sketched, and certain dimensions petiinent to each shot are given inmillimeters. The distance, h, of the beam axis from some shot geometry locationis given. All available static radiographs are presented, and the dynamicradiographs are shown on the same scale.

The first few hundred shots, described in Volume 1, were designed to surveyvarious topics of interest in the fields of shock hydrodynamics and detonations.The process of jet formation from grooved aluminum and steel plates was in-vestigated extensively.

The shots 401 through 800, described in Volume II, examined the dynamicfracture of other materials and the particle velocity flow patterns of detonationproducts. Materials such as iron, antimony, bismuth, and boron nitride, whichexhibit phase change upon being shocked, were examined. Mach and regularreflections in metals and explosives were studied.

Shots 801 through 1943, described in this volume, examined the effect of’ holesand metal plates on a propagating detonating wave, the Mach and regularreflection waves that result from colliding detonation waves, comer turning bydetonation waves, explosive desensitization by preshocking, and Taylor in-stabilities.

Many of the shots were not included in this volume because they were per-formed in confinement vessels, and the quality of the radiograph is inadequateto permit reproduction of the interesting features. Other shots were not includedbecause they were performed for contractors who consider the data proprietary.

REFERENCES

John F, Barnes, Patrick J. Blewett, Robert G. McQueen, Kenneth A. Meyer,and Douglas Venable, ‘Taylor Instability in Solids, ” Journal of Applied Physics45, No. 2, 727 (1974).

T. J. Boyd, Jr., B. T. Rogers, F. R. Tesche, and Douglas Venable, “PHER-MEX—a High-Current Electron Accelerator for Use in Dymamic Radiography, ”Review of Scientific Instruments 36, No. 10, 1401 (1965).

B. R. Breed, Charles L. Mader, and Douglas Venable, “Technique for the Deter-mination of Dynamic-Tensile-Strength Characteristics, ” Journal of AppliedPhysics 38, No. 8, 3271 (1967),

B. R, Breed and Douglas Venable, “Dynamic Observations of the Course of aShock-Induced Polymorphic Phase Transition in Antimony, ” Journal of AppliedPhysics 39, No. 7, 3222 (1968).

W. C. Davis and Douglas Venabie, “Pressure Measurements for CompositionB-3”, p. 13 in Fifth Symposium (International) on Detonation, Pasadena,California, .4ugust 1970, Office of Naval Research Symposium report ACR-184(1970).

W. C. Davis and Douglas Venable, “Dammed Explosive Products, ” Combustionand Flame 21, 289 (1973).

Richard D. Dick, “Insensitive Explosive Study Using PHERMEX,” p. 179 inProceedings of the Flash Radiogmphy Symposium, Houston, Texas, September1976, h-ry Bryant, Ed. (American Society for Nondestructive Teeting, 1978).

Charles L. .Mader, ‘The Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Hot Spot—VolumeII, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report ,LA-3235 (1965).

4

Charles L. Mader, The Two-.Dimensional Hydrodynamic Hot Spot—VolumeIII, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-3450 (1966) (a).

Charles L. Nlader, “An Equation of State for Iron Assuming an InstantaneousPhase Change, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-3599 (1966) (b).

Charles L. Mader, “Numerical Studies of Regular and Mach Reflection ofShocks in Aluminum, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report IA-3578 (1967).

Charles L. Mader and Richard D. Dick, “Explosive Desensitization by Preshock-ing, ” Combustion and Detonation Processes Proceedings, Karlsruhe, June 27-29(1979),

Chwles L. Mader, Roger W. Taylor, Douglas Venable, and James R. Travis,“Theoretical and Experimental Two-Dimensional Interactions of Shocks withDensity Discontinuities, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report IA-3614(1967).

Charles L. Mader, “Detonations Near the Water Surface, ” Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory report LA-4958 (1972) (a).

Charles L. Mader, “Two-Dimensional Detonations, ” Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory report IA-4962 (1972) (b).

Charles L. Mader and James D. Kershner, “Two-Dimensional, Continuous,Multicomponent, Eulerian Calculations of Interactions of Shocks with VNotches, Voids, and Rods in Water, ” Los Alamos Scientific bboratory reportLA-4932 (1972).

Charles L. Mader, “Detonation Induced Two-Dimensional Flows, ” ActsAstronautic 1, 373 (1974).

Charles L. Mader and B. G. Craig, “Nonsteady-State Detonations in One-Dimensional Plane, Diverging, and Converging Geometries, ” Los Alamos Scien-tific Laborato~ report IA-5865 (1975).

Charles L. Mader and Charles A. Forest, “Two-Dimensional Homogeneom andHeterogeneous Detonation Wave Propagation, ” Los Alamos Scientific Labora-tory report LA-6259 (1976).

Charles L. Mader, Numerical Modeling of Detonations (University of CaliforniaPress, Berkeley, 1979).

Charles L. Mader and Douglas Venable, “Mach Stems from Colliding Cylin-drical Detonation Waves, ” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-7869(1979),

5

T. Neal, “Mach Waves and Reflected Raref’actions in Aluminum, ” Journal ofApplied Physics 46, No. 6, 2521 (1975).

T. Neal, “Dynamic Determinations of the Gruneisen Coefficient in Aluminumand Aluminum Alloys for Densities up to 6 Mg/m8, ” Physical Review B 14, No.12, 5172 (1976) (a).

T. Neal, “Perpendicular Explosive Drive and Oblique Shocks, ” p. 602 in Sixth.Vyrnposium (International) on Detonation, San Diego, California, August 1976,Office of Naval Research Symposium report ACR-221 (1976) (b),

T. Neal, “Second I-Iugoniot Relationship for Solids, ” Journal of PhysicalChemistry of Solids 38, 225 (1977).

T. Neal, “Determination of’ the Griineisen -y for Beryllium at 1.2 to 1.9 TimesStandard Density, ” in High Pressure Science and Technology, Volume 1(Plenum Publishers, New York, 1979).

W. C. Rivard, I). Venable, W. Fickett, and W. C. Davis, “Flash X-Ray Observa-tion of Marked Mass Points in Explosive Products, ” p. 3 in Fifth Symposium(lnternutional) on Detonation, Pasadena, California, August 1970, Office ofNaval Research Symposium report ACR-184 (1970).

E. M. Sandoval and J. P. Keams, “be of Hydrazine Compounds toIncrease theSpeed and Contrast of Industrial Radiographic Film, ” Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory report LA-5198-MS (1973).

R. W. Taylor and Douglas Venable, “An Aluminum Splash Generated by Impactof a Detonation Wave, ” Journal of Applied Physics 39, No. 10, 4633 (1968).

Rodney S. Thurston and William L. Mudd, “Spallation Criteria for NumericalComputations,” Los Alamos Scient~lc Laboratory report LA-4013 (1968).

Douglas Venable, “PHERMEX,” Physics Today 17, No. 12, 19-22 (1964).

Douglas Venable and T. J. Boyd, tJr., “PHERMEX Applications to Studies ofDetonation Waves and Shock Waves, ” p. 639 in Fourth Symposium (Inter-national) on Detonation, White oak, A4aryland, October 1965, OffIce of NavalResearch Symposium report ACR-126 (1966).

Douglas Venable, Ed., “PHERMEX: A Pulsed High-Energy RadiographicMachine Emitting X-Rays, ” Los Alamos Scientific hboratory report LA-3241(1967).

6

CATALOG OF SHOT SUBJECTS,PHERMEX SHOTS 801 THROUGH 1943(VOLUME III)

ALUMINUM BACK SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052 and 1096-1103

ALUMINUM FLYING PI-ATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l147andl148ALUMINUM JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l163andl164ALUMINUM JETS FROM 60° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1276-1278

ALUMINL~JETS FROM 1000 GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283ALUMINUM JETS FROM 120” GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287ALUMINUM JETS FROM 140° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1290-1293ALUMINUM JETS FROM 160° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . 1294-1296 and 1298

ALUMINUM JETS FROM 170° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297 and 1299ALUMINUM JETS FROM 175° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1300-1303

ALUMINUMMACHREFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927and1368ALUMINUM SPWSHWAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..804 and834

ALUMINUM TRJPLE-SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338ALUMINUM WITH EMBEDDED TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . . . . . . 1219ANTIMONY REGULAR SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711BARATOLMACH REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1696BARATOL WITH EMBEDDED TAXTALUM FOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1252BERYLLIUM REGULAR SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333BERYLLIUM TRIPLE-SHOCK REFLECTION- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1721BISMUTH PHASE CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887,946, and987COLLIDING ALUMINUM PL4TES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801COLLIDING LiEAD SHOCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1373and1389COLLIDING PBX-9404 CYLINDRICAL DETONATION WAVES . . . . 1019,

1037, 1038, 1130, and 1143COLLIDIXG PBX-9404DETOXATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151

COLLIDING PBX-9404MACH STEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l159and 1160COLLIDIXGSTEELJETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183

7

COLLIDING TATB DIVERGING DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703,1704, 1938, and 1939

COMPOSITION B-3 CONFINED BY COPPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120

COMPOSITION B-3 SHOCKING NITROGUAIWIXNE OBLIQUELY . . 1024COMPOSITION B-3 WITH EMBEDDED TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . 1227CONVERGING ALUMINUM SHOCK WAVE . . . . . . . . . 1115-1117 and 1356CYLINDRICAL IMPLOSION OF A COPPER TUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1793

DAMMED EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014DEFORMATION OF THIN ALUMINUM PLATES . . . . 1007,1012, and 1016DESENSITIZATION OF TATB BY PRESHOCKING . . . 1697,1698, and 1914

DETONATING PBX-9404 INTERACTING WITH SHOCKEDNITROGUANIDINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049

DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF IRON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515and1627DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF LEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1780

DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF NICKEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857-859 and 1006INITIATION OF PBX-9404 BY A FLYING ALUMINUM PLATE . . . . . 1150

IRON PHASE CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-........1022 and 1497LATERAL PROPAGATION OF PBX-9404 DETONATION . . . 1240 and 1241

LEAD BACK SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051a.ndl104-ll@LEAD REGULAR SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . 1488, 1489,1781, and 1782MACH REFLECTION IN COMPOS~ON B-3 . . . 1008, 1013, 1018, and 1224MACH REFLECTION IN WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1740

NICKEL BACK SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lolb

NITROGUANIDINE TURNING A 90° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . 1798 and 1799NITROGUANIDINE WITH EMBEDDED TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . 1253

OBLIQLE PBX-9404 .&Ml NITROGUANIDINE DETONATIONS . . . . 1046OBLIQL~ SHOCK IN ALUMINUM . . . . . . . . . . 1228,1229,1369, and 1396OBLIQLE SHOCK IN ANITMONY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1678

0BLIQW3SHOCKINLEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1816OBLIQUE SHOCK IN WATER... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629OBLIQUE SHOCKS IN COMPOSITE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1634,

1660, 1679, 1832, and 1845

OBLIQUE SHOCKS IN WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1734-1739 and 1778PBX-9404CONFINED BY COPPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112

PBX-9404 SHOCKING NITROGUANIDINE OBLIQUELY . . . . . . 1023-1025PBX-9404 SHOCKING TAT% OBLIQUELY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026 and 1047PBX-9404TRIPLE REGULAR REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1729PBX-9404 WITH AX EMBEDDED TANTALUM PLATE . . . . . . . . 835-838,

841-843, and 862-867PBX-9404 WITH EMBEDDED TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . . 1161 and 1162

8

PBX-9404 WITH TWO EMBEDDED TANTALUM PLATES . . . . . . . . 839,

840, 844, 845, 919, 1121, 1124, and 1126

PERTURBATION WAVES IN COLLIDINGPBX-9404DETONATIOXS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926

PERTURBA’ITON WAVES IN COMPOSITION B-3 . . . . . 861, 1207, and 1208PERTURBATION WAVES IN NITROGUANIDINE . . . . . . . . 1056 and 1173PERTURBATION WAVES IN PBX-9404 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171PERTURBATION WAVES IN TATB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060andl174

PERTURBATION WAVES IN TNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l172and1519POLYETHYLENE SHOCKWAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078and1079PROJECTILE PENETRATION OF A STEEL PI.ATE . . . . . . . 1437-1439,

1443, 1446, 144.8-1450, 1453-1456, and 1458REGULAR REFLECTION IN PBX-9404 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1728SHOCK COMPRESSION OF FOAMED POLYSTYREN-E . . . 1568 and 1569SPHERICALLY DIVERGING PBX-9404 DETONATION . . . . 988,989, 1020,

1031, 1033, and 1034

STEEL JET PENETRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l181andl185

STEELJETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175, 1177 and 1178SURFACE PERTURBATIONS ON A

SHOCKED STEEL PLATE ...,..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1891and1892TATB CONFINED BY ALUMINUM Ahi AIR . . . . . . . . . . . 1713 and 1714TATBCONFINED BY LUCITE AND AIR ., . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743and1744TATB TURNING A 45° ALUMINUM CORNER . . . . . . . . . . 1701 and 1702

TATBTURNING A90° ALUMINUM CORNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1699,1700, 1745, and 1746

TATBmRNING A90°coRNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1705,1795-1797, 1936, 1937, and 1940-1943

TATBWTI’HAN EMBEDDED URA.NIUMPLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1855TAYLOR INSTABllJ?T’Yl_N ALUMINUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1W2, 1353,

1354, 1365, 1374, 1776, 1824, and 1825TAYLOR 1NSTABILIT% IN STEEL 1468 and 1469TNT SHOCKING NITROGUANIDINE” OBtiQtiLY . : :::::..., . . 1027TUNGSTEN ROD PENETRATION . . . . . . . 1265TWO ADJACENT COMPOSITION B-3 DETO~AtiONi “ :: :...., . . . 806,

823-833, and 899TWO ADJACENT NITROGUANIDINE DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 1028WATER MACH REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1783and1784WATER SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1779WATER SPLASH WAVE FORMED BY

APBX-9404SPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1350-1352

9

CATALOG OF SHOT SUBJECTS,PHERMEX SHOTS 1 THROUGH 1943(VOLUMES I, II, and III)

ALUMINUM BACK SURFACE . . . 543-546,600,601, 1052, and 1096-1103ALUMINUM FLYING PLATE .: :...... 700,706,707,710, 1147, and 1148

ALUMINUM JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...<.... 1,6-13,16-25,28-30,32, 36, 37, 141-149, 197-199, 1163, and 1164

ALUMINUM JETS FROM 40° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 and 162ALUMINUM JETS FROM 60° GROOVES , . . . . . . . 159, 160, and 1276-1278ALUMINUM JETS FROM 100” GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283ALUMINUM JETS FROM 120° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . 157, 158, and 1287

ALUMINUM JETS FROM 140° GROOVES . . . . . . . 155,156, and 1290-1293ALUMINUM JETS FROM 160° GROOVES . . . 153, 154,1294-1296, and 1298ALUMINUM JETS FROM 170° GROOVES . . . . . . . 151, 152, 1297, and 1299

ALUMINUM JETS FROM 175° GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1300-1303.4LUMTNUM JETS PENETRATING URANIUM . . . . . . . . . . 150 and 201.4LL-MINUM MACH REFLECTION . , . . , . . . . . . . . . 615, 927, and 1368ALUMINUM REGULAR SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . , . . . 614ALL~INUM ROD IN WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 190,269,281, and 282.4LUMINUM SPJA’3HWAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..804 and834.4LUMINUM TRIPLE-SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338

ALUMINUM WEDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 135-138, 193,214-217, and 415-418

ALL-MINUM WITH EMBEDDED TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . . . . . 1219ANTKMONY PHASE CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716-718,723,775, and 786ANTIMONY REGULAR SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711

ARMCOIRON SPLASH WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

BARATOL AND COMPOSITION B-3 INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . 487-491BARATOLMACH REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1696

BARATOL WITH EMBEDDED TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1252

BERYLLIUM REGUJARSHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333

BERYLLIUM SHOCKWAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654-657

10

BERYUJUMTRIPLE-SHOCKREF LECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1721BISMUTH PHASE CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769,887,94.6, ~d987BORON NITRIDE PHASE CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . 750,751,768, and 776BRASS BACK SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523-533, 535-541, 547, and 553COLLIDING ALUMINUM PLATES . . . . . . . 688-690, 704, 705, and 798-801COLLIDING COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATION PRODUCTS ., . 139, 140,

195, and 196COLLIDING CO.MPOSITION B-3 DETONATIONS 86, 87, 91, 92, and 273-277

COLLIDING CYCLOTOL DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-206 and 291COLLIDING LEAD SHOCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1373and1389

COLLIDING OCTOLDETONATIONS , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294-297COLLIDING PBX-9404 AND COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATIONS 763-767COLLIDIXG PBX-9404 CYLINDRICAL DETONATION WAVES . . . . 1019,

1037, 1038, 1130, and 1143

COLLIDING PBX-9404 DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 207-210,292, and 1151COLLIDIXG PBX-9404 MACH STEMS , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159 and 1160COLLIDIXGSTEELJETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183

COLLIDING TATB DIVERGING DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703,

1704, 1938, and 1939COMPOSITION B-3 CONFINED BY ALUMINUM ., . . . . 411,459, and 474

COMPOSITION B-3 CONFINED BY COPPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120

COMPOSITION B-3 CONFINED BY IRON . . . . . . . . 460,461, 578, and 620COMPOSITION B-3 CONFINED BY TANTALUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATION WAVE . . 634-639, 645-650,697, and 698{COMPOSITION B-3 SHOCKING NITROGUANIDINE OBLIQUELY . . . 1024COMPOSITION B-3 TURNING A 15° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 and 378COMPOSITION B-3 TURNING A 30° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 and 376COMPOSITION B-3 TURNING A 45° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . , . 373 and 374COMPOSITION B-3 TURNING A 60° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . . 371 and 372

COMPOSITION B-3 TURNING A 75° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . , 369 and 370COMPOSITION B-3 TURNING A 90° CORNER , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366-368COMPOSITION B-3 WITH ALUMINUM STRIPS . . . . . . . . . . . 437 and 438

COMPOSITION B-3 WITH AN EMBEDDED ALUMIN-UM PLATE . 580-583COMPOSITION B-3 WITH AN EMBEDDED IRON PLATE . . . . . . 588-591COMPOSITION B-3 WITH AN EMBEDDED URANIUM PLATE . . 596-599

and 651COMPOSITION B-3 WITH EMBEDDED TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . 220,

221, 272, 290, 352-354, 419, 423, 42=4,426-436, 439, 442, 450, 495, 784, and 1227CONVERGING ALUMINUM SHOCK WAVE . . . . . . . . . 1115-1117 and 1356CONVERGING .MUNROEJET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363-365COPPER JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...43

11

COI?PERSHOCK WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668-672COPPER SPLASH WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...54CYLINDRICAL HOLE IN POLYETHYLENE . . . 314,351,409,612, and 613

CYLINDRICAL HOLE IN WATER . . . . . . . . 187, 188,278-280,300, and 318CYLINDRICAL IMPLOSION OF A BRASS TUBE . . . . . . . . . . . 492 and 574CYLINDRICAL IMPLOSION OF A COPPER TUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1793DAMMED EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS 1014DEFORMATION OF THIN ALUMINUM PtitiS” “ :::: ~ ~ ‘ “ “ ‘ - “ “1007, 1012, and 1016DESENSITIZATION OF TATB BY PRESHOCKING . . , 1697, 1698, and 1914DETONATING PBX-9404 INTERACTING

WITH SHOCKED NITROGUANIDINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049DETONATION OF TWO P-040 LENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

DIVERGING MUNROEJET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322-330DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF ALUMINUM . . . . . . . . 60-63,68-70,76-85,88,

