laser fundamentals and its applications
TRANSCRIPT
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Laser Fundamentals and its Applications
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
LASERLASER is acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
http://www.semicon.toshiba.co.jp
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Lasers
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Outline
Introduction and OverviewTheory of OperationLaser ExpositionProperties of Laser BeamApplications• Optical Communication• Military Applications
Conclusion
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Introduction and OverviewLaser Invention Landmark achievement of previous centuryImportant industrial and research tool in fields from medicine to communications engineering
What is a LASER ?Acronym: Light Amplification stimulated emission of radiationsLaser light is special lightOrdinary light --- Spontaneous emissionLaser light --- Stimulated emissionStimulated emission first postulated by Albert Einstein in 1917In 1950’s Charles Townes group invented laserIn 1960 T.H.Maiman invented first laser
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Incandescent vs. Laser Light
1. Many wavelengths
2. Multidirectional
3. Incoherent
1. Monochromatic
2. Directional
3. Coherent
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Properties of Laser LightMono chromaticity• Light of a single wavelength.
Directionality• A Laser Beam is so directional that it can be easily seen from
the moon or reflected back to the earth and detected here.Brightness• A 1 mw He-Ne Laser is 100 Times brighter than the sun.• Focused Laser beam is so intense that it can initiate nuclear
reactions.Coherence• Coherent light is in phase and has the same wavelength.
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Laser applicationOptical communicationsUnguided systems• Deep space communications (Line of sight communications).
Guided systems• Optical fiber communications (claded dielectric waveguide).
Military applications• Laser range finding.• Pinpointing target for bombs and missiles.• Anti sensor weapons• Anti satellite weapons• Anti missile weapons• Battle simulation• Simulating effect of nuclear weapons.
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Laser for tactical military applicationsATLIS POD
Air to ground “Automatic Tracking and Laser Illumination System” to deliver LGBs.Pin point accuracy of laser illumination provided to laser guided weapon.High Laser power enables use at distance beyond enemy ground to air weapons.Advance optical system offers several fields of vision and very high magnification.
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Laser FundamentalsActive Medium• Collection of atoms, molecules, or ions that emit radiation in
the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum.Population Inversion• Generated by pumping
Resonant Cavity• Provides optical feedback
Spontaneous Emission• It occurs without any external simulation
Stimulated Emission• It occurs when atom in exited state interacts with an incident
quantum of light energy at the transition frequency.
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ENEGY-STATE-TRANSITION DIAGRAM
BEFORE AFTER
STIMULATEDABSORPTION
SPONTANEOUSEMISSION
STIMULATEDEMISSION
(C )
(b)
(a)
E1
E0
E1
E0
E1
E0
E1
E0
E1
E0
E1
E0
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Absorption and Emission
spontaneaous emission: isotropic!
ground state
excited state
E
excited state
ground state
E
normal: t~10-8 s metastable: : t~10-3 s
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ABSORPTIONAbsorption occurs when a photon collides with a lower state atomOne quantum of energy is removed from the optical electromagnetic field and the lower state atom rises to the state with energy level E2.
Where B = Einstein’s B Coefficient
ABSORPTION RATE = BN1 I
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
EMISSIONThis process results in atom being stimulated to descend from the upper state to the lower state giving off a photon of proper energy level in the process.The stimulated photon has the same phase, same polarization and travel in the same direction and propagation mode as the incident photon.
STIMULATED EMISSION RATE = BN2 I
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
SPONTANEOUS EMISSIONThis process is independent of incident field.It represents tendency of all systems, to move towards a lower energy state.Emitted photon, has random phase and direction, and it is thus a source of noise in these devices.
Where A = Einstein A Coefficient
SPONTANEOUS EMISSION RATE = AN2
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Stimulated Emission (key to Laser Activity)
Lets E1 and E2 represent the two of the energy levels of an atom.
E2– E1 = h f f = ( E2 - E1 ) / h λ = c / f = h c / ( E2 - E1 )Where h = 6.626 x 10-34 Joules sec (Plank’s constant)Let N2 = # of atoms in the upper state
N1 = # of atoms in the lower stateN1 + N2 = Total Number of atoms of interests
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Population InversionLet I(x) be the intensity of light crossing a plane perpendicular to x-
axis at x.
