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Largest biodiversity reservoir of Europe:
more than 5,600 endemics among 23,000
marine and terrestrial speciesEcosystem profile for the Macaronesia overseas region
3 EU overseas entities
(2 PT / 1 ES)
Luisa Madruga,
Francisco Wallenstein
& José Azevedo
Fundo Regional para a
Ciência e Tecnologia
(FRCT)
Context
Total area 99% marine area
> 3x size of Spain and Portugal together
With the Azores being the largest of the ORs
Population density Average 245/km2
> double the pop. density of Portugal mainland
Canaries are the most populated EU overseas with over 2
million inhabitants
Average GDP per
capita
still lower than Portugal or Spain mainland
© hotel Riu Palace Madeira www.visitazores.com
Biological importance of the region
Tourism
Agriculture
Fisheries
Canary Is. Tourism ~ 15% of
GAV while agriculture and
fisheries remain important in
Azores
Economy relies largely on natural resources
and biodiversity
Mycteroperca fusca (EN)
Macaronesia
23,000 marine and terrestrial species,
from which more than 5,600 endemics
Existing biodiversity
658 globally threatened species,
92% endemicsAzorina vidalii (EN)
Azores
Pterodroma madeira
(EN)
Madeira
Gallotia galloti (CR)
Canaries
At least 40% of endemics are
known from only one site
Habitat degradation of Laurissilva:
Reduction of native evergreen humid forest to < 20%
of original cover has led species to extinction
Globally threatened species in Macaronesia that are endemic to the region
Nr. %
BIRDS 16 76%
ARTHROPODS 71 99%
MAMMALS 5 42%
MOLLUSCS 122 100%
FISH 2 5%
PLANTS 435 100%
REPTILES 7 64%
TOTAL 658 92%
Existing biodiversity
Existing biodiversitySome recent extinctions
Haematopus meadewaldoi
Canary Island oystercatcher (XX century)Emberiza alcoveri
Escribano patilargo (recent)
Others (Canary Is.):
Monilearia arguineguinensis
Monilearia pulverulenta
Existing biodiversityProbable current extinctions
Atlantica guerinianus
(Madeira)
Pieris wollastoni
(Madeira)
Leyostila cassida
(Madeira)
Leyostila cassidula
(Madeira)
Monilearia granostriata
(Canary Is.)
Sculptiferussacia
clausiliaeformis
(Canary Is.)
© Liftarn
Main threats and pressures on biodiversityhabitat destruction fostered by
human population growth
(exacerbated by tourism),
agriculture and forestry
Alien species
© Jose_Ortiz
© Giuseppe_Nerilli
Key biodiversity areas (KBAs)
AZORES – example of S. Miguel Island
Pink: CR & EN
Blue: VU
Yellow: Endemic
Lines: Protected areas
Key biodiversity areas (KBAs)
Madeira archipelago
Identified
KBAs
Priority 1
KBAs
Terrestrial 13 3
Terrestrial &
Marine
3 3
Total 16 6
Provisional resultsLines: KBAs
Green: Priority 1
Key biodiversity areas (KBAs)
CANARY ISLANDS
Identified
KBAs
Priority 1
KBAs
Terrestrial 166 29
Marine 7 0
Total 173 29
Provisional results
Key biodiversity areas (KBAs)
CANARY ISLANDS – example of Tenerife
Lines: KBAs
Green: Priority 1
Current conservation activitiesProject Budget Results
Saving
Pyrrhula
murina from
extinction
(since 2003)
€ 3.363.260
(2013-2018)
Species went from "CR" to "EN” (IUCN’s
Red List); recovered over 100 ha. of
endemic bullfinch’s habitat; creation of
a visitors centre
Saving
Monachus
monachus
from extinction
(since 1988)
1,143,364 €
(2014-2018)
Creation of a Nature Reserve to protect
the monk seal; recovery of the only
surviving Macaronesian population of the
monk seal (CR)
Expanding
the range
of Columba
junoniae
1,401,870€ (2013-
2017)
Re-introducing the white tailed laurel
pigeon and creation of a viable
population (75-100 pairs) on Gran
Canaria
Current investments in conservation
International and EU level
• CBD
• CITES
• Bern Convention
• Bonn Convention
• Ramsar Convention
Ratification of Treaties and Conventions:
• EC Birds and Habitats directives and the Natura 2000 network
• Man and Biosphere programme
• network REDBIOS
Other policy instruments:
Current investments in conservation
Regional level
Cooperation between the Canaries, Madeira and Azores islands supported by
EU programmes
Programme Period