89, 97, 102-105, 107-110, 211-213, 222-224, 226-232, 234-236, 238, 241, 245-247,305, 348, 349, 355-361, 386, 387, 469-471, 486, 496, and 506

DYNAMIC F’RACTURE OF BERYLLIUM 271,379-385,467,4643, 472,473,494,

508, 509, 626-628, 715, and 736DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF COBALT . . . . . . . . . . . . 788,789,794, and 795DYNAMIC FRACTUREOFCOLDLEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692-696 and711

DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF COPPER . . . . . . . . 239,240,389,391,462, 464,500, and 501

DYNAMIC FRAC’IWRE OF HOT ALUMINUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF IRON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515and1627DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF LJ3AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604-610 and1780

DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF LOCKALLOY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517-522DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF NICKEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,116,

177, 178, 242, 270, 392-394, 465, 624, 625, 857-859 and 1006

DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF347STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756-762DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF THORIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130, 132, 172-176,

179, 395, 396, 498, and 611DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF TTN . . . . . . . . . . 640,701,702,712-714, and 727DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF URA.NIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,129,

131, 133, 165-171, 401-403, 463, 466, 499, 502, and 507

DYNAMIC FRACTURE OF ZINC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726and729-734EXPANSION OF COMPOSITION B-3 PRODUCTS

IXTOAVACUUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93and94

EXPLOSIVE DRIVER FOR MULTIPLE PLATE FRACTURE . . . 334 and 347FRACTURE RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..477 and505INITIATION OF PBX-9404 BY A FLYING ALUMINUM PLATE . . . . . 1150IWRACTINGALUMINUNI JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,42, and59

INTERACTION OF COMPOSITION B-3AND BARATOLPRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2

INTERACTION OF PBX-9404 AND COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATION

PRODUCTS 744IRON PHASE C~A<GE’::::::: :$- “’-”””””’”””””””-”’””””410,412,413,475,476, 511,513,514, 720,

721, 1022, and 1497

IRON REGULAR SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579IRON SHOCKWAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673-677

MTERAL FLOW IN CONFINED COMPOSITION B-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 586,587, and 592-594

LATERAL PROPAGATION OF PBX-9404 DETONATION . . . 1240 and 1241

LEAD BACK SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557-560,1051, and 1104-1109LEAD JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...45LEAD REGUL4R SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . 1488, 1489,1781, and 1782LEAD SHOCK WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478-485LUCITE AND WATER CORNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..ll2andll4LUCITE SHOCKWAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

MACI-IREFLECITON l_NBARATOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5, 15, and55

MACH REFLECTION IN COMPOSIITON B-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 1008,1013, 1018, and 1224

MACH REFLECTION IN WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1740MACH REFLECTIONS IN COMPOSITION B-3 . . . . . . . . 621,678, and 679MAGNESIUM JETS..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

MERCURY BACK SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

METAL INTERFACE MOTION -:... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497,510, and 699

MULTIPLE PIATE FRACTURE . . . . 308-313, 319,331-333, 335-339, and 385

MUNROEJET . . . . . . . 248, 249, 255-267,283,285-287, 315,341-343, and 362MUNROE JET INTERACTING WI’TI-i ALUMINUM . . . . . . . . . . . 344-346NICKEL BACK SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550-552,602, and 1015NICKEL SHOCKWAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663-665,667, and722NJTROGUANIDINE TURNING A 90° CORNER . . . . . . . . . . 1798 and 1799NITROGUANIDINE WITH EMBEDDED TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . 1253

OBLIQUEALUMINUM PL4TEIMPACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wand%OBLIQUE ALUMINUM PIATE IMPACT OF

COMPOSITION B-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98and99

OBLIQUE PBX-9404 AND COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATIONS . . . . 573,575, 618, 619, and 724

OBLIQUE PBX-9404 AND NITROGUANIDINE DETONATIONS . . . . 1046OBLIQUE SHOCK IN ALUMINUM . . . . . . . . . . 1228, 1229, 1369, and 1396OBLIQUE SHOCK IN ANTTMONY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1678OBLIQUE SHOCK IN LEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1816

13

OBLIQLE SHOCK IN WATER.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629OBLIQUE SHOCKS IN COMPOS~ SYSTEMS . 1634,1660,1679,1832, and1845

OBLIQUE SHOCKS IN WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1734-1739 and 1778P-040 LENS DETONATION WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630-633 and 641-644P13X-9404COSFINED BY COPPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112PBX-9404 SHOCKLNG NITROGUANIDINE OBLIQUELY . . . . . . 1023-1025PBX-9404 SHOCKING TATB OBLIQUELY , . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026 and 1047PBX-9404 TRIPLE REGULAR REFIJICTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1729PBX-9404 WITH AN EMBEDDED

TLXTALUM PLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835-838,841-843, and 862-867P13X-9404WITH EMBEDDED GOLD FOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735P13X-9404 WITH EMBEDDED TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . . 1161 and 1162

PBX-9404 WITH TWO EMBEDDED TANTALUM PIATES 839,840,844,845,

919, 1121, 1124, and 1126PERLITE SHOCK INTERACTING WITH ALUMINUM PLATES ., . . . 408

493, and 504PERLITE SHOCK VELOCITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320,406,407,493, and 503PERTURBATION WAVES IN COLLIDING

PBX-9404DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926PERTURBATION WAVES IN COMPOSITION B-3 . . . . . 861, 1207, and 1208

PERTURBATION WAVES IN NITROGUANIDINE . . . . . . . . 1056 and 1173Perturbation wAvEsrNPBx-9404 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171PERTURBATIONW AVESINTATB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060andl174PERTURBATION WAVES IN TNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172 and 1519PIANEWAVEALUMINUM GUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-252

POLYETHYLENES HOCKWAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078and1079PROJECTILE PENETRATION OF A STEEL PLATE . . . . . . 1437-1439,

1443, 1446, 1448-1450, 1453-1456, and 1458

QUARTZ PHASE CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

REGULAR REFLECTION IN COMPOSITION B-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100REGULAR REFLECTION IN PBX-!M-04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1728

SHOCK COMPRESSION OF FOAMED POLYSTYRENE . . . . . . . . . 1568and 1569

SHOCKED ALUMINUM GROOVES INTERACTINGWITH MERCURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27and617

SHOCKED MERCURY INTERACTINGWITH ALUMINUM GROOVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26anci184-186

SI?HERJCAL HOLE IN WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56and95SPHERICALLY DIVERGING COMPOSITION B-3 DETONATION . . . . 770,

796, and 797

14

SUBJECT INDEX(VOLUMES I, II, and III)

ALUMINUM STRIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437’ and438ANTIMONY 716-718, 723,775, 786, 1678, and 1711BACK SURFACE.:::::::::::::: : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523-533,535-541,

543-547, 550-553, 557-560, 562, 569, 1015, 1051, 1052, and 1096-1109BARATOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5, 15, 55, 487-491, 1252, and 1696

BERYLLIUM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271,379-385,467,468, 472, 473, 494, 508, 509, 626-628, 654-657, 715, 736, 1333, and 1721

BISMUTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769,887,946, and987BORON-NITRIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750,751, 768, and776BRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492, 523-533, 535-541, 547,553, and 574

COBALT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788,789,794, and795COLD LEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692-6!36and711CONVERGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363-365,1115-1117, and 1356

COPPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,54,239,240,389-391, 462,464,500,501,

668-672, 1112, 1120, and 1793CYCLOTOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-206 and291

CYLINDRICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187,188,278-280,300,314,318, 351, 409, 492, 574, 612, 613, 1019, 1037, 1038, 1130, 1143, and 1793

CYLINDRICAL DETONATION WAVES . . . 1019,1037,1038,1130, and 1143CYLINDRICAL HOLE . 187, 188, 278-280, 300,314,318,351,409, 612, and 613

CYLIXDRICALI MPLOS1ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492, 574, and 1793

DAMMED EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014DESENSITIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1697, 1698, and1914DIVERGING DETONATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703,1704, 1938, and 1939FLYING PATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700, 706, 707, 710, 1147, and 1148

FRACTURE RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..477 and505GOLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735GUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-252

16

HOT ALUMINUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

IRON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,410,412,413,460,461,475,476,511, 513, 514, 578, 579, 588-591, 673-677, 720, 721, 1022, 1497, 1515, and 1627

IRON PHASE CHANGE ., . . . . . . . . . 410,412,413,475,476, 511,513,514,

720, 721, 1022, and 1497JET PENETRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l181andl185

MTERALFLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586,587, and592-594LATERAL PROPAGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1240and1241

LEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 478-485, 557-560,604-610,692-696,

711, 1051, 1104-1109, 1373, 1389, 1488, 1439, 1780-1782, and 1816LOCKALLOY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517-522LUCITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,112, 114, 1743, and1744MACH REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5, 15,55, 101,615,927, 1008,

1013, 1018, 1224, 1368, 1696, 1740, 1783, and 1784MACH REFLECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621,678, and679

MACH STEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l159andl160MAGNESIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321MERCURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,27, M4-186,562,and617

MULTIPLE PLATE FRACTURE . . . . . . 308-313, 319,331-339,347, and 385NICKEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 116,177, 178,242,270,392-394,

465, 550-552, 602, 624, 625, 663-665, 667, 722, 857-859, 1006, and 1015NITROGUANIDINE . 1023-1025, 1027, 1028, 1046, 1049, 1056, 1173, 1253, 1798,

and 1799OCTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294-297P-040LENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630-633 and641-644

PBX-9404SPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1350-1352PERLITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320,406-408,493,503, and504PERTWRBATIONWAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861,926,1056,

1060, 1171-1174, 1207, 1208, and 1519POLYETHYLENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314,351,409,612,613, 1078, and 1079

POLYSTYRENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1568and1569PROJECTILE . . . . . . . 1437-1439, 1443, 1446, 1443-1450, 1453-1456, and 1458

QUARTZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

REGULAR SHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579,614, 1333,1488, 1489, 1711, 1779, 1781, and 1782

SHOCK WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,478-485,654 -665,667-677,722, 1078, 1079, 1115-1117, and 1356

SPHERICAL HOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56and95SPL4SH WAVE ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,57,58,804,834, and 1350-1352STEEL JETS , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,46-51, 1175, 1177, 1178, andl183TANTALUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

17

TANTALUM FOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220, 221,272,290, 352-354, 419, 423, 424, 426-436, 439, 442, 450, 495, 784, 1161, 1162, 1219,

1227, 1252, and 1253TAXTALUM PIATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835-838,841-843, and 862-867TAXTALUM PL4TES . . . . . . . . 839,840,844,845,919, 1121; 1124, and 1126TATB . . . . . 1026, 1047, 1060, 1174, 1697-1705, 1743-1746, 1914, and 1936-1943

TAYLOR INSTABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342,1353,1354, 1365, 1374, 1468, 1469, 1776, 1824, and 1825

THORIUM . . . . . . . . . 125-128, 130, 132, 172-176, 179,395, 396,498, and 611

TIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640,701, 702,712 -714, and727TNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l172and1519TRLPLESHOCK REFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338and1721bRANIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 117, 118, 122-124, 129,

131, 133, 150, 165-171, 180182, 201, 401-403,463,466,499, 502, 507, 596-599, 651,

658-662, and 1855VACUUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93and94VERMICIJL~E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340, 404, and405

WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,53,56,95, 111-114,187-192,253, 254, 269, 278-282, 298-300, 318, 569, 1350-1352, 1629, 1734-1740, 1778, 1779,

1783, and 1784ZINC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..726 and729-734

18

PHERMEX SHOTS 801 THROUGH 1943

SHOT 801: Colliding Aluminum Plates

Date: June 29, 1967

Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor

Radiographic Time: 48.29 ,u.s

Two 6.35-mm-thick aluminum plates at a 50° angle were each driven by 50.8 mm ofComposition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens.

20

SHOT 804: Aluminum Splash Wave

Date: July 25, 1967


Radiographic Time: 49.02 /LS

Reference: Taylor and Venable, 1968

An aluminum splash wave generated by a 101.6- by 203.2-mm-square block of’

detonated Composition B-3 was initiated by a P-081 lens. See also Shot 834. h was51.11 mm.

o

I

I

203.2 -mm-quareCOMP. B-3

11OJF ALUMINUM

22

SHOT 806: Two Adjacent Composition B-3 DetonationsDate: August 22, 1967Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 33.82 #aTwo Composition B-3 detonations were separated by a 0.127-mm-wide air gap, w.The charges were initiated by a P-081 lens, The detonations ran along the gap for

88.9 mm. h was 88.9 mm.

~ 20’2 ‘“

“+1-BkAMAXIS

-

“ T

Tw

CC)MP, a 3 COMP. B 3 &-h

? 1

SHOT !323: Two Adjacent Composition B-3 DetonationsDate: August 23, 1967Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 32.23 *Two Composition B-3 detonations were separated by a O.127-mm-wide air gap, w.

The charge was initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations ran 76.2 mm. h was 76.2

mm.

—

T

.

:,4

BkAM ..-AXIS

“ T

I.

WMP B 3 COMP, a 3 s

7

ri 1

P 081

26

SHOT 824: TWO Adjacent Composition B-3 DetonationsDate: August 24, 1967Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 30.66 @Two Composition B-3 detonations were separated by a O.127-mm-wide air gap, w.The charges were initiated by a P-061 lens. The detonations ran along the gap for

63.5 mm. h was 63.5 mm.

“vl~

BEAM .AXIS

* T

TqCOMP. B 3 COMP. B 3 G

h

i

v L

28

SHOT 825: Two Adjacent Composition B-3 DebnationsDate: .4ugust 30, 1967Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 29.05 @

Two Composition B-3 detonation were separated by a O.127-mm-wide air gap, w.

The charges were initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations ran along the gap for

50.8 mm. h was 50.8 mm.

T‘-Tw

L

w.+I

B&AV _AXls

“ T

T~

COMP, B 3 COMP. B 3 61>

IIv

XL’-’”

SHOT 826:Date:

Experimenter:Rad.iopaphic Time:

Two Composition B-3The

38.1

Two Adjaoent Composition B-3 IM,cmationsAugust 30, 1987

Roger W. Taylor27.45 /is

detonations were separated by a O.12’7-mm-wide air gap, w.charges were i.nitiatid by a P-081 lens. The detonations ran along the gap for

mm. h was 38.1 mm.

—

.

BEAM .AXIS

‘ “ T

TwcOMP B 3 COMP, B 3 E

1,

i

L1

32

SHOT 827: Two Adjacent Composition B-3 DetonationsDate: August 30, 1987Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 25.90 #sTwo Composition B-3 detonations were separated by a O.l!27-mm-wide air gap, w.The charges were initiated by a P-081 lens, The detonatio~ ran along the gap for!25.4 mm. h was 25.4 mm.

.

+

iV. —

BEAM ._AXIS

“ T

‘Tqcorwa 3 COMP. B 3 6-h

I

L’

\

‘

34

SHOT 828: Two Adjacent Composition B-3 DetonationsDate: August 30, 1967Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 33.82 ~Two Composition B-3 detonations were separated by w, the minimum air ---possible between two Composition B-3 blocks. The charges were initiated by081 lens. The detonations ran along the gap for 88.9 mm. h was 88.9 mm,

~ ““‘w —1

w+

BEAMAXIS

I “ T

T.

COMP, B 3 COh4P B 3 s:1

I

1

36

SHOT W): Two Adjacent Composition B-3 DetonationsDate: August 31, 1967Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 32,23 @

Two Composition B-3 detonations were separated by w, the minimum air ,---pw<sible between two Composition B-3 blocks. The charges were initiated by081 lens. The detonations ran along the gap for 76.2 mm. h was 76.2 mm.

gap

a P-

‘- ‘o” ‘ w~

w+

BEAM ___AXIS

“ “ T

-TqCOMP, B 3 C(JMP B 3 6

7

* 1

38

SHOT 830: !RVO Adjacent Composition B-3 DetonationsDate: August 31, 1967

Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 30.68 PS

Two Composition B-3 detonations were separated by w, the minimum air gap

possible between two Composition B-3 blocks, The charges were initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation ran along the gap for 63.5 mm. h was 63.5 mm.

‘“” ‘“ ~

w+BEAM

AXIS- *

T“ T

I~

cobIP. a 3 COMP. B 3 !5-h

v 1

SHOT 831: Two Adjacent Composition B-3 DetonationsDate: August 31, 1967Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 29.05 ,@Two Composition B-3 detonations were separated by w, the minimumposible between two Composition B-3 blocks. The chmges were initiated

air gapby a P-

081 lens. The detonations ran along the gap for 50.8 mm. h was 50.8 mm.

2082i ‘v ~

-T-

L

J-4--

8EAIV TAXIS

* T Iw

COMP. B 3 COMP. B 3 zh

1

IJ-

42

SHOT 832: Two Adjacent Composition B-3 DetonationsDate: August 31, 1967Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 27.48 @

Two Composition B-3 detonations were separated by w, the minimum air gappossible bet.ween two Compwition B-3 blocks. The charges were initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations ran along 38.1 mm. h is 38.1 mm.

—

~ 20824”

‘w+—

BEAMAXIS - * T

‘ T

Iffi

COMP. B 3 COMP. B 3 &-h

I*

44

SHOT 833: Two Adjacent Composition B-3 Detonations

Date: September 1, 1967

Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 25.89 PSTwo Composition B-3 detonations were separated by w, the minimum air gap

possible between two Composition B-3 blocks. The charges were initiated by a P-—. --- -----

081 lens. ‘l’he detonatmns ran 2’5.4mm. h 1s Zb.4mm.

T.

~-il-BEAM

AXIS

“ ‘T

“[q

COMP B 3 COMP, B 3 &n

7

T *

46

SHOT X34: Aluminum Splash Wave



Radiographic Time: 43.95 ps

Reference: Taylor and Venable, 1968

An aluminum splash wave generated by a 101.6-mm-thick by 203.2-mm-squareblock of detonated Composition B-3 was initiated by a P-081 lens, See also Shot804. h was 34.13 mm.

o

A203.2 mm wuare - [

COMP. B -3w

Ii

BEAMAXIS —h—

1

48

SHOT 835: PBX-9404 with an Embedded Tantalum PlateDate: November 8, 1967

Experimenter: Gary W. RodenzRadiographic Time: 16.23 @Two blocks of PBX-9404 were initiated by two P-040 lenses detonated 0.4 ~s apart.A 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallel tothe direction of detonation wave travel .

2,0 mm [hickL)ET

TANTALUMDET

L o.078mm AIR GAP

50

SHOT 836: PBX-9404 with an Embedded Tantalum PlateDate: November 9, 1967Experimenter: Gary W. RodenzRadiographic Time: 19.97 #aTwo blocks of PBX-9404 were initiat.d by two P-040 lenaee detonated 0.4 gs apart.A 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate waa placed between the exploeive blocks parallel tothe direction of detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm.

Z,O-mm IhickJET TANTALUM DET

I P- 040 P–040[

T

.

%

PBX - W@l PBX–W04

1 J

!0gx

BEAM /+ T -1

AXIS 0 m: ;0

J

m

——

3.53 * &O.076-mm AIR GAP

,—-101.61+ 101+,

/’ ‘L /’ .,/ \ / \

\ \

//\l ,/

\ 1\l

,-.

1 1 \

/-. ‘1:,’ 1\-, ... ) 1-

\ /; j,\

Ii’

/1 \ /\

/1/

\ \ /.’ . _= 11

52

SHOT 837: PBX-9404 with an Embedded Tantalum Plate

Date: November 8, 1967

Experimenter: C& W. R.odenz

Radiographic Time: 19.52 ~

Two blocks of’ PBX-9404 were initiated by two P-040 lenses detonated 0.4 gs apart.A 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallel tothe direction of’ detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm.