I(x +Δx) = I(x) – B N1 I(x) Δx + B N2 I(x) ΔxwhereI(x) = Inversion of incident beamB N1 I(x) Δx = absorptionB N2 I(x) Δx = stimulated emission
Homogeneous Medium
I (x + Δx) = ?I (x)
x x + Δx
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Population Inversion
( I(x+Δx) – I(x) ) / Δx = -B N1 I(x) + B N2 I(x)δI / δx = -B (N1 - N2) I(x)δI / δx = -α I(x)Where α = B( N1 - N2)
The solution to this differential equation is decaying exponential.I(x) = I0 e-αx
Note that
When N1 > N2, α > 0 attenuation
When N1 < N2, α < 0 amplification
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Population Inversion
Hence, population inversion is a pre-requisite for amplification.Two most common excitation techniques are light and electricity.Practical Lasers involve 3 or 4 energy levelsThree level Lasers are not ideal since ground state is Lower energy levelResonant cavity extracts energy from medium with population inversion.
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Population Inversion
Highly exited level
LaserTransition
Population Inversion
Between these 2 states
Meta Stable State
Ground State
Excitation
Three level system
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Population Inversion
Highly exited level
ExcitationLaser
Emission
Upper Layer(Meta Stable)
MaturalDepopulation
Population Inversion Between these states
Ground State
Four level system
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Laser Exposition
Four General Categories of Lasers.
• Gas Lasers• Solid State Lasers (Doped Insulators)• Semiconductor Lasers• Dye Lasers
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Laser expositionGas Lasers
• Most Gas Lasers are pumped by electric discharge.• He-Ne, Argon and CO2 Lasers are quite popular.Salient features
• Visible region operation.• Spectral purity• Coherence• Super beam quality. Uses
• Alignment, Signal and image processing applications
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Laser exposition
Electric Power Supply
Electrode
Electric Discharge
Laser Gas
Rear Mirror
Outer Mirror
Laser Beam
Generic Gas Laser
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
He-Ne-laser
•pump He to metastable state (20.61 eV)•transfer excitation to Ne metastable state (20.66 eV)•laser transition•spontaneous emission (2 times) to deplete lower level (-> low pumping)•not very efficient! (20.6 eV vs 2 eV)
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Laser expositionSolid state Lasers
• Most common light emitters are Cr+3, Na+3, Er+3 and HO+3
ions.• Na-YAG Lasers are most popular.Salient features
• High power output.• Spectral purity.• CoherenceUses
• Laser Range finding, Laser designators and industrial applications.
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Laser expositionReflective cavity- focuses pump light onto laser rod
Lamp Power Supply
Lamp Light Source
PumpLight
Laser Rod
Output Mirror
Rear Mirror
A Generic Solid-State Laser
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Example: solid state laserRuby-laser
τ=0.003 s
Xe
Maiman (1960):
Ruby: Al2O3 + Cr
cavityL =n λ
coherentmonochromatic
collimated
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laser ranging experiment
McDonald observatoryApollo 11
D(earth-moon)~385000 km, accuracy: ~3cm!
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Laser exposition
Dye Lasers
• Active medium is an organic dye dissolved in a solvent.• Dye called Rhodamine 6G dissolved in methanol is quite
popular,• All Dye lasers are optically pumped.
Salient features
• It has a broad tuning range (570 to 660 nm).
Uses
• Mainly used for scientific research.
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Laser expositionSemiconductor Lasers
• Population inversion between conduction band and valence band.
• Forward-biasing the diode provide electrons into the conduction band.
• Pumping is provided by direct current source.• GaAs and AlGaAs are quite popular. Salient features
• Small Size and low cost.• Very efficient• Easy to modulate.Uses
• Optical fiber communication.
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semiconductor lasers •photon production by electron hole pair recombination as in LED•above a treshold current, stimulated emission occurs -> lasing
L =n λ
CD player: GaAs, 5mW, 840 nm
Laser printer: AlGaAs, 50mW, 760 nmTelecom: GaInAlP, 20 mW, 1300 nm
compact, cheap, variable wavelength
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Tunable lasersAlso known for not having a wavelength range because these lasers can access a wide-variety of wavelengths
Free electron laser ( = tunable): Free electron lasers are the newest and most secretive class of lasers.
These lasers utilize a stream of electrons as the medium and can emit a wavelength of light virtually anywhere in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are considered tunable because the wavelength can be changed, similar to adjusting the wavelength on the dial of a radio
Highly expensive and difficult to use, these lasers, however, can exhibit a clean cutting effect on tooth structure and bone because of the potential for "dialing" an optimal wavelength
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi http://lw.pennnet.com/Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=Articles&SubSection=Display&ARTICLE_ID=94178&VERSION_NUM=1
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Future Lasers
X-Ray Lasers
• Nuclear explosion can provide the energy needed to power x-ray Lasers (“Star Wars” program).