Interreg V-A Spain-Portugal (Madeira-Azores-Canary Is. [MAC])(and Cape Verde, Maritania and Senegal as 3rd countries)
2014-2020
Transnational Cooperation Programme Madeira-Açores-
Canarias (MAC)
2007-2013
INTERREG III-B Community Initiative Programme 2000-2006
Current investments in conservation
Regional level
Cooperation between the Canaries, Madeira and Azores islands supported by EU programs
Bionatura: management and Conservation of Macaronesian Biodiversity (priority species list and
a list of the most important exotic species)
MACETUS: creation of a Macaronesian Network for the study of cetaceans
BASEMAC: ex-situ conservation project for the threatened endemic species of Madeira, Azores
and Canary Islands
OGAMP: planning and management of MPAs to promote the Integrated Coastal Zone Plans for
those marine and coastal areas included in Natura 2000 network
Reia-Mac: network of Environmental Education and Information Centres in Madeira, Azores and
the Canary islands
Current investments in conservation
Local levelSignificant effort in each off the archipelagos to establish a network of protected
areas, as well as on implementing Natura 2000 Network
MACARONESIA
Nº Area (ha)Marine
area (%)
Land
area (%)
Protected areas 289 11 820 8207% 45%
Natura 2000 Network 288 1 729 165
Other areas with conservation
statusNº Area (ha)
Important Bird Areas 119 2 296 627
Biosphere Reserves 11 932 363
Ramsar 14 13 027
OSPAR 8 569 999
Alliance for Zero Extinction 2 n.a
Primary Butterfly Area 1 n.a © Nélida Rodríguez
Current investments in conservation
Local levelImplemented LIFE-Nature projects in the region (1996-2014)
Nº Examples
65
• conservation of endemic birds, such as the Azorean bullfinch (Pyrrhula murina), the
Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea polatzeki) and dark and white tailed
laurel pigeons (Columba bolli, C. junoniae)
• management and conservation of the Laurisilva Forest of Madeira
• recovery plans and reintroduction of the giant lizard of El Hierro (Gallotia simonyi
machadoi)
• measures for the recovery of the monk seal (Monachus monachus) in the Atlantic and
support projects for the conservation of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) and
the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Critical areas for action and investment needs
Baseline data collection & species
assessment
• Distribution and abundance, assessment of
conservation status
Research
• Enhancement of coordinated research on
local ecosystems and endemic species, as
well as on invasive species
Habitat restoration & biodiversity maintenance
• Ecological restoration of natural habitats
Invasive alien species control
• Development of eradication/
control programmes
Critical areas for action and investment needs
© Jose_Ortiz
Annual investment needs for Natura 2000 in Macaronesia
(estimates for the period 2014-2020)
Macaronesia: € 207.2 million
• € 25.0 millionAzores
• € 4.7 millionMadeira
• € 177.5 millionCanaryIslands
Priorities & investment niches
Priorities & investment niches
Species recovery plans (Canary Islands)
Taxa Investment needs/year (€)
Arthropods 435,571
Birds 678,450
Molluscs 3,217,558
Plants 3,057,501
Reptiles 950,023
Total 12,101,012
Monitoring conservation status
For plants (population and phenology):
€ 20,000/year/species
Mammals and fish: to be estimated© Marcel Gil
Priorities & investment niches
Creation of micro-reservesin areas of severely fragmented
habitats (Madeira)
Priorities & investment niches
€
Comprehensive
mapping of
marine habitat
and species
distribution
(La Palma
example)
Priorities & investment niches
€
Study distribution of
sperm whales on
navigation channels
to reduce ship
strikes
(Canary Islands)
€ 400,000/one year
project (estimated
cost)
Francisco
WALLENSTEIN
Contact us in the Macaronesia hub
BEST III
Macaronesia
Coordinator
BEST III
Macaronesia
Expert
http://www.azores.gov.pt/Portal/pt/entidades/srmct-frct/
[email protected]@azores.gov.pt [email protected]
José AZEVEDO Luisa MADRUGA
BEST III
Macaronesia
Ecosystem Profile
Expert