DET2. Wmnvthi&TANTALUM

DET

+1 iAT

1P–040 IllP-#o

) I

T’w.

PBX-9404 PBX–WI,

BEAM

d

:Ty

AXIS m$

~ O,OTO.mm AIR GAP

54

SHOT WI: PBX-9404 with an Embedded Tantalum Plate

Date : November 21, 1967

Experimenter: Gary W. Rodenz

Radiographic Time: 20.08 /.LS

Two blocks of PBX-9404 were initiated by two P-040 lenses detonated 0.4 ps apart..4 2.0-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallel to

the direction of’ detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm,

2. O-rent-thickDET TANTALUM DET

r

P-04C P–o-lo

1

L-.~_‘--,y

zPBx !3404 PBx–94w w

gx

BEAM f+ TAxis 0 m

: ~!:

~,lt—

3.53 ~ 0,076.mm AIR GAP

2U5.3

—1016—’ ~— 101.6 —

,-’ ‘\ / .\

\ IT/

\/

\,ll

//\l ,/

\l\

,-.

\ i

/-. Iw1’ !1x-, ../ ,=

\ // i,/

\/

/1 \ /\

/1 ,/

\ ,’I \ --- 1

56

SHOT 839: P13X-9404 with Two Embedded Tantalum Plates

L)at.e: January 11, 1968

Experimenter: Gary W. RudenzRadiographic Time: 20.31 #sTwo blocks of PBX-94M were initiated by two P-(MO lenses detonated 0.4 us apart.One 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallelto the direction of detonation wave travel for 48.8 mm and 2.0 mm below thatplate, another 2,0-mm-thick plate was perpendicular to the direction of’ detonationwave travel for 108.76 mm.

t+.+++

58

SHOT 840:Date:

Experimenter:I-radiographic Time:TWO blocks of l?BX-9404

PBX-9404 with Two Embedded Tantalum PlatesFebruary 7, 1968

Gary W. Rodenz20.48 #s

were initiated by two P-04-Olenses detonated 0.4 ps apart.

One 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallelto the dtiection of detonation wave travel for 48.8 mm and 2.0 mm below that plate,

another 2.O-mm-thick plate was perpendicular to the direction of detonation wavemavel for 108.76 mm.

~ET Z.c-lnm.thtiTANTALUM PLATES ‘!l

),

1

P-wa P-040

T-‘1=.:

PBx-Mm Psx-wr

. “ 1!

w.

1z

BEAM -L 4674 AXIS ~

%

60

SHOT 841: PBX-9404 with an Embedded Tantalum PlateDate: November 21, 1967Experimenter: Gary W. RodenzRadiographic Time: 16.21 ,usTwo blocks of’ PBX-9404 were initiated by two P-040 lenses detonated 0.4 ps apart.A 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallel tothe direction of detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm.

62

SHOT 842: PBX-94@l with an Embedded Tantalum Plate



Radiographic Time: 19.98 /LS

Two blocks of PBX-9404 were initiated by two I?-040 lenses detonated 0.4 gs apart.A 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocke parallel tothe direction of detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm.

2. O.mm thickDET TANTALUM DET

h)

1

P-040 P–D441

PBX–B404 PBX-WJ4

:Ex4.&d/’”

64

SHOT 843:Date:

Experimenter:Radiographic Time:Two blocks of PBX-9404

PBX-9404 with an Embedded Tantalum Plate

November 22, 1967Gary W. Rodenz20,04 ps

were initiated by two P-040 lenses detonated 0.4 ps apart.

A 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallel tothe direction of detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm.

66

mx SW(M

SHOT 845: PBX-9404 with Two Embedded Tantahun Plates

Date: March 28, 1968

Experimen~er: Gary W. Rodenz

Radiographic Time: 20.35 w

TWO blocks of’ PBX-9404 were initiated by two P-MO lenses detonated 0.4 ps apart.

One 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallelto the direction of detonation wave travel for 48.8 mm and 2.0 mm below thatplate, another 2.O-mm-thick plate was Wrpendicular to the direction of detonationwave travel for 108.76 mm.

~ET 2. Umm-thidtTANTALUM PLATES ‘ET

L

~T,,

Pa P.040

~-

;

PBX–D404 PEX–8404

+45.7+ T;

‘ J

:ExA# .

z

~ 1~.76~

L 2V5.2

* it

i

101.6 101.6 +

70

SHOT (%7: Dynamic Fracture of NickelDate: November 22, 1967

Experimenter: Roger W, Taylor

Radiographic Time: 27.26 /.tS

References: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and ~Mudd, 1968

Nickel of 25.0-mm thickness, t, was dynamically f-ractured. The plate was shockedby 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h was 38.1 mm.

’01S —+

n/-/‘\ \

// ‘\I \ T

1(s.-,

zk-’

\ ,; i\ /

\ /\ . /,’ A.

BEAM

/AXIS

R’q

SAMPLE t

COMP. B-3 12.7

T

L-;JUtl

72

.— ‘~’+

ItSAMPLE

1 1+lm

w“

COW B -.3

-1

r> (40

SHOT 85!): ~C Fracture of NickelDate: February 15, 1968

Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 25.05 @Keference9: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968Nickel of 12-mm thickness, t, was dynamically fractured. The plate was shocked by12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h was 28.6 mm.

k Iul.ti+=

El/“

/.N,

// ‘\I \

\ln/-,

E\ -l

\/1

\\

\. / .’ ‘“ L

BEAM

1/AXIS

76

SHOT 861: Perturbation Wavea in Composition B-3Date: December 12, 1967Experimenter: William C. DavisRadiographic Time: 30.6 wTwo 101.6-mm-high blocks of Composition B-3 with approximately 1.5-mm squaregrooves were initiated by a P-061 lens.

- 303.2

BEAUAXIS GROOVES I

/ q

‘ ;TE

COUP. B- 3 COMP, B -3 -

i

1 . 1

78

SHOT 862: PBX-9404 with an Embedded Tantalum PlateDate: Much 28, 1968

Experimenter: Gary W. RodenzRadiographic Time: 20.82 wTwo blocks of PJ3X-9404 were initiated by two P-040 lenses detonated 0.4 ~s apart.A 2.0-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed ktween the explosive blocks parallel.tothe direction of’ detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm.

2.wrrmdlaiDET TANTALUM OET

L MT&mm AIR GAP

— 101.s —

I--’”’”’-i

SHOT 863: PBX-9404 with an Embedded Tantalum PlateDate: April 3, 1968Experimenter: Gary W. RodenzRadiographic Time: 21.65 ~Two blocks of PBX-9404 were initiated by two P-040 lenses detonated 0.4 us apart.A 2.0-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallel to

the direction of detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm.

2wnm-lhkkD- TANTALUM .DET

/ ‘\ \/’ \ \\

/\

‘d\- T.-\ t-.!+‘,-,’ IIG.-~\\ /\ /L%/ ,~”}1

SHOT 864: PBX-9404 with an Embdded Tantalum Plate

Date: April 9, 1968


Radiographic Time: ~z.~g @

Two blocks of I?13X-9404 were initiated by two I?-04-Olenses detonated 0.4 PS apart.A 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallel tothe direction of detonation wave travel for 50,8 mm.

2. BmmthickDET TANTALUM DET

u Q07S.mm AIR GAP

- ‘“’”’-it-’o’”’-j

84

SHOT 865: PBX-9404 with am Embedded Tantalum Plate

Date: April 10, 1968

Experimenter: Gary W. ROdenz

Radiographic Time: 20,65 #a

Two blocks of P13X-9404 were initiated by two P-040 lenses detonated 0.4 K apart.A lo-mm-thick tantalum plate waa placed between the explosive blocks parallel wthe direction of detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm.

2.wl!mHh&DET TANTALUM D~

t--- ‘0’”’-t-’””—l

86

SHOT 8[i6: PBX-9M4 with an Embedded Tantalum Plate


IZxperimenter: Gary W. Rndenz

Radiographic Time: 21.61 @

Two blocks of PBX-9404 were initiated by two P-040 lenses detonated 0.4 ILSapart.

A 2.0-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallel tothe direction of detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm.

2.&mm. thickDET TANTALuM DET

I I ITP–040 P–04’ I

PBX-MD4 PBX–MIM

L...--:L:--’”’”B-l— 101.6 —

/’ ‘=. II // \ II ,.’ ‘\

\ll/ \\

IIyl

t

\‘ T,-.1 “-”‘ ‘~),?l\\/i\\ /p, /1>=,~,,\\_/”I

88

SHOT 867: PBX-9404 with an Emlmdded Tantalum Plate

Date: May 9, 1968



Two blocb of PBX-W04 were initiated by two P-040 lensee detcmawd 0.4 pa apart.

A 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate wm placed between the explosive blocks parallel tathe direction of detonation wave travel for 50.8 mm.

z.cmmlh~DET TANTALUM DET

1 T

?-ma P-D40

I

1-

:m

PBX-W04 mx–n

J

TqG

BEAM-+

AXIS~: -

#l

,—101.4*101.+

90

SHOT 887: Bismuth Phase Change

Date: February 15, 1968


Radiographic Time: 32.04$

Reference: Breed and Venable, 1968

A 50.8- by 38.1-mm block of bismuth was shocked by 101.6 mm of Baratol initiated

by a P-040 lens. See Shots 769, 946, and 987.

I--1016+‘“y l--

~..

‘ 7BEAM .

+LAXIS %

w

z BARATOLBISMUTH

3

~

L.

P–w

1

92

SHOT 899: Two Adjacent Composition B-3 Detonations

Date: April 4, 1968

Experimenter: William C. DavisRadiographic Time: 28.43 ps

Two Composition B-3 detonations separated by a 1.O-mm air gap. The charges wereinitiated by a P-081 lens. The detonations have run along the gap for 44.5 mm. One

Composition B-3 block consisted of’ four slabs of’ 6.35-mm-thick Composition B-3separated by 0.0127-mm-thick tantalum foils and a 25.4-mm-thick slab. The foilsextended acrcws the gap.

/“- .\ T

//

‘.,

/ ‘\,/

\ \\

//\\

/\

1’ t z,. . )

g

\

\1’

I

/

\ //

\/

/\ /

. /

=. /’- I

FOUR 6.35 -mm-lhick ANTENNA

COMP. B–3 SLABSSEPARATED BY l.0.mm AIR GAPD,0127*m-rhi&

,LUCITE __ L__

TANTALUM FOILSBEAM T

AXIS:A,$

COMP. B–3 COMP. B -3

L

L“”’”94

SHOT 919: PBX-9404 with Two Embedded Tantalum Plates

Date: June 17, 1969



Two blocks of’ PBX-9404 were initiated by two P-044 lenses detonated 0.4 PSapart.one 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallelto the direction of detonation wave travel for 4-8.8 mm and 2.0 mm below thatplate, another 2,0-mm-thick plate was perpxd.iculm to the direction of detonation

wave travel for 101.6 mm and projected 4.0 mm beyond the top plate.

~eT 2. O-mm-lh,ck DETTANTALUM PLATES

P-MO P–040

t

] l!

:

:

PBX–9404 PBX–W04 w)

- 205.2

—’o’”6~ t-101.6 —

/’ ‘\ II .

/ \ II /’ \\ll, \

\~i

\;v/ \‘, 1,-.

I

/-. (+,1 ,1i-, ;, ‘-’

&

\ /n\I -

\\

,//\ /// \ /

\ / II ~. ./’ _~

96

SHOT 926:

Date:

Experimenter:Radiographic Time:

Perturbation Waves in Colliding PBX-9404 Detona-

tions

,June 13, 1968Roger W, Taylor30.59 @

Two 101.6-mm -high blocks of’ PBX-9404 were initiated simultaneously at both endsby P-081 lenses. A 1.5-mm-square groove was located at the center of’ the charge.

N

DET

BEAMAXtS

b

GROOVE - 1%z

98

SHOT 927: Aluminum Mach

Date: May 27, 1968

Experimenter: Timothy R. Neal

Radiographic Time: 43,75 ps

References: Neal, 1975; Neal,

Reflection

1976a

Two 101.6-mm Composition B-3 blocks in contact with an 11OO-Faluminum wedgewere initiated simultaneously by P-040 lenses. At a 50° collision angle, Machreflection of’ the two aluminum shock waves occurred. This shot was identical to

Shot. 615 with the addition of embedded 0.0127-mm-thick tantalum foils to monitorthe flow.

1 I

Iw

“ v-j , I I I‘.Lb\\\ /

- . . . ... .. .. ... . . . ..n 01?7 mm-thick TANTALUM FOILS

~ AX,S \ kVkHY h,LW

//’ / COMP. B 3 ,/%.0127 m;-thick \ COMP, B 3 \\

./TANTALUM FOILSBETWEEN 6.35-mm[h,ck COMP. B -3SLABS

OET

100

SHOT 946: Bismuth Phase ChangeDate: October 22, 1968

Experimenter: Eugene M. Sandoval

Radiographic Time: 32.01 #sReference: Breed and Venable, 1968A 50.8- by 38. l-mm block 01 bismuth was shocked by 101.6 mm of Baratol initiatedby a P-040 lens. See Shots 769, 887, and 987.

-m.6-l12.7—

BARATOL

I

P -(MU

SHOT 987: Bismuth Phase Change

Date: December 3, 1968

Experimenter: Eugene M. Sandoval

Radiographic Time: 28. 14PS

Reference: Breed and Venable, 1968

A 50.8- by 38.1-mm block of bismuth was shocked by 101.6 mm of Baratol initiatedby a P-040 lens. See Shots 769, 887, and W6.

b /“ -\,/ \

/ \I /’ \

12.7—

BAFIATOL

P.040

*oET

104

SHOT 988: Spherically Diverging PBX-9404 Detonation

Date: Xovember 7, 1968

Experimenter: Douglas Venable

Radiographic Time: 26.31 /.LS

.4 152.4-mm-diameter cylinder of PBX-9404 was center-initiated by compositehemispheres of PBX-9407 and PETN, which were center-initiated by a length ofMDF (mild detonating fuse). Four 0.0254-mm-thick tantalum foils were embeddedbetween the center 25.4-mm-radius cylinder of PBX-9404 and four concentric 12.7-mm-thick cylinders of PBX-9404.

ruui-1 l.?CYLINDE - _

&%

PBx–R404 SEPARATEDBY 0.02% -mm-lh#&TANTALUM FOILS

rMOF INITIATOR ANO A6.35* m.dimne18rSPHERE OF PSX-9407ANO PETN

106


Date: Sovember 7, 1968


Radiographic Time: 26.31 ,LLS

A 152.4-mm-high by 152.4-mm-diameter cylinder of ??BX-9404 was center-

initiated by composite hemispheres of PBX-9407 and PETN, which were center-initiated by a length of’ MDF (mild detonating fuse). Four 0.0254-mm-thick tan-talum foils were embedded in the PBX-9404 every 12.7 mm. See Shot 988.

T

FOUfl 0.0254 mm rhlc&

““’’’u”’”’” 2-:

6.35-mm cii~meterSPHERE OFPBx–8407 ANO PE

AXIS

PBX -9404

/t

TNmw.

I

.1

!- MDF INITIATOR

108

SHOT 1006: Dynamic Fracture of Nickel

Date: April 1, 1969


Radio~aphic Time: 3:3.12 @

References: Breed et al., 1967; Thurston and Mudd, 1968

Nickel of 12.0-mm thickness was dynamically fractured. The plate was shocked by12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h was 14.4 mm. Thereference har is shown, and the spalled plate has interacted with a timing pin.

i- 101.6 4

110

SHOT 1007: Deformation of ThiIIDate: July 29, 1969Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 28.07 psA 3.0-mm-thick aluminum plate, t, was shocked

Alumilum Plab

by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3initiated by a P-040 lens. h is 7.76 mm. See also Shots 1012 and 1016.

b’SEAM AXIS

—+ —.

,~

I .

SAMPLE

~ r

COMP. B 3 w

z

L

P-040

112

SHOT 1008: Mach Reflection in Composition B-3

Date: May 21, 1969

Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 25.54 @

Two Composition B-3 detonation waves interacted to form a Mach reflection. Thedetonation waves were initiated by l.0-mm-thick aluminum plates driven by 25.4-mm-thick slabs of Composition B-3 initiated by P-040 lenses, The angle of the

plates, N, was 31°. See also Shots 1013, 1018, and 1224.

SHOT 1012: Deformation of Thin Aluminum Plates

Date: April 2, 1969

Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 32.69 wA 1.O-mm-thick aluminum plate, t, was shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3initiated by a P-040 lens. h was 38.1 mm. See also Shots 1007 and 1016.

Ii 3EAM AXIS

—: —-~I

SAMPLE

f

.

COklP, B 3 .

G

L

P 340

116

SHOT 1013: .Mach Reflection in Composition B-3Date: April 3, 1969Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 24.93 ~Two Compmition B-3 detonation waves interacted to form a Mach reflection. The

detonation waves were initiafid by 1.O-mm-thick aluminum plates driven by 25.4-mm-thick slabs of Composition 3-3 initiated by P-040 lenses. The angle of theplates, [r, is 29°. See also Shots 1008, 1018, and 1224.

118

SHOT 1014: Dammed Explosive Products

Date: April 2, 1969

Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 47.02 ~

Reference: Davis and Venable, 1973.4 203,2-cm-long block of Composition B-3 was initiated by a P-081 lens. The ex-

pansion of’ the explosive products into air showed a narrow region of increased den-sity in the products adjacent to the air interface. The air shock was not seen.

120

SHOT 1015: Nickel Back Surface



Radiographic Time: 21.08 ,uS

A 12.O-mm-thick nickel plate was shocked by 12.7 mm 01Composition B-3 initiatedby a P-040 lens. h was 2.2 mm.

122

SHOT 1016: Deformation of Thin Aluminum Plate9Date: May 7, 1969Experimenter: DouglEKsVenableRadiographic Time: 27.08 MA l.0-mm-thick aluminum plate, t, was shocked by 101.6 mm of Composition B-3initiated by a P-040 lens. h was 5.76 mm. See also Shots 1007 and 1012.

+’”” --l

El-/ x

/ \/ \

t \ T

(-1 q6

\\

/

\ /. / 1

lbBEAM AXIS

—+ —-r

n

r

SAMPLE

r

COhlP B 3 w

&

W? 040

D ET

124

SHOT 1018: Mach Reflection in Composition B-3Date: rJuly 17, 1969Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 26.’28 #sTwo Composition B-3 detonation waves interacted to form a .Ylach reflection. The

detonation waves were initiated by 1.O-mm-thick aluminum plates driven by 25.4-mm-thick slabs of Composition B-3 initiated by P-040 lenses. The angle of’ theplates, [Y, was 33°. See also Shots 1008,1013, and 1224.

126

SHOT 1019: Colliding PBX-9404Date: July 17, 1969Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 26.91 ~Reference: Mader and Venable,

Cylindrical Detonation Wave9

1979Two laterally colliding, diverging, cylindrical detonation waves in PBX-9404 wereinitiated by two line generators. The detonation waves traveled for 5.61 ps afterarrival of’ the line generator shock wave. The length, L, of the charge was 50.8 mm.h was 43.94 mm. See also Shots 1037, 1038, 1130, 1143, 1159, and 1160.

—50B+

1; II

1, II

~1 ~~IIII

II

II II

II IIII IIII IIII IIII II!1 IIII II

BEAM /+

AXIS

T

h

lrlF:ORs

128


Date: July 29, 1969Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 22.58 ~

A block of PBX-9404 was center-initiated by composite hemispheres of l?BX-9407and PETN, which were center-initiated by a length of MDF (mild detonating fuse).Three 0.0127-cm-thick tantalum foils were embedded every 12.7 mm starting 15.24

cm above the initiator center. See also Shots 1031, 1033, and 1034.