Free Electron Laser• Extract energy from a beam of electrons passing through a
wiggler magnet.• It is called wiggler magnet because of its effect on the
electron beam.
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Laser ClassificationThe following criteria are used to classify lasers:
Wavelength: based on the most hazardous wavelength. For continuous wave (CW) or repetitively pulsed lasers the average power output(Watts) and limiting exposure time inherent in the design are considered. For pulsed lasers the total energy per pulse(Joule), pulse duration, pulse repetition frequency and emergent beam radiant exposure are considered.
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Types of Laser Hazards
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Important Laser Types & Wavelengths
Type Wavelength, nmKrypton-Fluoride Excimer 249Xenon-Chloride Excimer 308Nitrogen Gas (N2) 337Organic Dye (in solution) 300 - 1000 (tunable)Krypton Ion 335 - 800
Argon Ion 450 - 530 (488 & 514.5 strongest)
Helium Neon 543, 632.8, 1150Semiconductor (GaInP family) 670 - 680Ruby 694Semiconductor (GaAlAsfamily) 750 - 900
Neodymium YAG 1064Semiconductor (InGaAsPfamily) 1300 - 1600
Hydrogen-Fluoride Chemical 2600 - 3000Carbon Dioxide 9000 - 1100 (main line 10,600)
http://www.coseti.org/9010-011.htm
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Efficiency
Laser Efficiency
Semiconductor ~50%
Ar+ 0.05%Rh. Dye 0.005%HeNe 0.05%Ruby 0.1%Ti:Sapphire 0.01%Nd:glass 1%Nd:YAG 0.5%CO2 10%
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Applications
cut precise patterns in glass and metal reshape corneas to correct poor vision to provide intense heat in controlled fusion experiments supermarket checkout lines CD players
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Economical ImpactCurrent Market Trends
Today as opto electronics become more commercial, this market generate about $ 15 billion a year
Future Market Projection
the world market for tunable lasers by 2007 should be about $ 2.4 billion a year
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Nortel 980nm Pump Laser.
Unit: PCPrice(USD): $230.00 Unit Price for 10pcs or above: $195.00
Fitel 1480nm Pump Laser 160mW.
Unit: PCPrice(USD): $250.00 Unit Price for 10pcs or above: $225.00
http://www.go4fiber.com/
Economical Impact
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
ConclusionTOPICS COVERED IN THIS PRESENTATION:
How laser works?Laser StructureLaser TypesLaser Applications
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
Laser 1060 nm (5’000 CHFR)
Product code: LD-1060
Description: LD-1060s are thermoelectrically cooled single-mode-fiber pigtailed 1060 nm laser with advanced stainer layer multiple quantum well. A lensed fiber insure low tracking error, while the laser’s low threshold current results in long-term reliability. A backfacetmonitor is InGaAs.Optical and electrical characteristics:Threshold Current 10...40 mAForward voltage 1.2...2.5 VOptical Power 1...2 mWPeak wavelength 1060 +- 10 nmSpectral Width 4 nmRise Time <0,5 nsFall Time <0,5 nsThermistor R 10 +- 0.2 KohmTEC current 0.8 +- 20% APigtail fiber SM fiber 9/125 micronsFiber length ~50cm End fiber Connector FC/PC
http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:Ae9xk76606sJ:rd48.web.cern.ch/RD48/rosemail/000706-laser.doc+laser+prices+optical+transmitter&hl=en&gl=pk&ct=clnk&cd=17
1 USD = 1.5 CHF
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Photonic NetworkBy Dr. M H Zaidi
http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:Ae9xk76606sJ:rd48.web.cern.ch/RD48/rosemail/000706-laser.doc+laser+prices+optical+transmitter&hl=en&gl=pk&ct=clnk&cd=17
Laser 660 nm (5’000 CHFR)
Product code: LD-660
Description: LD-660s are thermoelectrically cooled multi-mode-fiber pigtailed 660 nm laser with advanced stainer layer multiple quantum well. A lensedfiber insure low tracking error, while the laser’s low threshold current results in long-term reliability. A backfacet monitor is InGaAs.Optical and electrical characteristics:Threshold Current 20...60 mAForward voltage 1.4...2.5 VOptical Power 0.5...1.5 mWPeak wavelength 660 + 50 nm –20 nmSpectral Width 4 nmRise Time <0,5 nsFall Time <0,5 nsThermistor R 10 +- 0.2 KohmTEC current 0.8 +- 20% APigtail fiber MM fiber 62.5/125 micronsFiber length ~50cm End fiber Connector FC/PC
1 USD = 1.5 CHF