larger than tigers: biodiversity conservation …
TRANSCRIPT
Implemented by Wildlife Conservation Society; AGRER,
B&S Europe
LARGERTHANTIGERS:
BIODIVERSITYCONSERVATION
STRATEGICAPPROACHFORASIA
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Asiahasthehighestconcentra.onofterrestrialgloballythreatenedspecies
§ Map:distributionofthreatenedmammalspecies[credit:Jenkinsetal.2013]
§ SoutheastAsia:highestconcentrationofCriticallyEndangeredvertebratesglobally
§ Manyhavelittleornoconservationattention 2
andthegreatestmarinediversity
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3.4 billion people; 1/2 the world’s population in about 1/5 of its land area
Andisaglobalcentreofeconomicgrowth
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1990 (54.7%)2010 (20.7%)Eradication of extreme poverty by 2030 (Asian Development Bank)
Economic growth is linked to the exploitation of natural resources
Wealth! Demand! Wildlife trafficking !
Economic growth….... Higher consumption of endangered species
StudyObjec.ves
§ Identify at the continental scale: § the principal threats to biodiversity in the selected
Asian regions § the most appropriate contribution that the EU
can make to enhancing biodiversity conservation in the region
§ Propose a coherent strategic approach outlining a suite of interventions
§ So that the EU (and others) can engage in effective, well-articulated and complementary interventions for biodiversity conservation
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TheAfricaReport
§ Published 2015
§ Supports programming of EU’s European Development Fund and the Global Public Goods and Challenges funding instruments for sub-Saharan Africa up to 2020
§ Some bilateral donors are also referring to the documents to guide their strategy development
§ Parallel process for Latin America
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GeographicScope:25countries
South Asia: Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka
Island South-East Asia + New Guinea: Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Timor-Leste
Greater Mekong: Cambodia; Lao PDR Myanmar; Thailand Vietnam
East Asia: China; Mongolia Russian border regions
Marine: Coral triangle; Other large marine ecosystems
Synthesis report
Central Asia: Afghanistan Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan TurkmenistanUzbekistan
ThreatstobiodiversityinAsia
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Overexploitation: § Wildlife exploitation (hunting, over-fishing) § Logging and over-harvesting of non-timber forest products and
biomass extraction
Ecosystem conversion, degradation: § Agriculture, forestry expansion (commercial, small-holder) § Infrastructure (linear, settlement, energy) § Oil, gas, mining § Aquaculture § Dam building and water abstraction/ diversion § Pollution of freshwater and marine systems § Climate change
DriversofThreats
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§ Emphasis on Economic Development to the exclusion of long-term sustainability
§ Population pressure on resources; demand for energy, wildlife
products § Corruption and misuse of power § Civil unrest, conflict, insurgency
§ Tenure insecurity and land resource conflict
§ Greenhouse Gas Emissions
KEYFINDINGS:
GEOGRAPHICPRIORITIES
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KeyLandscapesforConserva.on(KLCs)
Why identify priority areas? § These are the most critical areas to focus site-based
conservation funding § These are the areas where mainstreaming biodiversity into
other funding streams is necessary ‘Global’ level: Priority Regions for Conservation § based on published global analyses: hotspots, G200
ecoregions, endemic bird areas, wilderness areas ‘Landscape’ level: Key Landscapes for Conservation § Identified at national, regional level or for specific species (mostly) larger than individual sites
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PriorityRegionsforConserva.oninthefivesub-regionswhichmakeupthestudyarea
Sub-region
TotalareaofPriorityRegionsforConservationinthesub-region(Km2)
PRCas%oftotallandareainthesub-region
SouthAsia 1,780,673 48GreaterMekong 2,365,175 100IslandSEAsia+NG 3,023,096 100EastAsia 6,352,902 57CentralAsia 2,212,594 31TOTAL 15,734,440 58
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PriorityregionsandKLCsinAsia
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Priority regions (orange): ±60% land area Key Landscapes for conservation (green): ±25% of land area
SouthAsiaKLCs
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KLCs defined by: - Key biodiversity area
corridors - Landscape scale
(>1,500 km2) KBAs/IBAs
- Tiger landscapes - Tiger source sites - Elephant range - G200 (Rann of
Kutch only) - IBA (Gir forest only)
GreaterMekongKLCs
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KLCs defined by: - Key biodiversity
area corridors
Islandsouth-eastAsiaandNewGuineaKLCs
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KLCs defined by: - Key biodiversity area
corridors (Philippines and Wallacea)
- Mammal distribution (Borneo)
- Tiger source sites - Elephant range - Sumatran Orangutan
range - EBA - Individual IBAs - KBAs (Papua) - Alcorn+Beehler
(PNG)
EastAsiaKLCs
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KLCs defined by: - Govt. of China/