T:—

——— ——— —.1I

e, I.?+ ,-,3 I

L_ ———____l

ILL —.

—101.6 -–

BEAM

/

AXIS

n.

INITIATOR—I

-

LPBx. wC4

1.

.b

— JL

130

SHOT 1022: Iron Phase ChangeDate: January 7, 1969Experimenter: Eugene M. SandovalRadiographic Time: 23.13 #sA 50.8- by 38.1- by 144.09-mm block of kmco iron was shocked by 101,6 mm ofComposition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. The detonation wave proceeded perpen-

dicular to the iron plate. The iron phase change caused formation of two shocks inthe iron at the intersection of’ the detonation wave and the iron plate. These shocks

spread apart as they traveled into the plate.

‘L__P’!/ \~1 \

-f‘-? {:)z

\\ !’\\ //\ / ‘“842

L ‘. /’

BEAM

t--’”’l’l ‘6”35 ‘x’s

I

/: 7

*,u-l+ :

+z CQMP. B-3 ARMCO

LIRON

g

s

P-040

, 1

132

SHOT 1023: PBX-!1404 Shocking NitroguanidineObliquely

Date: January 23, 1969Experimenter; Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 32.9 /.lsTo examine how a PBX-9404 detonation interacted with X0228 (9515 wt%

nitroguanidine and Estane at 1.683 g/ems) in oblique geometry, both explosiveswere shocked by a P-081 lens. See Shots 1024, 1025, 1027, and 1046.

BEAM aO127-mm.thtikAXIS TANTALUM FOIL

-+ 26.4 K?

\. -

w IRON FBx.B40a X02-213 IFION T

z w.

z

I

1

134

SHOT 1024: Composition B-3 Shocking Nitroguanidine Obliquely




To examine how a Composition B-3 detonation interacted with X0228 (9515 wt%nitrog-uanidine and Estane at

were shocked by a P-081 lens.

1.689 ~cm’) in oblique geometry, both explosives

See Shots 1023, 1025, 1027, and 1046.

101.6 —~

0.0127-mm-thickBEAMAXIS

TANTALUM FOIL

T “

\ {

/

~

w

z COMP. B–3 X0228 IRON u,

z

i

● 1

136

SHOT 1025: PBX-9404 Shocking Nitrogu.anidine Obliquely




To examine how a PBX-9404 detonation obliquely shocked X0228 (95/5 wt%

nitrog-uanidine and Estane at 1.689 g/cm3), the PBX-9404 was initiated by a P-081lens. See Shots 1023, 1024, 1027, and 1046.

/.. -./ ‘

,/

/

-50.8 ~25.4=i

\

!

i’‘ J :1 ,1i /

.._._BE AIM

+

~ ‘Bx-wm ‘022” ~

L:P @al/J

/’//’

/

DET

138

SHOT 1026: PBX-9404 Shocking TATB ObliquelyDate: February 25, W69

Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadio~aphic Time: 32.77 @A PBX-9404 detonation obliquely shocked X0237 (90/5/5 wt% triamino-trinitrobenzene/lY wax./Elvax at 1.740 g/cm’).

* 50.8+,? 5.4 -

\

/\

I

I

/

O 0127 rmu tmckBEAM TANTALUM FOIL

— AXIS#’

L. -~

IRON PBX–8404 X0237 IRON

140

SHOT 1027: TNT Shocking Nitrog-uanidine ObliquelyDate: February 26, 1969Experimenter: Ilouglaa VenableRadiographic Time: 35.7 @To erdmine how a TNT detonation interacted with XW28 (95/5 wt% nitro-

guanidine and Estane atshocked by a P-081 lens.

1.686 g/cm3) in oblique geometry, both explosives were

See Shots 1023, 1024, and 1025.

—101,6—I

BEAMAXIS

‘b

TNT

QO127-mm-tkkTANTALuM FOIL/

142

SHOT 1028: Two Adjacent Nitroguanidine Detonations


Experimenter: William C. Davis

Radiographic Time: 36.54 wTwo X0228 (95/5 nitroguanidine and Estane at 1.702 g/cm3) detonations wereseparated by a 0.508-mm air gap. The charges were initiated by 25.4 mm of’ PBX-9404 and a P-081 lens.

—

BEAMAXIS \ O.~mm Al R GAP

I;r.

r

\/’ [1 I

lRONi xm28 x022B I IRON

z

J~1

Fax-w=.R

P-ml

l. Oli$mm.IhtiLEAD

//

/ TL

144

SHOT 1001: Spherically Diverging PBX-9404 DetonationDate: September 4, 1969

Experimenter: Ilouglaa VenableRadiographic Time: 23.44 #aA block of PBX-W.04 was center-initiated by composite hemispheres of PBX-9407and PETN, which were center-initiated by a length of MDF (mild detonating fuse).Five 0.0127-cm-thick tantalum foils are embedded every 12.7 mm starting 15.24 cmabove the initiator center. See also Shoti 1020, 1033, and 1034.

BEAM/AXIS 7

FIvE S{ AEISOF //

12.7 -mrmthd /PBx-B404SEPARATED e

BY 0,0127 .mm-thmk TiTANTALUM FOILS

a

1

1,4

0~“

INITIATOR

146


Date: August 27, 1970Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 24.09 psReferences: Mader and Craig, 1975; Mader, 1979A block of’ PBX-9404 was center-initiated by composite hemispheres of’ PBX-9407and PETN, which were center-initiated by a length of MDF (mild detonating fuse).

Six 0.0127-cm-thick tantalum foils were embedded every 12.7 mm, starting 15.24cm above the initiator center. See also Shots 1020, 1031, and 1034.

!~i[.W” <:,. 1’ z

1-

1 II IL–_______l L

BEAMAXIS

SIX SLABS OF / IT12,7. mm-thick

//

PEX-B41M SEPARATED sBY 0.0127 .mm-thickTANTALUM FOILS

@

~

;

lNITIATOR—

PBX-9404 yw

SHOT 1034: Spherically Diverging PBX-9404 DetonationDate: September 17, 1970Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadio~aphic Time: 24.75 psReferences: Mader and Craig, 1975; Mader, 1979.4 block of’ PBX-9404 was center-initiated by composite hemispheres of PBX-9407and PETN, which were center-initiated by a length of MDF (mild detonating fuse).

Seven 0.0127-cm-thick tantalum foils were embedded every 12.7 mm, starting15.24 cm above the initiator center. See also Shots 1020, 1031, and 1033.

SEVEN SLABS OF

El@_lO1.6~

BEAM

/AXIS

Y,G

INITIATOR

7

PBX-M04Nur-

150

SHOT 1037: tilliding PBX-9404 Cylindrical Detonation WavesDate: August 5, 1969Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 32.46 @Reference: Mader and Venable, 1979Two laterally colliding, diverging, cylindrical detonation waves in PBX-9404 wereinitiated by two line generators. The detonation waves traveled for 11.16 ps atter

arrival of the line generator shock wave. The length, L, of’ the charge was 101.6 mm.h was 95.2 mm. See also Shots 1019, 1038, 1130, 1143, 1159, and 1160.

* 50.8-q

Ii II1, II

~1 ~~IIII

II

II II

II II

II IIII II[1 IIII IIII III I II

~ 152.4 _

152

SHOT 1038: Colliding PBX-9404 Cylindrical Detonation WavesDate: August 26, 1969Experimenter: Doughs VenableRadiographic Time: 38.05 ,usReference: Mader and Venable, 1979Two laterally colliding, diverging, cylindrical detonation waves in PBX-9404 were

initiated by two line generators. The detonation waves traveled for 16.75 ps afterarrival of the line generator shock wave. The length, L, of the charge was 152.4 mm.h was 146.0 mm. See also Shots 1019, 1037, 1130, 1143, 1159, and 1160.

+508-q

1; II1,

~1 //II

IIII IIII II

II II

IIII :!IIII IIII II

154

SHOT 1046: Oblique PBX-9404 and Nitroguanidine DetonationsDate: February 18, 1969Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 35.’55 @To examine how a PBX-9404 detonation interacts with X0228 (95/5 wt% nitro-guanidine and Estane at 1.686 g/cm3) in oblique geometry, both explosives were in-

itiated by 25.4 mm of PBX-9404 and a P-(I81 lens, See Shots 1023, 1024, 1025, and1027.

BEAMAXIS 0,0127 -mm.th*k

#25,4~TANTALUM FOIL

? [ I \l I IY

! 1 T*IRON P9x-ww Xoz% IRON

~w

&

i IA I 1 I I I

t+

156

SHOT 1047: PBX-9404 Shocking TATB Obliquely

Date: January 30, 1969

Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: :13.0 ps

To examine how a P13X-9404 detonation interacts with X0237 (90/5/5 wt%

triarninotrinitrobenzene/13’shocked by a P-081 lens.

wax/Elvax at 1.’740 g/ems), both explosives were

//,/

w

G

- 50.8 -+

BEAMAXIS 0.0127-mm-thick

TANTALUM FOIL~25.4~

T’w

-J 1 ,

IRON PBX–W X0237 IRON T& wL

&1

158

SHOT 1049: Detonating PBX-9404 Interacting with ShockedNitroguanid,ine


Experimenter: kVilliam C. Davis

Radiographic Time: 26.57 ws

50.8 mm of’ X0228 (95/5 wt%. nitroguanidine and Estane at 1.683 g/cm’) wasshocked by a P-040 lens, and 4.0 ILSlater 50.8 mm of’ PBX-9404 was initiated byanother P-040 lens. The detonation wave and shock wave arrived at the PBX-9404

and nitroguanidine interface simultaneously. A reflected shock proceeded backinto the PBX-9404 detonation products and the shocked nitroguanidine after colli-

sion of the waves. The best agreement with the radiographic results was obtainedby assuming that the reflected shock in the nitroguanidine resulted in apropagating detonation in the shocked nitroguanidine; however, the interpretationwas inconclusive because almost as good agreement was obtained by assuming thatthe nitroguanidine was desensitized by the preshocking.

.— ‘0’ ‘ +

r‘-5w-“’’A’’’h”w;

1----’PSX-M04 :

i

160

SHOT 1051: Lead Back Surface


Experimenter: Roger W’. Taylor


A 12.O-mm-thick lead plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiatedby a P-M) lens. h was 2.59 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

. 101.6 7

SHOT 1052: Aluminum Back Surface




A 12.0-mm-thick aluminum plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of’ Composition B-3 in-

itiated by a P-040 lens. h was 8.0 mm. This was a duplicate of’ Shot 546 with timingpins.

:Dl\,/ \\1

m -. w,s (_/’ s

\ /-/

/‘. / 1

F 101.6 —

p’ V“gl ‘L;”’”””

a’—+42

7- COMP. B-3

h

P MO .4

DET

164

SHOT 1056: Perturbation Waves in NitroguanidineDate: April 2, 1969Experimenter: William C. DavisRadiographic Time: 36.55 /.LSTwo 50.8-mm-wide and 101.6-mm-high X0228 bIocks (95/5 wt% nitmguanidine

and Estane at. 1.704 g/cm3), with two 1.5-mm-square holes located 14.55 and 24.76mm from the top of’ the charges, were initiated by 25.4 mm of PBX-9404 and a P-081 lens.

.

BEAMAX I TWO l,6rnm-

425.4 ~

~ HOLES

r

3

lq I RON xazrB xaQs I Rm Tg

1

sw.

1,

1

1

166

SHOT 1060: Perturbation Waves in TATB

Date: May 6, 1969


Radiographic Time: 37.52 @3

Two 50.8-mm-wide and 101.6-mm-high blocks of X0237 (90/5/5 TA~~iwaxll!ilvax at 1.740 g/cm3), with two 1.5-mm-square holes, were initiated by 25.4mm of PBX-9404 and a P-081 lens.

T

w ~

z ;

LTWO 1.5-mm.

BEAMAXIS

wu8re HOLES

l%4q

T]

\

~~w,

! IRON XR237 X0237 IRON TTz s?11

w.&I t‘1

PBX-B404 25.4

. L

T/,\,1\1)

– Em 4

168

SHOT 1078: Polyethylene Shock Wave

Date: August 27, 1970

Experimenter: Dougias Venable

Radiographic Time: 26.18 #.s

A polyethylene block was shocked by 25,4 mm of P13X-9404 initiated by a P-081lens. h was 5.0 mm. See Shot 1079.

/

\

/-’ \

-,.-,

/

-----_2032~

BEAMAXIS

/c

POLYETHYLENE + : 25,4

PBx-94D4 25.4

. -i

P-081

I 1

170

SHOT 1079: Polyethylene Shock WaveDate: August 19, 1970

Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 26.90 ~A polyethylene block was shocked by 25.4 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081lens. h was 10.0 mm. See Shot 1078.

/“ \

(:)

\\

/;

tlt AMAXIS

/POLYETHYLENE ‘+ +

$25,4.

PBX -WC4 !25.4

L

I

172


Date: June 3, 1969

Experimenter: Roger K. London

Radiographic Time: 15.76 #S

A 1~.()-mrn-thick aluminum plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of (imposition B-3 in-itiated by a P-040 lens. h was 0.61 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

174


Date: ,June 4, 1969

Experimen~er: Roger K. London


A 12.0-mm-thick aluminum plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 in-

itiated by a P-040 lens. h was 0.99 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

176


Date: May 21, 1969

Experimenter: Roger K, London


A 12.0-mm-thick aluminum plate was shocked by 12.7 mm ol”Composition B-3 in-itiated by a P-040 lens. h was 2.41 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

101.6 4

178

SHOT 10W: Aluminum Back SurfaceDate: May 21, 1969

Experimenter: Roger K, LondonRadiographic Time: 18,82 @

A 12.O-mm-thick aluminum plate was shocked by 1!2.7mm of Composition B-3 in-itiated by a P-040 lens. h was 3.00 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

p: Ygl “’L~M’N”M

i=%

—+T 4s

coh4P. B–3

h

180

SHOT 1100: Aluminum Back SurfaceDate: June 4, 1969Experimenter: Roger K. LondonRadiographic Time: L9.03 @A 12.O-mm-thick aluminum plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. h was 3.50 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

I P -040 1-.ti

182

SHOT 1101: Aluminum Back SurfaceDate: June 4, 1969Experimenter: Roger K. LondonRadiographic Time: 22.37 &sA 12.0-mm-thick aluminum plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 in-itiated by a P-OM lens. h was 10.21 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

. 101,6 —+

I P-wo

U-DET

184

SHOT 1102: Aluminum Back

Date: June 5, 1969



Surface

A 12.~-m-m-thick aluminum plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3initia~d by a P-OMl lene. h was 12.01 mm. A reference bar is Bhown above the shot.

‘\ ./’ L

. 101,6 1

:N’ Y’1 ‘L;”’”””

* !

+ 4.COMP. B–3

7

IP--C4O

I..-

-cl+

186

SHOT 1103: Aluminum Back SurfaceDate: June 5, 1969Experimenter: Roger K. LondonRadiographic Time: 24.35 #sA 12.O-mrn-thick aluminum plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of’ Composition B-3 in-itiated by a P-040 lens. h was 14.02 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

( ,-- ----

JTg~l

/

\

m/. , \1( w

i% \_/’ z\ /-

//\ i

I P. @lo1:

-u=+

188

SHOT 1104: Lead Back SurfaceDate: May 28, 1969Experimenter: Roger K. LondonRadiographic Time: 16.32 ~A If?. O-mm-thick lead plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiatedby a P-040 lens. h was 0.81 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

101.6 – ~

u’

190

SHOT i 105: Lead Back SurfaceDate: May 28, 1969


Radiographic Time: 18,85 PSA 12.O-mm-thick lead plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of’ Composition B-3 initiated

by a P-040 lens. h was 2,00 mm, A reference bar is shown above the shot.

IEll/-’ I\–/ \q Z-1 q

3 \_/ 3

\ /-

“. .-’ 1I

. 101.6 ----- ~

192

SHOT 1106: Lead Back SurfaceDate: May 28, 1969Experimenter: Roger K. London

Radiographic Time: 21.33 @A 12.O-mm-thick lead plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiatedby a P-040 lens. h was 2.79 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

IP-040

I

i.N

-c+

194

SHOT 1107: Lead Back Surface

Date: June 3, 1969



A 12.0-mm-thick lead plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiatedby a P-040 lens. h was 3.20 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

Ell/“ ---=.

/ \m <-\z, -j

‘\ i‘--- 0-’

:01.6 .

BEAMLEAD

‘R.

.Axls ““’ 1

+

.

~ COMP. B–3

-

P–D40.<

-n=+

196

SHOT 1108: Lead Back SurfaceDate: ,June 3, 1969Experimenter: Roger K. LondonRadiographic Time: 23.84 #sA 12.0-mm-thick lead plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiatedby a P-040 lens. h was 3.50 mm. A reference bar

/“ “..1

is shown above the shot.

4

*.k 101.6 4

BEAMLEAD

~ 69”91 j

@

AXIS

+

1- COFdP. B–3 +

1~

P .04u A—

DET

198

SHOT 1109: Lead 13ack Surface

Date: ,June 3, 1969


Radiographic Time: 32.39 ,us

A 12.O-mm-thick lead plate was shocked by 12.7 mm of’ Composition B-3 initiated

by a P-040 lens. h was 9.50 mm. A reference bar is shown above the shot.

BEAMLEAD

‘E-

Axls““’ 1 J

4

m

CUMP, B-3h

~P4J40 <

200

SHOT 1112: P13X-W04 Confined by tipper

Date: May 13, 1969



.4 50.8-mm-wide by 203,2-mm-long slab of PBX-9404 was coniined by 5.15-mm-

thick copper plates. The PBX-9404 was initiated by a P-081 lens, The experimentwas designed to investigate the features of the cylinder test that is used forevaluating explosive performance. See also Shot 1120.

50,8 mm th,ck BY 203.2 Inlrll

BY 203.2 mm EXPLOSIVE SLAB\

dl. Ar”l,\xls

3.15 ))., ) :hlc~ <3Y 203.2 mmB’i 203.2 (mmCOPPER PLATES

s

~

—50.04

T

I

202

SHOT 1115: Converging Aluminum Shcwk Wave

Date: Ju]y 16, 1970

Experimenter: Reynaldo Morales


References: Mader and Craig, 1975; Mader, 1979

The shock wave was formed in a 30.4S-mm sphere of 11OO-F aluminum by adetonated surrounding sphere of’ 92.7-cm-thick PBX-9404. The radius of thealuminum shock was 10.62 + 0.35 mm and the PBX-9404/aluminum interface was26.3 I + ().IT mm. me shock wave traveled for 1,63 ~s in the aluminum.

30,5. mm-rdiusll~FALUMl NUh4SPHERE WITH0.13. mwthtiGOLD FOILS AT8.0 AND 19.8 mmFROM CENTER

204

SHOT 1116: Converging Aluminum Shock Wave


Experimenter: Reynaldo Morales

Radiographic Time: 27.35 #s

The shock wave was f’ormed in a 30.46-mm sphere of 1100-F aluminum by adetonated surrounding sphere of 92.7-cm-thick PBX-9404. The radius of thealuminum shock wave was 11.33 + 0.20 mm and the PBX-9=404/aluminum inter-lace was 26.48 + 0.12 mm. The shock wave traveled for 1.53ps in the aluminum,

30.5,,,11> :Adll,s,100 F ALU MI NLJMSPHERE WITH0.13 mm thickGOLD FOILS AT8.0 AND 19.8 mm

,K

FROM CENTER

%!)

i’

iPBx 94o4

I

\,,,

SHOT 1117: Converging Aluminum Shock WaveDate: March 11, 1971

Experimenter: Reynaldo MoralesRadiographic Time: 28.74 @References: Mader and Craig, 1975; Mader, 1979The shock wave was formed in a 30.48-mm sphere of 11OO-F aluminum by a

detonated surrounding sphere of 92.7-cm-thick PBX-9404. The radius of the reflect-ed aluminum shock wave was 15.06 + 0.14 mm and the PBX-9404/aluminum in-terface was 25.31 + 0.12 mm. The shock wave traveled for 2.92x in the aluminum.

30 !) nlm dms, 11oo-F ALUMINUM

/“7:Eii’n

\\

\

208

SHOT 1120: composition B-3 Confined by Copper

Date: June 18, 1969


Radiographic Time: 46,78 #S

A 50.8-mm-wide by 203.2-mm-long slab of Composition B-3 was confined by 5.15-mrn-thick copper plates. The Composition B-3 was initiated by a P-081 lens. The

experiment was designed to investigak the features of the cylinder test that is usedfor evaluating explosive performance. See also Shot 1112.

w.a Im II,= BY333.2 m,nBY Z03. Zmm EXPLOSIVE SLAB

\

-T , #-73k,\lilAxis r - \ T

5, 15 ,,,11)tn,ckBY 203.2-mm3Y 203.2 mq,COPPER PLATES

.

2N

-bo.B—

1

210


Date: June 26, 1969



Two blocks of PBX-94M were initiated by two P-O@ lenses detonated 0.4 us apart.

One 2.0-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallelto the direction of detonation wave travel for 48.8 mm and 2.0 mm below that plateanother 2.O-mm-thick plate was perpendicular to the direction of’ detonation wavetravel for 101.6 mm and projected 4,0 mm beyond the top plate.

~ET ‘2.0.mm ThickTANTALUM PLATES

DET

P 040 P–040

PBX - 9404 PBX-B404

205.2 -4

_To151_016._i/“ ‘\ [1 .

/ \ II ,’ \\ll, \

1\l:

//\!l,

; 1,,/ 1

,-.\

( I

/-.

I

.II

‘\-~ ~, .-, &

\ /n\1-

\\

/n\ //

/ II \ /

1~=0’ II ‘, --’ I

212

SHOT 1124:Date:

Experimenter:ILidiographic Time:

~W() bk)cks OfPBX-9404

PBX-9404 with Two Embedded Tantalum PlatesMay 3, 1973

Gary W. Rodenz25.7 /.Ls

were initiated by two P-040” lenses detonated 0.4 KSapart.One 2.0-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallelto the direction of detonation wave travel for 443,8 mm and 2.0 mm below that plate

snot her 2.0-mm-thick plate was perpendicular to the direction of detonation wavetravel for 101.6 mm with a hemispherical end located below the top plate. See Shot.1126.

?,Omm m ckDET DET

TANTALUM PLATES

fi): ‘

T

2735.2

-’o”-“-

10154

/ ---\ :! -./’ \ I /’ \

\:l/ \\

//\:l/

\l\‘, 1

,—.

[

/–. w!) 1.-/

1,../’ E

)\

\ ,’l;’\;

/\

/ II ‘.. /\

. .x II ‘. ----’ 7


Date: May 17, 1973


K.idiographic Time: 25.7 ps

Two blocks of PBX-9404 were initiated by two P-040 lenses detonated 0.4 As apart.One 2.O-mm-thick tantalum plate was placed between the explosive blocks parallelto the direction of detonation wave travel for 48.8 mm and 2.0 mm below that plate

another 2.O-mm-thick plate was perpendicular to the direction of detonation wavetravel for 101.6 mm with a square end located below the top plate. See Shot 1124.

2. O_m,n th,ckDE1 TANTALUM PLATES ‘ET

a

P-Ma P–040

~1iu,xm

, ‘B X- !34U4 PBX–94CM

BEAM .- ~ -T~Axis

, ,m, _L

-0’6+ -’016+/’ ‘---- II

/ \ 1, ,’ ‘\\l, / \

\//

\l ,\; i

\‘, 1,—.

I [

/-. ~IIi-,’ ~ “-” , -

&

\ /I l’, /;\ /n\ /’

\ / II \ /\ / II ‘. .~’

216

SHOT 1130: Colliding PBX-9404 Cylindrical Detonation Waves

Date: .4ugust 26, 1969

Experimenter: I)uuglm Venable


Reference: Mader and Venable, 1979

Two laterally colliding, diverging, cylinckical detonation waves in PBX-9404 wereinitiated by two line generators. The detonation waves traveled for 1.06 AS after

arrival of the line generator shock wave. The length, L, of the charge was 50.8 mm.h was 25.4 mm. See also Shots 1019, 1037, 1038, 1143, 1159, and 1160.

IIIII iiII II

SHOT 1143: Colliding PBX-9404 Cylindrical Detonation WavesDate: September 3, 1989Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: %.33 #sReference: Ylader and Venable, 1979

Two laterally colliding, diverging, cylindrical detonation waves in PBX-9404 wereinitiated by two line generators. The detonation waves traveled for 4.03 ,us after

arrival of the line generator shock wave. The length, L, of the charge was 50.8 mm.h was 25.4 mm. See also Shots 1019, 1037, 1038, 1130, 1159, and 1160.

+ 50..9 +

1; IIII II

ii ~~IIII

II

II II

IIII

;/

II II ‘II IIII IIII III I II 7 1

~ 152.4

,+ ~BEAM ~4X1$

T Lh

I 1

-LINEGENERATORS

& .

220

SHOT 1147: Ahuninum Flying PlateDate: ,June 16, 1970Experimenter: Doughs VenableRadiographic Time: 18.22 *

A 1.0-mm-thick aluminum plate was driven by 25.4 mm O(PBX-9404 initiated by aP-040 lens. h was 12.7 mm.

II,.-—.,,,\

,’ \\/1 T-\ (q.’

:--. -’[\_.z

\ i\\ /1\. /=.

k— 101.6 --+

BEAM

+“ AxISTc 1 O-inn)-thick ,ALUMl NLI\4

P- 040

1 J

i_L ,,T

222

SHOT 1148: Aluminum Flying Plate

Date: August 5, 1970Experimenter: Dm@ae VenableRadiographic Time: 19.91 #eA I.O-mm-thick aluminum plate was driven by 25.4 mm of PBX-8404 initiated by aP-040 lens. h wm 25.4 mm.

rl-/-—.

Y T/

Y\

/’ /’,$,-, ‘,\_/ &

\ I\

\ //\ /. . ., 1* ..1016—+

BtAM

T +“ Axis

. 1.0-.),(, d)mk 4. UMINuM.L ~..— .4

‘-1T

PBX- 9404v,

z. -c

1.P.. O4O

J--- ~JoET

224

SHOT 1150: Initiation of PBX-9404 by a Flying Aluminum Plate

Date: August 12, 1970Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 23.94 .@

A 30.48-mm-thick block of PBX-9404 was initiated by a l.0-mm-thick aluminumplate driven by 25.4 mm of PBX-9404, which was initiated by a P-040 lens. h was22.25 mm.

I

BEAM

:,2

L-rn -- l.Ckmm IhlckwUi PBX- 9404 ALUMINUM

z

P-w

DET

226

SHOT 1151: Colliding PBX-9404 Detonations

Date: ,June 16, 1970


Radiographic Time: 34.64 &s

The reflected shocks in I+3X-9404 alter the detonation waves collided. See Sho~207-210 and 292.

’032~

.X=’-”JPBX EJ404

203,2 BY 203,2 BY 50.8.mmBLOCK

BtAM/“+

AXIS

“-2’-’

228

SHOT 1159: Colliding PBX-9404 Mach StemsDate: ,June 18, 1970

Experimenter: Douglas VenaMeRadiographic Time: 3;3.60ps

Two sets of laterally colliding, diverging, cylindrical detonation waves in PBX-94(}4were initiated by two line generators and traveled 101.6 mm before colliding. Theinteraction of the Mach stems was shown. See also Shots 1037 and 1160.

-[— 1324 ~

I

1

I

I *+BtA,M ,.’

1 Axis

k

230

SHOT 1160: Colliding PBX-9404 Mach StemsDate: June 30, 1970Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 34.36 @Two sets of laterally colliding, diverging, cylindrical detonation waves in PBX-9404were initiated by two line generators and traveled 101.6 mm before colliding. Theinteraction of’ the Mach stems was shown. See also Shots 1037 and 1159.

— 50.3-i

1. 15?.4

BEAM,Z7’

Axis

232

SHOT 1161: PBX-9404 with Embedded Tantalum Foils



Radiographic Time: 33.8’7 #s


Eight slabs of 6.05-inn-thick PBX-9404 separated by 0.0127-mm-thick tantalumfbi]s were initiated by 50.8 mm of’ PBX-9404 and a P-081 lens.

/““7

BEAMEIGHT 6.35. mm-1h4cK AXIS

LUCITE

PBX–S404 SLABSSEPARATED BY \ /A

0.0127-mm thick 12,7

TANTALUM FOILS +

‘ T

ws

PBX–w

r

I

234

SHOT 1162: PBX-9M4 with Embedded Tantalum Foils

Date: July 30, 1970



References: .Mader and Craig, 1975;

Ten slabs of 6.35-mm-thick PBX-9404 separatedfoils were initiated by a P-081 lens.

Mader, 1979by 0.0127-mm-thick

(E( -)

—101.6 —

TEN 6,35-mm Ihick BEAM LUCITE

~-::.a~

r

tantalum

236

SHOT 1163: Aluminum JetsDate: rJuly 30, 1970Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 39.67 wMetallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave into the 25.4-mm -thick 1100-F aluminum plate interacted with the grooves to produce the jets. The

90’ .-eves were 6.35 mm deep and 12.7 mm wide.

/

//

,.;\.=/

\;

‘-\\ /\_ /

\\,

)1/

4LJtvl NuMI

L P OBI .,’”

/“

DET

SHOT 1164: Aluminum JetsDate: August 12, 1970Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 37,6 ~Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave into the 25.4-mm-

thick 11OO-F aluminum plate interacted with the grooves to produce the jets, The

90° grooves were 6.35 mm deep and 12.7 mm wide.

/.()\-

—--gAL JMINUM ,.;

.

‘T

PEIX 9404w

z

1P 081 /

1> DET

240

SHOT 1171: Perturbation Waves in PBX-9404

Date: July 7, 1970


Radiographic Time: 24.88 &s~. M,8.mm.wide by 1~1.6-mm-high blo~k~ of PBX-9404 with three l.58-mm-

square holes were initiated by a P-040 lens.

I, E#-mm. T

T~~’BEAM

square

AXISHOLES

Dw.

,11!

zG. PBX–9404 POx-wCd -

z,

L

I P–040 I

242

SHOT 1172: Perturbation Waves in TNT

Date: JuIy 14, 1970

Experimenter: William C, Davis

Radiographic Time: 27.99 ,us

Two 50.8-mm-wide by 101.6-mm-high blocks of’ TNT with thrw 1.58-mm-squareholes were initiated by a P-040 lens.

uP–C4U

DET

244

SHOT 1173: Perturbation Waves in NitroguanidineDate: July 15, 1970Experimenter: William C. DavisRadiographic Time: 27.10 psTwo 50.8-mm-wide by 101.6-mm-high blocks of X0228 (95/5 wt% nitroguanidine

and Estane at 1.703 g/cm9) with three 1.58-mm-square holes were initiated by 12.7mm of PF3X-9404 and a P-040 lens.

Zli3/,‘\ I

‘// \T

( ‘:/1

\l -\\ /

‘../b-

L-d.

U)Z2.Y X0228 2.5

:-

.L 1112 PER 9404

P 040 I

‘--4

2-%

SHOT 1174: Perturbation Waves in TATB

Date: July 15, 1970


Radiographic Time: 28,19 @

Two 50.8-mm-wide by 101.6-mm-high blocks of X0237 (90/5/5 W% TATB/B’ wax/

Elvax at 1.739 ~cms) with three 1.58-mm-square holes were initiated by 12.7 mmof PBX-9404 and a P-040 lens.

Ill/’1 ‘\

// ;\

~\a:) &Yj’

\ ‘1

\/

\;//

1

I 1

u

248

SHOT 1175: Steel Jets



Radiographic Time: &i.26 ~

A jet of 304 stainlea steel was formed by a 4.O-mm-thick steel hemishell driven by

a W.O-mm-thick PBX-9404 hemisphere. The jet traveled for 20.8 p-s.See also Shots1177 and 1178.

4 O-mm [h,ck304 STEEL HE MI SPhEHt

SHOT 1177: Steel Jet

Date: January 6, 1966Experimenter: Gary W. RodenzRadiographic Time: 90.27 psA jet of 304 stainless steel was formed by a 4.O-mm-thick steel hernishell driven bya 60.O-mm-thick PBX-9404 hemisphere. The jet traveled for 4-6.8ps, See also Shots

1175 and 1178.

4,0 ,nm th,ck/304 sTEELHt MlsPd ERE

252

SHOT 1178: Stael Jet

Date: January 13, 1966Experimenter: Gary W. RodenzRadiographic Time: 102.68 #S

A jet of 304 stainless steel was formed by a 4.O-mm-thick steel hemishell driven bya 60,0-mm-thick PBX-9404 hemisphere. The jet traveled for 59.23 KS. See also

Shots 1175 and 1177.

4 O-mm, lh,ck,304 ST EEL HEMISPHERE

254

SHOT 1181: Steel Jet Penetration


Experimenter: Gary W. RodenzRadiographic Time: 85.99 /.LS

A 304 stainless steel block was penetrated by a jet of’ steel fhrmed by a 4.0-mm-

thick steel hemishell driven by a 60.O-mm-thick PBX-9404 hemisphere. The jettraveled for 42.53 ws. The steel block was 308 mm from the center of the steelhemishell. See also Shot 1185.

4.0 In., lhick304 STEEL HE MISPHERk

256

SHOT 1183: Cd.lidiug Steel JetsDate: June 9, 1966Experimenter: Gary W. RndenzRadiographic Time: 86.01 +sCollision of two steel jets formed by lxvo 4.O-mm-thick steel hemishells driven by

60.O-mm-thick PBX-9404 hemispheres. The two PBX-9404 hemispheres were notdetonated simultaneously.

4,0-mm lt)lCK, 304 STEEL HEkl ISPHERE

258

SHOT 1185: Steel Jet PenetrationDate: May 16, 1968

Experimenter: Gary W. RodenzRadiographic Time: 79.02 psA jet of steel formed by a 4.0-mm-thick steel hemishell, which was driven by a 60.0-mm-thick I?13X-9404 hemisphere, penetrated a 304 stainless steel block. The jettraveled for 35.57 ps. The steel block was 308 mm from the center of’ the steel

hemisheI1. See also Shot 1181.

4.llmm thick304sTE,~L HEMlsPHEHE

260

SHOT 1207: Perturbation Waves in Composition B-3Date: July 7, 1970Experimenter: William C. DavisRadiographic Time: 35.2 @

Two 101.6-mm cubes of Composition B-3 with three 1.58-mm-square holes were in-itiated by a P-081 lens.

Tl.5Emm-

BEAM square

AXIS hO1. FS

COMP. B-3 COMP. B–3

P-.OB1.,

/“’”

,-’”

SHOT 1208: Perturbation Waves in Composition B-3

Date: June 30, 1970

Experimenter: William C. DavisRadiographic Time: 35.16 @

Two 101.6-mm cubes of’ Composition B-3 had three 1.587-mm-square iron bars em-bedded in the explosive. The Composition B-3 was initiated by a P-081 lens.

~-

COMP. E- 3

l.5&mm-

?6quareIRON BARS

COMP. B–3

\ ‘:>””DET

264

SHOT 1219: Aluminum with Embedded Tantalum FoilsDate: August 6, 1970

Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 34.53 #isThree slabs of 6.35-mm-thick aluminum plates were shocked by four slabs of’ 6.35-

mm-thick Composition B-3, all separated by 0,0127-mm tantalum foils, and 50.8mm vf Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens.

‘\\ /’ I/

‘.., ///”---- *

THREE 6.33mm-th)ckALUMINUM SLABS BEAM FOUR 6.3hnrmNick

SEPARATED BY COMP. B–3 SLABS

0,0127 mm-thick SEPARATED BY

TANTALUM FOILS 0.0177. mm.lh*kTANTALUM FOILS

I IT

I COW 8–3

1

L ‘P–ml ..

/“’”

oET

266

SHOT 1224: Mach Reflection in Composition B-3

Date: Augtwt 12, 1970



Two Composition B-3 detonation waves interacted to form a Mach reflection. Thedetonation waves were initiatid by l.O-mm-thick aluminum plates driven by 25,4-

mm-thick slabs of’ Composition B-3 initiated by P-040 lenses. The angle of theplates, cl, was 35°. See also Shots 1008, 1013, and 1018.

268

SHOT 1227: Composition B-3 with Embmlded Tantium Foi.la


Experimenter; Rqp K. London

Radiographic Time: 37,53 *

Eight slabe of 6.35-mm-thick Composition B-3 separatad by 0.01 Z7-mm-thick tan-talum foiia were initiated by two 25.4-mm-thick blocks of Compoeiticm B-3separated by a 0.0127-mm-thick tantalum foil and a P-081 lens.

Tw

E

1-)BEAM /

EIGHT 6.35mmrtkkcow B–3 SLAESSEPARATED BYlloln--*tiTANTALUM FOILS

270

SHOT 1228: Oblique Shock in




Reference: Neal, 1976b.

Aluminum

.4n oblique shock wave in aluminum with 0.0127-mm-thick tantalum foils every6.35 mm was driven by 127.() mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-081 lens.

0,0127-mm-thick~TANTALuM FOILS

272

SHOT 1229: Oblique Shock in AluminumDate: September 3, 1970Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 34.12 @Reference: Neal, 1976b.4n oblique shock wave in aluminum with 0.0127-mm-thick tantalum foils every6.35 mm wae driven by 127.0 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens.

274

SHOT 1240: Lateral Propagation of PBX-9404 DetonationDate: September 1, 1970Experimenter: Douglm VenableRadiographic Time: 48,58 @A I?BX-9404 detonation was propagated laterally across 3. 175-mm-thick aluminumplates.

—

LINE3.175,,11,> lhlck

GENERATORALUMINUM

IFION PBx..wo4

BEAMAXIS

k

A [

AIR / \

GAP3,175 -mm-rhick NEOPRENE

IRUN

SHOT 1241: Lateral Propagation of PBX-9M4 DetonationDate: September 3, 1970

Experimenter: Douglas VenableRadiographic Time: 38.57 psA PBX-9404 detonation was propagated laterally across 3. 175-mm-thick slabs of

Styrofoam 33 of density 0.05 g/cm’.

*25 4-50.8?— 76,2 ~+-50.8y25.44

L

LINEGENERATOR

4

I

/ ---’”

PBX-9404

BEAMAXIS

+J’

—

IRON

[-.3.175 .mm.thick NEOPRENE

I

I

L

—

278

SHOT 1252: Baratol with Embedded Tantalum Foils

Date: October 13, 1970


Radiographic Time: 42.86 IS

Eight slabs of 6.35-mm-thick Baratol separated by 0.0127-mm-thick tantalum foilswere initiated by 50.8 mm of Baratol and a P-081 lens.

0----/

/‘\

/ \

1 BEAMLUCITE AXIS

‘ANTALuMFO’L’ ~0.0127-mm Thick

280

SHOT 1253: Nitroguanidine with Embedded Tantalum Foils




Eight slabs of’ 6.35-mm-thick X0228 (95/5 wt% nitrog-uanidine and Estane at 1.703:/cm$) separated by 0.0127-mm-thick tantalum foils were initiated by 25.4 mm of

PBX-9404 and a P-WI lens.

/

/

/

\

\ / I

EiR%’:’cd==l-””

SHOT 1265: Tungsten Rod Penetration


Experimenter: Robert E. Stapleton


The interaction of three metal platea, which were driven by 38.1 mm of PBX-9404initiated by a P-040 lens with a 4.76-mm-diameter tungsten rod. The metal plates

were 1.60-mm-thick steel, 4.95-mm-thick aluminum, and 2.44-mm-thick lead.

–1-=---lI

I 1-

2.44mm-th,ck LEAD

: 4,76 -mm. DIAMETERTuNG~EN ROD

- ~’”35mm’h’ck LEADY 3.175.mm thick STEEL

284

SHOT 1276: Aluminum Jets from 60° Grooves




Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 60’, ti, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 24.17 mm.

1— 2U3.2 .—l

286

SHOT 1277: Aluminum Jets horn 60° Grooves

Date: Xovember 11, 1970



Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 60°, 0, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 17.48 mm.

T1[

a,

s

1. II

r+P–mo

—101.6 —

COMP. 6-3

288

SHOT 1278: Aluminum Jets fkom 60° GroovesDate: November 11, 1970Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 30.91 @Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum

plate interacted with the 60o, 0, g-moves, to produce the jew. h was 30.0 mm.

IP MO I

T‘ 101.6

w

&COMP. B-3

● /

7h

i,+ + ~12.7

BEAM AXIS”

290

SHOT 1283: Aluminum Jets from 100° GroovesDate: December 31, 1970Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 29.09 KS

Metallic jets were formed, The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 100°,(),grooves, to produce the jets. h was 20.06 mm.

-1+P–040

T

101,6

a.

zCOMP. B-3

.-Lt ALUMINUM1 m.5

~ ‘i++/q W

BEAM AXIS

I

292

SHOT 1287: Aluminum Jets from 120° GroovesDate: December 31, 1970Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 29.89 +sMetallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum

plate interacted with the 120°, 8, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 26.0 mm.

I P–040 I

TH101.6

q

&COMP. B- 3

T

IIALUMINUM

h

i/+

BEAM AXIS

294





Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 140°, H, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 25,7 mm.

T11

wG

1

b

P–m

T

101.6

wz—

ICOMP. B–3

-. . /’:

I VY

296



Experimenter: Roger W, Taylor


Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 140°, #, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 29.7 mm.

~ 2“2 +

1-1--’‘ET

I P440 I

wz

COMP. B–3

●

1 ALUMINUM+

i

/’+BEAM AXIS

298

SHOT 1292: Aluminum Jets Iioxn 140° Grooves

Date: December !29, 1970


Radiographic Time: :30.71 ps

Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 140°, (), grooves, to produce the jets. h was 32.0 mm.

TwG1

T ALUMINUMh

L-//+

BEAM AXIS I

J-

+-

1

3 w

SHOT 1293: Alumhun Jets horn 140° Grooves


Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 31.21 usMetallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum


I

P-040

T -

101.6

c.:0

COMP. B–3

I

302

SHOT 1294: Aluminum Jets horn 160° GroovesDate: January 27, 1971Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 30.00 @Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 160°, H, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 27.4 mm.

t—. 203.2 —1

r-’%A-4I t- ‘0’”1

.z

iCOMP. B-.3

I

TBEAM AXIS’

e

IZ, ,

1=(,

304

SHOT 1295: Aluminum Jets from 1600 GroovesDate: January 21, 1971Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 30.36 @Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 160°, f?, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 29.87 mm.

Tqz11----2032

P–CMO

T

101.6

~

5

ICOMP. B–3

11ALUMINUM

h

b

/+BEAM AXIS

306

SHOT 1296: Aluminum Jets from 160° GroovesDate: December 23, 1971Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 30.72 @Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 160G, 0, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 32.38 mm.

T

-K

Ihllll[lj~llllll)1111111111

w

PI

~,1~~ II&

1

llml~~1’ 11111,,1

‘Ill illll

DET

Q

P–040

T

101,6

a,.5

COMP, B-3

1

BEAM AXIS

J-

308

SHOT 1297: Aluminum Jets from 170° GroovesDate: January 5, 1971


Radiographic Time: 30.08 wMetallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 170’, d, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 27.6 mm.

t---- “ ~

P–04C

T :

101.6

m.

zCOMP. B–3

i

BEAM AXIS

310

SHOT 1298: Aluminum Jets from 160° GroovesDate: January 27, 1971


Radiographic Time: W. 39 #s

Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the Iw”, 0, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 30.1 mm.

P.040

T*1

101 6

zCOMP. B-3

1

v

! ALUMINUMh

BEAM AXIS

312

SHOT 1299: Aluminum Jets from 1709 Grooves

Date: December 23, 1971Experimenter: llo~er W. Taylor

Radiographic Time: 30.72 ,uS.Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum


DET

F

P-o’lo

T

101.6

~

z

i COMP, B–3

-L

T

314

SHOT 1300: Aluminum Jets from 175° GroovesDate: June 9, 1971

Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 30.07 ,@Metallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 175°, f), grooves, to produce the jets. h was 27.6 mm.

DET

D

P-D40

T

101,6

II

BEAM AXIS

316

SHOT 1301: Aluminum Jets from 175” GroovesDate: September 29, 1971Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 30.45 #sMetallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminum

plate interacted with the 175”, l), grooves, to produce the jets. h was 30.1 mm.

/— ,03.2 —-

P--MO

T*1

101.6

+5

COMP, B-3

III

YEAM AXIS

318

SHOT 1302: Aluminum Jets from 175° GroovesDate: September 30, 1971Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 30.79 #sMetallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 175°, d, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 32.6 mm.

DET

F

P–04C

320

SHOT 1303: Aluminum Jets from 175° GroovesDate: October5, 1971Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor

Radiographic Time: :31.08 &sMetallic jets were formed. The explosively induced shock wave in the aluminumplate interacted with the 175°, 6, grooves, to produce the jets. h was 35.1 mm.

T.EL

P–@lo

T*1

101.6

pE

COMP. B -3

*

BEAM AXIS

-L

-!

322

SHOT 1333: Beryllium Regular Shock Reflection



Radiographic Time: 38,43 /ls

Reference: N-eal, 1979

Two 101.6-mm Composition B-3 cubes in contact with a 60° beryllium wedge wereinitiated simultaneously by P-081 lenses. At the 30° collision angle, regulm reflec-tion of the two beryllium shock waves occurred. The beam axis is centered on thesample.

&

Q&

I—101.6—I

324

SHOT 1338: Aluminum Triple-Shock ReflectionDate: December 20, 1974Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 40.08 /.tSReference: Neal, 1976aThree 101.6-mm Composition B-3 cubes in contact with a 60° 6061 aluminum

wedge were initiated simultaneously by P-081 lenses. A triple-interaction shockwave occurred when the three regular reflection shocks coilided.

326

SHOT [342: Taylor Instability in Aluminum

Date: March 9, 1971


Radiographic Time: 34.99 @sReference: Barnes et al., 1974

A 2.64-mm-thick plate of 1100 aluminum with uniform sinusoidal surface grooves0.203 mm deep and a wavelength of 5.08 mm was driven by detonation productsfrom 38.1 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation products ex-panded 25.4 mm in a vacuum for 8.0 ~s. The observed amplitude of the wave was1.515 mm.

o

——— ——. ——— _

[.:

——— ——————— 1I

T

.-PBx 94o4

:

uu-i

2.64 mm mck /- 2

ALUMINUMAXIS

328

SHOT 1350: Water Splash Wave Formed by a PBX-9404 Sphere



Radiographic Time: 66,03 @

References: Mader, 1972a; Mader, 1979

The interaction with water of a 12.7-mm-radius sphere of PBX-9404 initiated by6.35-mm-radius XTX 8003 (80/20 wt% PETN/silicone binder) detonated at its cen-

ter. The sphere was half’ immemd in the water. The radiograph was taken 15.8 PStiter detonation was initiated. The detonation wave arrived at the explosive sur-face in 1.5 ps. See Shots 1351 and 1352.

rMDF INITIATOR

BEAM

12.7-mm RADIUS Y

PBX-WC4 SURROUNDINGB.35-mm RAOIUSxTX S033

304.8 -InnlLUCITE CUBE=

WATER

330

SHOT 1351: Water Splash Wave Formed by a PBX-9404 SphereDate: April 14, 1971Experimenter: Roger K. LondonRadiographic Time: 76.48 @References: Mader, 1972a; Mader, 1979The interaction with water of a 12.7-mm-radius sphere of’ PBX-94.04 initiated by

6.35-mm-radius XTX E033 detonated at its center. The sphere was half immersed

in water. The radiograph was taken 26.3 ~s after detonation was initiated. SeeShots 1350 and 1352,

l\ MDFIN,TIATOR

BEAM

12.7-mm-RADIUS /PBX-@404 SURROUNDING6,36mm-RAOIUSxTX-W173

3@4,8-mmLuCITE CUBE.

WATER

332

SHOT 1352: Water Splash Wave Formed by a PBX-9404 Sphere



Radiographic Time: 111.51 +!3

Reference: Mader, 1972a

The interaction of a 12.7-mm-radius sphere of’ PBX-9404 initiated by 6.35-mm-

radius XTX 8003 detonated at. its center. The sphere was two-thirds immersed inwater. The radiograph was taken 61.3 PS after detonation was initiated. See Shots1350 and 1351.

BEAIMAXIS

127 mm RADIUS YPBX 94o4 SURROb NOING6.35 mm RA31USXT X BO03

304.8 ,,)(,1LUCITZ BOX -

304 a

334

SHOT 1353: Taylor Instability in AluminumDate: July 2, 1971Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 35.U psReference: Barnes et al., 1974A 2.64-mm-thick plate of 1100 aluminum with uniform sinuwidal surtace grooves0.102 mm deep and a wavelength of 2.54 mm was driven by detonation productsfrom 38.1 mm of’ PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation products ex-

panded 25.4 mm in a vacuum for 8.0 pa. The observed amplitude of the wave was0.165 mm. See also Shot 1824.

c)

.—— ——. ——. —

___ _—— ——— —

-f kFsx-fhlm

1 -r;

2.54 ,mm th,cn j 2

ALUMINUMAXIS

336

SHOT 1354: Taylor Inability in Aluminum




Reference: Barnes et al., 1974

A 2.64-mm-thick plate of 1100 aluminum with uniform sinusoidal surface grooves

0.203 mm deep and a wavelength of’ 5.08 mm was driven by detonation productsfrom 38.1 mm of’ P13X-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation products ex-panded 25.4 mm in a vacuum for 6.4 ps. The observed amplitude of the wave was0.880 mm.

__— —— .—. — —

_—— —_—— — —-

1

PBx–E404 I

338

SHOT 1356: Converging Aluminum Shock WaveDate: June 8, 1971

Experimenter: Fteynaldo Morales



The shock wave was formed in a 30.48-mm sphere of 11OO-F aluminum by adetonated surrounding sphere of 92.71-cm-thick PBX-9404. The radius of thealuminum shock wave was 8.78 + 0.22 mm and the PBX-9404 aluminum interfacewas 26.14 + 0.14 mm. The shock wave traveled for 1.72 ,USin the aluminum.

3443

SHOT 1365: Taylor Instability





in Aluminum

A 2.64-mm-thick plate of’ 1100 aluminum with uniform sinusoids] surface grooves

0.203 mm deep and a wavelength of 5.08 mm was driven by detonation productsfrom 38.1 mm of P13X-94W initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation products ex-panded 2,5.4 mm in a vacuum for 7.3 KS.The observed amplitude of the wave was

1.168 mm.

o

—.——— ———— —

[~:

————— ————— 1- 2U3,2

342

SHOT 1368: Aluminum Mach Reflection

Date: June 22, 1971

Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 34.7 #s

Reference: Neal, 1976aTwo 101.6- by 50.8-mm blocks of’ Composition B-3 separated by a 25.4-mm-thickaluminum plate were initiated by a P-081 lens.

/“

t :; “——.——l—-l —— —-l

IIIIII T

I ?10! zIIIi

L_. __ L__’_____J 1

P--081

I

TCOMP, B 3 Al COMP, B 3

‘T

344

SHOT 1369: Oblique Shock in Aluminum

Date: June 22, 1971



Reference: Neal, 1976b

An oblique shock in 2024 aluminum was driven by 127.0 mm of TNT initiated by a

l?-081 lens.

I

346

SHOT 1373: Colliding Lead Shocks




Two 25.4-mm-thick slabs of Composition B-3 were simultaneously initiated by twoP-040 lenses. The detonaticm waves interacted with

high lead block.

!—. 1016 ci

L

❑,-- _-l

-?

: ~o~T ----

~ 25.4 ~

m

OET

P–U40

LEAD

=

COMP. B-3

LBEAM

10.0 AXIS

-?-

‘1 COMP B-3I

mP-040

OET

a 25.4-mm-square, 20.0-mm-

1

348

SHOT 1374: Taylor Instability in Aluminum





A 2.64-mm-thick plate of 6061 aluminum with uniform sinusoidal surface grooves0.203 mm deep and a wavelength of 5.08 mm was driven by detonation products

from 38.1 mm of’ PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation products ex-panded 25,4 mm in a vacuum for 8.1 x. The obsemed amplitude of’ the wave was1.127 mm.

o

-——— ———- ——

1*,:——.-——————1

I

-f ‘g PBX–94CM

350

SHOT 1389: Gi)lliding Lead Shocks

Date: June 1, 1972


Radiographic Time: 30.35 #sTwo 101.6-mm-square by 25.4-rmn-wide slabs of Composition B-3 were initiated by

P-040 lenses. The detonation waves interacted with 20.0 mm of lead. The reflectedshock velocity was 3.11 mm/@.

(“7--.———-—0 T

25.4

——-— ——— 1

1

10.[

107

1

P+ I

=58EAMAXIS

L

+ LEAD2

Ti--ma--+‘

COMP. B–3

-iP–MO

--l+

352

SHOT 1396:Date:

Experimenter:Radiographic Time:reference:

Oblique Shock in AluminumJune 27, 1973Timothy R. Neal32.7 @Neal, 1976b

An oblique shock in 20M aluminum was driven by a 45° wedge of PBX-9404 in-

itiated by a P-081 lens. An oblique shock is also driven into the Lucite sample.

4’

T12.?-T

w

z G3

1-1 P8X-M04

P–OB1

354

SHOT 1437:

Date:

Experimenter:Radiographic Time:.4 30-mm projectile with

Projectile Penetration of a StA Plate

Ju]y 7, 1972Roger W. Taylor

30.13 @a uranium core impacted a 50.8-mm-thick plate at 24.00

ft/s, The time was after initial impact. See also Shots 1438, 1439, 1443, and 1446.

STEEL

‘-l

~36.O/~I

3 30’ I <,E26

356

SHOT 1438: Projectile Penetration of a Steel PlateDate: July 10, 1972Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 100.18 #SA 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 50.8-mm-thick steel plate at

2400 ft/s. The time was after initial impact. See also Shots 1437, 1439, 1443, and1446.

STEEL

QIEEE=7

~114.3Ll-l

t-”-i 330’ I 4.826i

I — – ●,~: ?WE-2

mURANIUM CORE 20

358

SHOT 1439: Projectile Penetration of a Steel Plate

Date: July 10, 1972



A 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 50.8-mm-thick steel plate at

2400 ft/s. The time was after initial impact. See also Shots 1437, 1438, 1443, and1446.

STEEL

‘-,

360

SHOT 1443:

Date:

Experimenter:Radiographic Time:A 30-mm projectile with

Projectile Penetration of a Steel Plate

July 11, 1972Roger W. Taylor15.15 ,@

a uranium core impacted a 50.8-mm-thick steel plate at

2400 ftfs. The time was after initial impact. See also Shots 1437-1439, and 1446.

STEEL

‘-

t3’”a713“30’ 4.8X

1~’ ‘i

‘ dlmmm+:,: +.

uRANIUM CORE 20

362


Date: July 11, 1972

Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 180.10 @A 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 50.8-mm-thick steel plate at24OOft/s. The time was after initial impact. See also Shots 1437-1439, and 1443.

STEEL

‘-

364

SHOT 1448: Projectile Penetration of a Steel PlateDate: July 11, 1972Experimenter: Roger W. Taylor

Radiographic Time: StaticA 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 50.8-mm-thick steel plate at2140 ft/s. See also Shots 1449 and 1450. The static shot shows the projectile coreembedded in the steel plate.

STEEL

‘-l

~ 1“’0 i

366


Date: July 12, 1972



.4 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 50.8-mm-thick steel plate at2140 ft/s. The time was after initial impact. See also Shots 1448 and 1450.

STEEL

‘-

t-36.07 I ~.m.

4826b I dianelef

i0; r

-sT=Irr ●, L +

URANIUM CORE 20

368

SHOT 1450: Projectile Penetration of a Steel PlateDate: July 12, 1972Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 115.19 @A 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 50.8-mm-thick steel plate at

2140 ft/s. The time was after initial impact. See also Shots 144-8 and 1449.

STEEL

‘-

~l”sot-”-l 3’30’ 4.826

370


Date: July 12, 1972



A 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 31.75-mm-thick steel plate at

3250 ft/s. The time was after initial impact. The projectile impacted the steel plateat 60° obliquity, See also Shots 1454-1456, and 1458.

STEEL

‘-,

F“”’i 3“30’ I 4.826

Im b,

; dldmeter

~: r ‘~

~:.5 Fr

URANIUM CORE 20

372


Date: July 12, 1972


Radiographic Time: 15,11 #sA 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 31.75-mm-thick steel plate at

3250 ft/s. The time was after initial impact. The projectile impacted the steel plateat 60° obliquity. See also Shots 1453, 1455, 1456, and 1458.

STEEL

‘-,

374

SHOT 1455: Projectile Penetration of a Steel PlateDate: July 12, 1972Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 140,11 #sA 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 31.75-mm-thick steel plate at3250 f’t/s. The time was after initial impact. The projectile impacted the steel plateat 60° obliquity. See also Shots 1453, 1454, 1456, and 1458.

STEEL

‘-,

376


Date: July 12, 1972


Radiographic Time: 40.12 /.ls

A 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 31.75-mm-thick steel plate at3250 it/s. The time was after initial impact. The projectile impacted the steel plate

at 60° obliquity. See also Shots 1453-1455, and 1458.

STEEL

‘-l

~-l 14.30

E360’ti 330 4.H26

~!Tr- ;Lz;:’erURANIUM CORE

378


Date: July 13, 1972

Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 200.25 psA 30-mm projectile with a uranium core impacted a 31.75-mm-thick steel plate at3250 ft/s. The time was after initial impact. The projectile impacted the steel plateat 60° obliquity. See also Shots 1453-1456.

STEEL

‘-

380

SHOT 1468: Taylor Instability in Steel


Experimenter: Roger W. TaylorRadiographic Time: :+2.53 ps


A 1,W-mrn -thick plate of 304 stainless steel with uniform sinusoidal surface g-moves0.203 mm deep and a wavelen@h of 5.08 mm was driven by detonation productsfrom W. 1 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation products ex-

panded 12.7 mm in a vacuum for 5.5 ps. The observed amplitude of the wave is0.476 mm.

————————--.—.

o

\, 1

,E,,:,,ck!!,BEAMAXIS

382

SHOT 1469: Taylor Instability in Steel





A 1.90-rnm-thick plate of 304 stainless steel with uniform sinusoidal surface grooves0.203 mm deep and a wavelength of 5.08 mm was driven by detonation productsfkom 38.1 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation products ex-

panded 12.7 mm in a vacuum for 6.5 ~s. The obsemed amplitude of the wave is0.725 mm.

o

-————————-——.

\ \u.

(%

—-—— ———————//,)1203.2~

d--==+1 1

12, /

1.901111?1(I,lck T304 STEEL BEAM

AXIS

384

SHOT 1488: kad Regular Shock ReflectionDate: Jume 26, 1973

Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 37.84 @Reference: Neal, 1977Two blocks of Composition 3-3 simultaneously initiated by a P-081 lens obliquely

shocked 14.0 mm of lead. The shocks interacted to form a regular shock reflection.See also Shot 1489.

uLEAD FOIL

LEAD

386

SHOT 1489: Lead Regular Shock Reflection

Date: June 26, 1973

Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 36.29 @Reference: Neal, 1977Two blocks of PBX-9404 simultaneously initiated by a P-081 lens obliquely

shocked 14.0 mm of lead. The shocks interacted to form a regulm shock reflection.See Shot 1486.

12.7

LEAD FOILLEAD

T:

J

; P9X-9CCM /+

‘ TT

LUCITE ~

BEAM PIN

Axis HOLDER EQ

I

&

I

L

Wx+

‘}

388

SHOT 1497: Iron Phase ChangeDate: May Lo, 1973

Experimenter: Gary W. RodenzRadiographic Time: 90.28 wA 66.0- by 66.0- by 50.8-mm block of Armco iron was shocked by a lZ.7-mm-thick

stainless s~eel plate chiven by 152,4 mm of Baratol and a P-120 lens. The two shock

and rarefaction profiles resulted from the iron phase change.

/“,-\<\\

/> ‘ 1~/\

I El,-.,\\ ~..I

‘\;\ /;/\\\ =-”/\ —-”/

k 66.0+ARMco IRON

H’we=l==iBARATOL

~DET

390

SHOT 1515: Dynamic Fracture of Iron




A 66,0- by 66.0- by 50.8-mm block of Armco iron was shocked by a 12.7-mm-thicksteel plate driven by 152.4 mm of 13aratol and a P-120 lens with a 25.4-mm air gapbetween the Baratol and the steel plate. The steel plate traveied 25.4 mm before itcollided with the iron block. The fracture pattern in the iron was a result of the in-teractions of the rarefactions from the sides and the top of the iron block. See alsoShot 1627.

1

/ \/“/ —-’ A,

‘g/:‘ \‘\El..-,

\-~\ L .’ // .7\’ /,\ //\ /\\ ___ //

ARMCO IRON

~;(*7””cYLINDER ~

II

wr -L

P–120

—OET

392

SHOT 1519: Perturbation Waves in TNT

Date: ,Iune 14, 1973

Experimenter: Wiliiam C. Davis


Two 50.8-mm-wide by 101.6-mm-high blocks of TNT with 1.5875-mm-square holeswere initiated by 25.4 mm of’ PBX-94-04 and a P-081 lens.

.58 1.1!1,W,dd(eIOLES

T

e

&I

1

PBX 9404

394

SHOT 1568: Shock Compression of Foamed Polystyrene


Experimenter: John W, TaylorRadiographic Time: 73.47 ps

A 50.8-mm-thick cylinder of foamed polyst~ene (average density of 0.25 g/cm3)was symmetrically impacted by two 6.35-mm-thick aluminum platea driven by203.2-mm-thick Composition B-3 cylindere and P-120 lenses. See also Shot 1569. A

regular shock reflection occurred in the decomposition products of the shock-heateci polystyrene. The initial shock compresses the foam to 1.0 g/cm8 and about

59 kbars, the second shock to 1.71 g/cm3 and about 496 kbars, and the third shock to2.12 g/cm3 and about 819 kbars. The final compressed foam density was 2.8 g/cm3

and about 1 Mbar.

DET

~4.8+1r11 d!amelerFOAM CYLINDER

; ,~

~w ~ ,,,,” ll,dm~t~c P 120COMP, B 3CYLINDER

o’

,.3,, 4

50.0 ~ ~

.DET

/v535 II:, ) dm kAI IJMINUMCYLINOER

396

SHOT 1569: Shock Compression of Foamed PolystyreneDate: March 26, 1975

Experimenter: John W. TaylorRadiographic Time: 78.70/lsA 50.&l-mm-thick cylinder of foamed polystyrene (average density of 0.25 g/cm3)was symmetrically impacted by two 6.35-mm-thick steel plates driven by 203.2 -tnrn-thick Composition B-3 cylindem and P-120 lenses. See also Shot 1566. .4regular shock reflection occurred in the decomposition products of’ the shockedheated polystyrene.

DET —

‘1”6.3&mn+Tx~EEL CYLINDER

398

SHOT 1627: Dynamic Fracture of Iron

Date: April 8, 1975



.466.0 - by 66.0- by 25.4-mm block of Armco iron was shocked by a 12.7-mm-thick

steel plate driven by 101.6 mm of 13aratol and a P-120 lens. Between the Baratoland the steel plate was a 25.4-mm air gap. The steel plate traveled 14.2 mmbefore ii, collided with the iron block. A capacitor gauge was located above the ironblock. The fracture pattern was a result of the interaction of the rarefactions fromthe sides and top of the iron block. See also Shot 1515.

/’-<I

-—\ \\\\ ,

/(/‘ \\II •1-.

\‘1, .;\\, ., ),

\:\ /;/\\ /’/\ \___ /

\ /

ARMCO IRONBEAM

,AXIS

,,,mmth,=k w++STEEL PLATE lJ

AIR 25.4

LUCITE T

cyL’NDERHi

400

SHOT 1629: Oblique Shock in WaterL)ai.e: May 6, 1976


Radiographic Time: 25.90 *

,4n oblique shock in 10.O-mm-thick water was driven by 50.8-mm Composition B-3initiated by a P-MO lens. See also Shot 1739.

‘ox-----R-t fBEAM H vAxis I

q ICOMP. B–3 z:

10,0 IIIIn [h)ck 0

WATER .

LUCITE _ —i

BOX‘1

P–040

DET

402

SHOT1634: Oblique Shocks in Composite SystemsDate: June 11, 1975

Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 39.1 psA 25.4-mm-wide block of X0219 (90/10 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.914 g/cm’) was in-itiated by a P-040 lens and obliquely shocked 10-mm-thick beryllium and 25.4-tnm-thick aluminum.

,-10.0

~25.44 ‘ ~25.4j

SHOT 1660: Oblique Shocks in Composite Systemsl-late: November 13, 1975Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: :;1.96 @A 76.2-mm-wide block of Baratol initiated by a P-040 lens obliquely shocked 8.15-mm-thick aluminum and a :18.l-mm-thick 45° wedge of

m’/“ -

,’/ \

/ \\

1’ \@,-’,,-/

\E

!;-

\\

/1-.. 1

5. ?5 8.01lhlckA. JMINUM

\

BARATOL

P-MC 1

antimony.

-4

406

SHOT 1678: Oblique Shock in AntimonyDate: December 12, 1975Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: :EI.29 #SReference: Neal, 1976bA 203.2-mm-high block of PBX-9404 was initiated by a P-040 lens and obliquelyshocked a 50.8-mm-thick slab of antimony.

I \

f \

Ii T,,-\[ .-’

\ I ~I

\I I

1 L

k 101.6 — 506 ~25.4~

r12,7

-f-

i

-1

A.

PBX4MC!4

J-KM--i

4L)8

SHOT 1679: Oblique Shocks in Composite SystemsDate: December 18, 1975


Radio~aphic Time: 35.24 &s

Reference: Neal, 1976bA 203.2-mm-high block of’ PBX-9404 was initiated by a P-(MQ lens and obliquely

shocked 2.77-mm-thick beryllium and a 50.8-mm-thick slab of antimony.

1— 10I.6 ~“’+’”1

BEAMAXIS

\

PBX-S404

Pa

2.77. mm. IhickBERYLLIUM

,’

410

SHOT1696: Baratol .Mach Reflection

I)ate: December 15, 1976

Experimenter: Richard D. Dick

Radiographic Time: 87.7/.ls

Keference: Mader and Dick, 1979

Baratol was shocked by a 6.35-mm-thick steel flying plate going 0.8 mml~s and ixl-itiated by a P-040” lens after a delay of 50.51 ws.acted to form a Mach reflection.

r

tt-

.Axls

0

+;

BARATOL

IL_

P-.CMJ3

I

The resulting detonations inter-

1

1--LINEGENERATOR

11

1 1

412

SHOT 1697: Desensitization of TATB by PreshockingDtite: ,January 6, 1977


fidio~aphic Time: 86.11 AsReference: Mader and Dick, 1979X0219 (90/10 wt% TAT13/Kel-F at 1.914 g/cm3) was shocked by a 6.35 -mnl-thick

steel flying plate going 0.8 mm/@ zmd initiated by 25.4 mm of TNT and a P-040lens after a delay of 53.8 As. The resulting detonation failed to propagate in thepreshocked explosive.

BEAMAxis

*

0,

:

+*

250-

TATB

r TN1

LF-P -040

DET

LINE—GE NE RATo H

414

SHOT 1698: Desensitization of TATB by PreshockingDate: January 6, 1977


Kadiog-raphic Time: 86.12 *

Reference: Mader and Dick, 1979

PBX-9502 (95/5 wt% TAT13/Kel-F at 1.894 g/cm3) was shocked by a 6.35-mm-thick

steel plate going 0.8 mm/ps and initiated by 25.4 mm of’TNT and a P-040 lens a.itera delay of’ 53.58 JLS.The resulting detonation failed to propagate in the preshockedexplosive. See also Shot 1914.

T

-D

0’‘k\// \\qz :-\./‘\1

f\ /\ //

rI

TNT

II P-040

k

LINE— GENERATOR

41b

SHOT 1699: TATJ3 Turning a 90° Aluminum C!mner


Experimenter: Richtid D. Dick


An X0219 (90/10 wt.% TATB/Kel-F at 1.914 g/cm9) detonation wave initiated by12.7 mm of Composition B-3 and a P-081 lens turned an embedded aluminum cor-ner. See also Shot 1745. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown on top ofthe shot,

~— IU1.6 101.6 —

T

w,

&

““‘“’~, ‘BEAM

TATB ,Axls

~ ~ 70.0 q

z.1

I ALUMINUM0 I

0

i

1– ,!2,7 COMP. B–3~- .— ,-

P–osl

)J-DET

418

SHOT 1700: TATB Turning a 90° Aluminum Comer

I.)aie: April 14, 1976

Experimenter: Richard I), DickRadiographic Time: 42.34 ~

A PBX-9502 (95/5 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.894 g/cm3) detonation wave initiated by12.7 mm of Composition B-3 and a P-081 lens turned an embedded aluminum cor-ner. See also Shot 1746. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown on top ofthe shot,

i12

3

TATB

—

TATB

ALUMINUM 1!

+

qc1

COMP. B-3

P ..081

““4’

1

42(I

SHOT 1701: TATB Turning a 45” Aluminum CornerDate: April 29, 1976Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 44.44 #sAn X0219 (90/10 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.914 g/cm3) detonation wave initiated by12.7 mm of Composition B-3 and a P-081 lens turned an embedded 45° aluminumcorner. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown on top of the shot.

TATBT+ 45,

BEAMAXIS

1 ATB

~ 1

.

zm

c

%

ALUMINUM

L12.7 COtvlP B -3

. . L

P -001

oET

422

SHOT 1702: TATB Turning a 45° Aluminum CornerDate: May 4, 1976Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 44.07 &sA PBX-Y502 (95/5 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.894 g/cm3) detonation wave initiated by12.7 mm of Composition B-3 and a F’-O81 lens turned an embedded 45° aluminumcorner. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown cm top of the shot.

+ !01.6 ~ 101.6 —4

TATB

—45’

TATB

ALUMINUM

1 .12.7 COMP. B 3

-T-

P .081

424

SHOT 1703: Colliding TATB Diverging Detonations

Date: May 4, 1976



Two diverging X0219 (90/10 wl%. TATB/Kel-F at 1.914 g/cm3) detonations formedby simultaneously initiating the two ends of an X0219 arc of 89,0-mm inner radius

and 114.0 -mm outer radius were radiogmphed while the detonations were colliding.See Shot 1936 for a later time. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown ontop of the shot.

12.0

I B

TAT TATB

u~

1 -? PBX– PBX–

: 9404 0404

DET

426

SHOT 1704:Date:

Experimenter:Radiographic Time:Two diverging PBX-95W

Colliding TATB Diverging DetonationsMay 5, 1976

Richard D. Dick64.47 @(95/5 wt% TAT13/Kel-F at 1.894 %’cm’) detonations for-

med by initiating the two enda of’ a PBX-9502 arc of’ 89.O-mm inner radius and114.O-mm outer radius were radiographer while the detonations were colliding. See

Shot 1939 for a later time. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown on topof the shot.

I

428

SHOT 1705: TATB Turning a 90° Corner

Date: May 4, 1976

Experimenter: Richard Il. Dick

Radiographic Time: 41.85 *

A PBX-9502 (95/5 wt% TATJ3/Kel-F at L.894 g/cm”l det~n~~i~n wave was initiatedby z5,4 ~m “f PBX-W and a p-ml lens turning a 90° corner. See also Shots 1937,

1941, and 1943. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown on top of the

shot.

IIIIIIII,-

f ‘,._. IIIIII

,.

IIII

y25.4 q-25.4.+-38. 1 -

7 +– BEAM/ Axis

~ PBX- 9502

+/ k.

- 1- 5.0?- 5“0

,g.- U%’ 2

4PBX–

25.4>

430

SHOT 1711: Antimony Regular Shock ReflectionDate: April 13, 1976Experimenter: Timothy R. XealKaciiographic Time: 30.96 #sTwo 127-mm-high blocks of TNT were simultaneously initiated by two P-(MOlenses. They obliquely shocked an embedded layer of 3.O-mm -thick beryllium anda 50.8-mm-thick block of antimony. A regular shock reflection occurred in the

antimony.

tzs.4 k E4M + B3.5 +

3.@mm-lhickBERYLLIUM

+:+

m* ~

z ANTIMONY TNTL

TNTw

“ BEAMG

0.CC?timm-thti AXIS

ALUMINUM FOIL

1w

AIR~m

P-OM P–m

u

432

SHOT 1713: TATB Gmtined by Aluminum in AirDate: April 27, 1976

Experimenter: Richard I). DickRadiographic Time: 30.66 @An X0219 (90/10 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.914 g/cm’) detonation wave initiated by12.7 mm of Composition B-3 and a P-081 lens was confined by a 50.8-mm-thickaluminum plate. A step wedge used for density calibration was shown on top of theshot. h was 60.0 mm.

BtAMAXIS

\

ALUMINUMT

X0219 “‘T .b. .L12.7 COMP. B .3

~1 1

434

SHOT 1714: TATB Confined by Aluminum and Air


Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 30.67 @.4 PBX-9,502 (95/5 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.894 g/cm3) detonation wave initiated by

12.7 mm of Composition B-:3 and a P-081 lens was confined by a 50.8-mm-thick

aluminum plate. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown on top of theshot. h was 60.0 mm.

:01.6 — 50.8 4

ALUMINUM+

.

PBX - 9502“‘r ~

z a.

COMP. B-3 I i

1

436

SHOT 1721: BCXYlliUUI TriplA3hock ReflectionDate: September 15, 1976Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 37.46 @Reference: Neal, 1979Three 101.6-mm I?BX-9404 cubes in contact with a 60° beryllium wedge were in-itiated simultane=cwdy by P-0131 lenses. A triple-interaction shock wave occurredwhen the three regular reflection shocks collided. The x-ray beam was collimated to

provide shrapnel protection, and the darker mea in the center of the radiographwas a region of high radiation flux. See also Shot 1338.

438

SHOT 1728: Regular Reflection in PBX-9404Date: August 26, 1976Experimenter: Timothy R.. SealRadiographic Time: 37.48 #STwo PBX-9404 detonation waves interacted to form a regular reflection. The

detonation waves formed when twoOFI1 lenses simultaneously initiated

101.6-mm cubes of P13X-9404 initiated by P-two sides of a 60a PBX-9404 wedge.

fo,.6 PBX-94LM

...

‘Yt=— 101.6 —-

440

SHOT 1729: PBX-9404 Triple Regular ReflectionDate: September 15, 1976

Experimenter: Timothy R. N-ealIladiowaphic Time: :18.06 psThree P13X-9404 detonation waves formed by 101.6-mm cubes of PBX-9404 ini-tiated by P-WI lenses simultaneously initiated the three sides of a 60° P13X-9404wedge. A triple-interaction wave occurred when the three regular reelection shocksin the detonation products collided.

442

SHOT 1734: Oblique Shocks in WaterDate: ,January 4, 1977

Experimenter: Timothy R.. Neal

Radiographic Time: 25.83 ,uSAn oblique shock in 5.O-mm-thick water was driven by 50.8 mm of’ Composition B-3initiated by a P-M-O lens and reflected from a 5.O-mm-thick aluminum plate.

LUCITE _Box

@

-.,

T9i:>z-i//5.0 1

+6cLe+

77a8E~Axis +

[email protected]~ ALUMINUM

m.COMP. 0-3 z?

o5.o.nWWdliiWATER

11

IPa

I

%==+

444

SHOT 1735: Oblique Shocks in Water




An oblique shock in 5.O-mm-thick water was driven by 50.8 mm of Composition B-3initiated by a P-040 lens and reflected from a 5.O-mm-thick beryllium plate.

LIJCI1Box

SEAM

a

T

04X15

5.0 ,11!,1lhlck +

3ERYLLIUM

COMP. B 3 ~ y5,J )r,, ) tn,ck 0WATER

‘1

QP- 04n

DET

SHOT 1736: ObIique Shocks in WaterDate: December 1, 1976Experimenter: Timothy R. Neal


An oblique shock in 5.O-mm-thick water was driven by 50.8 mm of Composition B-3initiakd by a P-04U lens and reflected from a 5.O-mm-thick lead plate.

LuCITEBOX

Q-

\\~.

~

1::: 6

//

./ I

BE;~W*w-B~ -AXIS 1.

5.0 inn-thick14,0 1

LEAD-r

COMP. B-31q

5,0-mnl !hl kw

:WATER , 5

.J- 11

P-m

44

SHOT 1737: Oblique Shocks in WaterDate: December 1, 1976Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadio=aphic Time: 25.82 psAn oblique shock in b,()-mm-thick water was driven by 50.8 mm of Composition B-l]initia~ed hy a P-041) lens and reflected from a 5.O-mm-thick Lucite plate. See alsoShot 1778.

LUCITLBOX

.La5.O-111,11rhickLUCITE BEAM 14.0

AXIS T

5.0111111[htckCOMP, B--3

WATER

r

IP 040

I

450





An oblique shock in 5.O-mm-thick water was driven by 50.8 mm of Composition B-3initiated by a P-040 lens and reflected from a 5.O-mm-thick uranium plate.

L=-JPa

DET

452

SHOT 1739: Oblique Shock in WaterDate: January 4, 1977Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 25.85 #sAn oblique shock in ,5.O-mm-thick water was driven by ,50.8mm of Composition B-3initiated by a P-040” lens. See alsu Shot 1629.

L

‘“c’TE-=’FT-fBOX

a5,0.rnm.[hick COMP. B-3

wATER z

LUCITE11

Box

wP-040

DET

454

SHOT 1740: *Mach Reflection in Water



Radiographic Time: 25.a4 @

Two 25.4-mm-thick Compcsit.ion B-3 slabs were initiated simultaneously by a P-

040 lens, and they shocked 10.0 mm of water. A Mach reflection occurred in the

water.

BEAM

-x

10.O-ImII WATERAXIS

T

L

MP COMP,. B –3 B–3

z

1

I Pw

I

14.0

-i

<LUCITE

-AIR

-1

456

SHOT 1743: TATB Confined by Lucite and &r



Kaciiographic Time: 23.30 ps

An X0219 (90/10 wt% TATBLKel-F at 1.914 g/cm’) detonation wave cwerdriven by25.0 mm of PBX-9501 and a P-040 lens was confined by a 25.4-mm-thick Lucite

plate. See also Shot 1744.

458

SHOT 1744: TATB Conilned by Lucite and Air


Experimenter: Richard D, Dick


A PBX-9502 (95/5 vvt%. TATB/Kel-F at 1.894 gjcm’) detonation wave overdriven by25.0 mm of PBX-9501 and a P-040 lens was confined by a 25.4-mm-thick Luciteplate. See also Shot 1743.

wPa

DET

460

SHOT 1745: TATB Turning a


Experimenter: Richmd I). Dick


h X0219 (90/10 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.914

90” Aluminum Comer

g/cm3) detonation wave initiated by

lZ.7 mm of’ Composition B-3 and a P-081 lens turned an embedded aluminum cor-ner. See also Shot 1699.

l—— “I.,~ ‘0’”61

?

TATB

+ 33.0-

BEAM /+ ~

AXIS

TATB .

zm

00L,

AL LJVINUM

& .—

< COMP. B 3 Li-

462

SHOT 1746: TATB Turning a 90° Aluminum Comer



Radiographic Time: 46.85 PA P13X-9502 (95/5 w-t% T.ATB/Kel-F at 1.894 g/cm’)lZ.7 mm of Composition B-3 and a P-081 lens turned

ner. see also Shot 1700.

detonation wave initiated byan embedded aluminum cor-

t— ,,,, ~ 10,6 —1

TAIB - T

~ 35.0- ‘

BEAM /f+

AXIS

TA1 B [

cc.

YAL UMINUV

— —COMP. B 3 *

464

SHOT 1776: Taylor Lustability in Aluminum



Radiographic Time: 34.99 &s

Reference: Bame~ et al., 1974A 2.64-mm-thick plate of 1100 aluminum with uniform sinusoidal surface grooves

0.203-mm deep and a wavelength of 5.08 mm was driven by detonation products

from 38.1 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation products ex-panded 25.4 mm in a vacuum for 8.0 xs. The obsemed amplitude of’ the wave was1.51 mm. This shot closely reproduced Shot 1342 even though the grooves weredivided into four equal sections with varying surfacea. The first section had an elec-troplated 0.05-mm-thick gold film; the second, electroplated nickel with 30% iron;the third was left uncoated; and the fourth was electroplated with hard-anodized

alumin urn.

o

——— ——— ————

[y:

——— -———— —— 1I

3ET

(“ ‘“

P-OB1

id PBX -B404I


Date: ,January 12, 1977

Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 25.83 w

.4n oblique shock in 5.O-rnm-th.ick water wa.edriven by 50.8 mm of Composition B-3initiated by a P-040 lens and reflected from a 5.O-mm-thick Lucite plate. See also

Shot 1737.

Tn’-5.UIIIIII {h[ckLUCITE BEAM 14.0

AXIS T

!3.0 :!1,11lIIIC<COMP. 0--3 m

*WATER \ z

z

L

1

468

SHOT 1779: Water Shock ReflectionDate: January 12, 1977Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 25.79 /1.sTwo 101.6-mm Composition B-3 slabs 45° apart and simultaneously initiated by

two P-MO lenses shocked the water in which they were immersed. A shock reflec-tion occurred in the water,

LUcllt

77—

470

SHOT 1780: Dynamic Fracture of LeadDate: January 26, 1977

Experimenter: Timothy R, NealRadiographic Time: 25.47 @Lead of 12.7-mm thickness was dynamically fractured. The lead disk was shockedby 12.7 mm of Composition B-3 initiated by a P-040 lens. The lead disk contained awedge-shaped span layer, which made a 10 angle with the top surface. This layer

was joined to the rest of the lead by Eastman 910 glue. The wedge was expected totear at the span plane and to exhibit varying thickness on one side and a constantthickness on the other side with a discontinuity at the transition. It could not beradiographically resolved.

❑✍✌✏‘N

/ \\

If

0\

Tw

, -. z.. .\\\ /1\ /~. /’-’ 1

LFJP–m

DET

472

SHOT 1781: Iaad Rqgula,r Shock Reflection



Radiographic Time: 37,85 /.LS

To obtain regular shock rdlection in lead with minimum prwsure gradients, two127.O-mm-high blocks of Composition B-3 were simultaneously initiated by a P-081lens. They obliquely shocked embedded layers of 12.7-mm-thick Armco iron, 10-

mm-thick lead, and 12.7-mm-thick Armco iron. See also Shot 1782.

I

474

SHOT 1782: Lead Regular Shock ReflectionDate: January 26, 1977Experimenter: Timothy R. >-ealRadiographic Time: 39.92 PSTo obtain regular reflection in lead with minimum pressure gradients, two 127.0-mm-high blocks of TNT were simultaneously initiated by a P-081 lens. Theyobliquely shocked embedded layers of 6.35-mm-thick antimony, 10.O-mm-thicklead, and 6.35-mm-thick antimony. See also Shot 1781,

\ i

\

/’

/’/“,,.

—JZZL 63.5--

r

!ll ‘TNT m~

mJONY

LEAD

!J

AIR

476

SHOT 1783: Water Mach Reflection




Two 101.6-mm Composition B-3 slabs were simultaneously initiated by a P-081lens, and shocked 13.0 mm water. Nine 0,0127-mm-thick tantalum foils werelocated each 6.35 mm in the Composition B-3 and water in the top half of the block.

EIGHT 6~.IJiti BEAMw. B-3 SUWlTH AXISao127.nmmdlti 1 rAND ~~ 1 ~~

TANTALUM FOILS w-1 1 I :$

1 rI & !L

; .- WATERCOW B-3

COMP. B-

1 A ‘LUCITE

11 1

478

SHOT 1784: Water Mach Reflection




Two 127.O-mm Composition B-3 slabs were simultaneously initiated by a P-081lens, and shocked 13.0 mm of water. A Mach reflection occurred in the water. Nine0.0127-mm-thick tantalum foils were located each 6,35 mm in the Composition B-3

and water in the top half of the block. The water level was 6.35 mm below the top ofthe Composition B-3 slab.

EIGHT 8hchkh~. B-3 SLASS WtTH AIR

“’?*

I COW, B-3

~ti COUP, w— WATER

.

A ‘LUCITE

r 1

SHOT 1793: Cylindrical Implosion of a Coppx TubeDate: August 18, 1977Experimenter: L. Erik FugelsoRadiographic Time: 60.45 #sA 25.4-mm-diameter, 2.54-mm-thick copper tube wm surrounded with a 100.O-mm-diameter PBX-9501 cylinder and was initiated by a system of 12.7 mm of 304

stainless steel, 25.4 mm of TNT, and a P-081 lens. The maximum radial velocitywas 4.0 mrn/ps.

{

//

‘\/’ \

L19.05 STEEL

T{

r

I

~ 1

PBX * 195D 1

%EAM

? AXISmR

I—

A2,54:11,t)th, ckCOPPER CYLINDER

i t

19.D5 212.7 STEEL

T I t I 7I I TNT 25.4

A

P–Dal

I L-DET

482

SHOT 1795: TATB Turning a 90° ComerDate: h’kiy 24, 1977Experimenter: Richmd D. DickRadiographic Time: 41.80 @An X0291 (92.5/7.5 wt% TATB/Kel-F) detonation wave was initiated by 25.4 mm

of PBX-9404 and a P-081 lens turning a 90° comer. See also Shots 1798 and 1797.

/“- ‘,._.

484

SHOT 1796: TAT13 Turning a 90” Comer

Date: May 26, 1977

Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 42.90 @An X0291 (92.5/7.5 wt% TAT13/Kel-F) detonation wave was initiated by 25.4 mm

of PBX-9404 and a P-081 lens turning a 90° corner. See also Shots 1795 and 1797.

IIIIIIII.-,

1,.-~ I

IIIIIIIII

-?-2s.4

L

486

SHOT 1797: TATB Turning a 90° CornerDate: August 3, 1977Experimenter: Richard D, DickRadiographic Time: 44.60 #sAn X0291 (92,5/7.5 wt%. TATB/Kel-F) detonation wave was initiated by 25.4 mmof PBX-9404 and a P-WI lens turning a 90° comer. See also Shots 1795 and 1796,

~-

11IIIIII.-

/ ‘, g8-,

IIII

IIII i

‘-25.4 +25.4 +”iEt1 +

7

254

L

488

SHOT 1798: NitroguanMine Turning a 90° CornerDate: May 24, 1977Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 169.78 ,KSAn X0228 (95/5 wtYo nitroguanidine/Estane at 1.70 g/ems) detonation wave was in-itiated by 2,5.4 mm of PBX-9501 and a P-081 lens turning a 90° comer. See also

Shot 1799.

490

SHOT 1799: Nitioguanidine Turning a 900 Comer

Date: May 26, 1977



An X0228 (95/5 wt% nitroguanidine/Estane at 1.70 g/cm8) detonation wave was in-itiated by 25.4 mm of’ PBX-9501 and a P-081 lena turning a 90° comer. See also

Shot 1798.

SHOT 1816: Oblique Shock in LeadDate: September 14, 1977Experimenter: Timothy R. NealRadiographic Time: 33.74 ,@An oblique shock in lead was driven by 101,6 mm of’13aratol initiated by a P-Wlens. An alignment mirror is shown in the background.

~ 101.6 —B

BEAM AXIS

TI

10.0

T- “,/

qs BARATOL

A

P 040

DET

8.011111 [It,c%LEAD

494

SHOT 1824: Taylor Instability in Aluminum

Date: May 4, 1978




A 2.64-mm-thick plate of 1100 aluminum with uniform sinusoidal surface grooves0.1016 mm deep and a wavelength of 2.54 mm was driven by detonation productsfrom 38.1 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation products ex-

panded 25.4 mm in a vacuum for 7.9 I.LS.The obsemed amplitude of the wave was0.21 mm. See also Shot 1353.

————— ———. —

———— -——— ——

-rPax .Q404

ITv.

:2.04. mm-lhick Y L

ALUMINUMAXIS

496

SHOT 1825:Date:

Experimenter:Radiographic Time:Reference:A 2.64-mm-thick plate of

Taylor Instability in AluminumMay 10, 1978Roger K. London34.90 ps

Barnes et al., 19741100 aluminum with uniform sinusoidal surface grooves

0.1016 mm deep and a wavelength of 5.08 mm wa.e driven by detonation productsfrom 38,1 mm of PBX-9404 initiated by a P-081 lens. The detonation products ex-

panded 25.4 mm in a vacuum for 6.9 As. The obsemed amplitude of the wave was0.19 mm. Shots 1824 arid 1825 show that the growth of the instability is indepen-dent of wavelength and dependent upon the initial amplitude or depth of thegroove. The existence of a critical initial amplitude or depth of groove isdemonstrated, independent of wavelength, below which the perturbed surface is

stable under acceleration.

o

___— —. ————

[::

————— ————— 1

-fPBX-EM04

1

2.64 lmm thick HALUMINUM

AXIS

498

SHOT 1832: Oblique Shocks in Composite SystemsDate: May 4, 1978Experimenter: David C. MoirRadiographic Time: 75.2 psTwo blocks consisting of an aluminum and polyethylene wedge were obliquelyshocked by 177.8 of Baratol initiated by a P-040 lens. Three-mm-thickstainless steel plates were on the bottom of the composite blocks to determine theresulting plate deformation.

_ 76.2 ~ 50.8 ~ 101.6 ~ 50.B +3B,1 -.19- 3B.1+

DET

3

P 040

~

G

t

BAHAT(JLuz

5

:. ~z

.BkAM

3.o nm tn,ckSTEEL PLATES

AXIS

/ .2+ ,

I

t

WOOD STANO

500

SHOT 1845: Oblique Shocks in Composite SystemsDate: June 8, 1978Experimenter: David C. MoirRadiographic Time: 8:3.9 #sTwo 1.58-mm-thick stainle= steel plates were at a 45° angle from 203.2 mm of’

Barato] with wedges of aluminum and polyethylene located between the steelplates and the Baratol block. The 13aratol was initiated by a P-04.(I lens, and itobliquely shocked the composite system. The objective of’ the experiment was tostudy the resulting plate deformation.

~,

(0

3

i+57.15 +190 T190+m E+19.0t190 *254+31.754

P 040

BAHAToL

BEAMAXIS

\

WOOD STAh D

502

SHOT 1855: TATB with an Embedded Uranium PlateDate: June 13, 1978Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 33.0 @sA 50.8-mm-wide block of PBX-9502 (95/5 wtYo TATB/Kel-F at 1.894 g/cm3) was in-itiated by 12.7 mm of’ Composition B-3 and a P-040 lens. — ‘ ‘”

teracted with an embedded 3.175-mm-thick uraniumshocked a 6.O-mm-thick steel plate and a 6.O-mm-thick

1‘he Uetonatlon wave ln-plate, and it obliquelyaluminum plate.

D,-.

Tw..‘ 6--. 1

+ 50.e +

62,:,,,, [1),.k4LUMINIJM

\

/;;:di::l>lc,

BPz&-

16,0 m#n ltl, ck

5 STEEL

Pt3x 9502 BEAMAXIS

12.7 COMP B–3

T

u

504

SHOT 1891: Surface Perturbations on a Shocked Steel PlateDate: October 11, 1978Experimenter: David C. hloir

Radiographic Time: 53.0 @A ;3.18-mm-thick stainless steel plate was obliquely driven by a P13X-9404 detona-~ion. On top of the plate were metal strips of’ various shock impedance and rec-

tangular grooves of’ various depths. The effect of the surface perturbations showedthat the grooves resulted in increased plate velocity, and the metal strips decreased

the plate velocity and resulted in plate fracture. The end of the plate with the().381-mm-deep groove traveled 125 mm, and the end with the nickel foil traveled152 mm.

0.381 01111Ih#ck0.457 !))(~) I. ck STEELINICKEL ~

\ f-r

1 !;~“l’[~[

w

z

u,45J 11,11, (reck0.457 :nm [nick 0.127m~n 0.38 I m,,,

0.254 ,),,7,cOPPER GROOVE GROOVE

BRASS GROOVE

\ b

T ‘ Tm PBX .9404 ~

z :

*+ I 1

\\ \

L’NE GE I\ EflATOR 6.35 mmlhlckSTEEL STEEL

506

SHOT 1892: Surface Perturbations on a Shocked Steel PlateDate: February 27, 1979

Experimenter: David C. .Moir


A 3. Ill-mm-thick stainless steel plate was obliquely driven by a P13X-9501 detona-tion. The plate surface had triangular and rectangulm grooves of’ various sizes. Onerectangular g-move was filled with aluminum. All of’ the grooves resulted in fractureof the plate except the aluminum-filled groove,

L25.4+25,4+254 +25.4+-254

TIq

5T IIlyll/,/ /\,‘/r .. I ALUMINUM

‘“ /’

\

o.ti””~ lx+’ l_Qo

+.OIE+ ~ +,,5S + t-1.55 ++2.032+

T+--8~A~

AXIS

3.18,1,111 [twk w

STEEL PLATE 2

1t

I

‘-Tm0

Pt!x 9501 l-l. g

L i J[

LINE GE NEqATOt7 635 mm th!ckSTEEL

STEEL

508

SHOT 1914: Desensitization of TATB by PreshockingDate: April 4, 1979

Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 89.0 ,uS

Reference: Mader and Dick, 1979PBX-9502 (95/5 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.894 g/cm3) was shocked by a 6.35-mm-thick

steel plate going 0,46 mm/~s and was initiated by 25.4 mm of TNT and a P-MO lens

after a delay of 68.2 us. The resulting detonation failed to propagate in thepreshocked explosive. See also Shot 1696.

-f

BEAMAXIS

+

ix● L

25.01

TATB

I TNT

cP -C40

DE”r

1IILINEGENERATOR

T

$~

:

25,4

510

SHOT 1936: TATB Turning a 90° ComerDate: June 18, 1975Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 44.0’6 psReference: Mader, 1979An X0219 (90/10 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.914 g/cm3) detonation wave was initiated

by 25.4 mm of’ PBX-9404 and a P-081 lens turning a 90° corner. See also Shots 1940and 1942. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown on top of the shot.

/“”~

/’IIII

IIII

l’- ‘,. . . I

LIIIIIIII

F254~25.4~-38.l -BEAM

tl’iAXIS

!l-+-----’ ~

)(0219

.?

d.

c13.

z

POx–7

9404 25.4f ~

I

P–OB1

—DET

512

SHOT 1937: TATB Turning a 90° ComerDate: June 18, 1975Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 43.80 #sA PBX-9,502 (95/5 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.895 g/cm3) detonation wave was initiatedby 25.4 mm of PBX-94-04 and a P-081 lens turning a 90° comer. See also Shots 1705,1941, and 1943. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown on top of the

shot .

IIIIII,-,

f.-,’ I

II11IIIIII

FmL

514

SHOT 1938: Colliding TATB Diverging DetonationsDate: June 19, 1975Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 65.50 ~Two diverging X0219 (90/10 w70 TATE1/Kel-F at 1,914 glcmg) detonations formedby simultaneously initiating the two ends of an X0219 arc of 89,0-mm inner radiusand 114.0- mm outer radius were radiographed while the detonations were colliding.

See also Shot 1703. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown on top of theshot .

\ / T

‘/ II

\-.: t..

\

/f ‘, \ 1228 -i

12.0

T

516

S140T 1939: Colliding TATB Diverging DetonationsDate: June 19, 1975Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 64.99 &%Two diverging PBX-95W (95/5 wt % TATB/Kel-F at 1.894 g/cm3) detonationsformed by initiating the two ends of a PBX-9502 arc oi’ 89.O-mm inner radius

al~d 114.O-mm outer radius were radiographed while the detonations were colliding.See also Shot 1704. A step wedge used for density calibration is shown on top of

the shot.

\ / -r

‘\ /

..\

/’ ‘, \ J

228 4

I

I

518

SHOT 1940: TATB Turning a 90° Cornerl-late: June 24, 1975Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 46.12 #sReference: Mader, 1979An X0219 (90/10 wt% TATB/Kel -F at 1,914 g/ems) detonation wave was initiatedby 25.4 mm of PBX-9404 and a P-081 lens turning a 90° comer. See also Shots 1936

and 1942.

- 25.4-25.4* 3B.1 -

r

x0219;Ex~y

.1-ZI3.

IIIIIIII,-

/ ‘#--- I

IIIIIIIIII

* -kPBX

P -ml

-307

I

520

SHOT 1941: T’ATB Turning a 90° CornerDate: .June 24, 1975Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 41.08 *A PBX-9W2 (95/5 wt.% TAT13/Kel-F at 1.895 g/cm3) detonation wave was initiatedby 25.4 mm of PBX-94U4 and a P-081 lens turning a 90° comer. See also Shots 1705,1937, and 1941.

IIIIIIII

/,-.._.’ III

I IIIII

.25 4.j-25.4~ -38.1 ~

&

:;PBX -9502

:)

*

‘\BEAMAXIS

:: G

!3

PBx–b

25.4

L.

P–081

522

SHOT 1942: TATB Turning a 90° ComerDate: July 2, 1975Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 45.12 #sReference: Mader, 1979An XW 19 (90/10 wt% TATB/Kel-F at 1.914 g-/cm3) detonation wave was initiatedby 25.4 mm of PBX-9404 and a P-081 lens turning a 90° comer. See also Shots 1936and 1940.

I

T

25.4

524

SHOT 1943: TATB Turning a 90° CornerDate: July 2, 1975Experimenter: Richard D. DickRadiographic Time: 44.57 #aA P13X-9502 (95/5 wt% TAT13/Kel-F at 1.895 g/cm’) detonation wave was initiatedby 25.4 mm of P13X-9404 and a P-081 lens turning a 90° comer. See also Shots 1705,1937, and 1941.

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IIII

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I IIIII

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1- .JJ4 25.4

r

+ ~I In

526

lasl phermex data, volume 3

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