TNC blueprint for conservation (China)
- Simplification of PAs + priorities from WWF et al (2010)
CentralAsiaKLCs
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KLCs defined by: - Draft priority KBAs
(CEPF) - GSLEP Snow
Leopard Landscapes
- Snow Leopard Conservation Units
Marinepriori.es
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Source: Beger, M. et al. 2015 Integrating regional conservation priorities for multiple objectives into national policy. Nature communications, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9208
KLCs defined as combination of highest conservation benefit for: - Representation of marine habitats - Grouper spawning aggregation - Sea turtle habitat - Larval dispersal between reefs for
coral trout and sea cucumbers - Reefs with lower vulnerability to
climate change
KEYFINDINGS:
STRATEGICAPPROACHES
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StrategicApproachestoaddressingmainpressuresonbiodiversityandecosystems
Threecoreapproaches
§ PROTECTEDAREAS
§ LANDSCAPE/SEASCAPEAPPROACHES
§ WILDLIFECRIMEANDUNSUSTAINABLEUSE
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ProtectedAreas:Ra.onaleandcoreissues
§ Arethemostimportantapproachforconservation(7000terrestrialPAs,>3millionkm2,2000marinePAs,0.2millionkm2)
§ NationalPAnetworkshavegapsincoverageofecosystems:§ 9/25countries>17%§ Only30–80%ofkeybiodiversityareasprotected
§ PAsfailingtoprotectbiodiversitybecauseoflegalandillegaldamage:§ Weakinstitutionalandstaffcapacity§ Non-conducivepoliticalandpolicyenvironment§ Institutionsthatareisolatedormarginalisedandunder-resourced
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ProtectedAreas:StrategicApproaches#1
Shorttermpriority–improvingthemanagementeffectivenessofexistingpriorityprotectedareas
§ Betteruseofexistingresources-expandeduseofSMART
§ Continuedorincreasedinvestment:PAbudgets,staffingandstaffcapacity
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MediumTermPriority:institutionalizeimprovedmanagement,securefunding• EnhancedstrategicandmanagementplanningforPAs• ClarifycommunitylandandresourcerightswithinPAs• Capacity:goodpracticesharing;competencestandards
forPAstaff;improvedtraininginexistinginstitutions.
• Securityoffunding:alignexistingGovernmentanddonorfunding;scaleupalternativefundingmechanisms(e.g.ecotourism,PES)
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ProtectedAreas:StrategicApproaches#2
MediumandLonger-term:improvedPAnetworks,moresupportivepolicyandpoliticalenvironment§ Analysisofgapsandopportunities(updateandexpand
KBAinventories,includeconservationmanagementbycommunities,privatesector,localGovernment)
§ RaiseprofileofPAsamongstpublicanddecisionmakers,e.g.scale-upinitiativesonthevaluationofnaturalcapitalinPAs.
§ StrengthenthelegalandpolicybasisofPAs,andaddressweaknessesinplanninglawsandregulationsinothersectors(e.g.energy,agriculture,fisheries,extractiveindustries,EIA).
§ Supportreformofinstitutionalrelationshipsandmandatesfortheprotectionofprotectedareas.
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ProtectedAreas:StrategicApproaches#3
LandscapesandSeascapes:Ra.onaleandcoreissues
§ Centraltomaintainingconnectivityandmaintaininghigh-biodiversitysitesoutsideformalprotectedareas(e.g.logged-overforest,small-holderagriculturalmosaics,freshwaterecosystemsandcoastalecosystems,near-shoremarineecosystems)
§ Opportunitiestomakethelinktoprosperityandpeaceagendas
§ Selectionofprioritylandscapesshouldconsidermaintainingconnectivityforbiodiversity,opportunitiesforenhancingvaluesforlivelihoods,widereconomicsignificanceofecosystemservices(e.g.riverflow,DRR)
§ Coreapproachisenablingmultiplestakeholderandintereststonegotiatecompatible,sustainableoutcomes
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LandscapesandSeascapes:Strategicapproaches#1
Shortterm:low-hangingfruitandpilots§ Collatelessonsfromexistinginitiatives
§ Identifyhighpriority,feasiblelandscapesforfurthersupport
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LandscapesandSeascapes:Strategicapproaches#2
§ Mediumterm:Embedlandscapeandseascapeapproachesintoinstitutionsandpolicies
§ Enablingpolicies(inc.EIA,SEA)andremovalofblockagestolandscapeandseascapeapproaches
§ Existinginstrumentsforcommunity/NGOmanagementoflandwithlandscapeapproaches(e.g.CommunityConservationAreas,EcologicallySensitive/CriticalAreas,ProtectedForests,SpecialConservationSitesandLocallyManagedMarineAreas
§ Corporatesectorcommitments(e.g.foroilpalm,pulp-paper,coffeeetc)
§ Existingfundingforenvironmentalschemes(reforestation,ecosystemservices)
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WildlifeCrime:Ra.onaleandcoreissues
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§ Illegalandunsustainableexploitationofwildlifeisamajor,growingthreattobiodiversitywhichunderminesprogresswithprotectedareasandlandscapes/seascapes
§ Significantinternationalcollaborationalreadytakesplace,butthereareopportunitiesforincreasingitsimpact
§ TheissuecanbetackledasatradeGovernanceissue,applyinglawsontrade,tax,quarantineetc.,andasaninternationalcriminalissue(similartopeopleandarmssmuggling)
§ Enforcementiscomplicatedinsomecasesbecauseof‘farming’ofwildlife,subsistencehuntingrights
WildlifeCrime:Strategicapproach#1
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Shortterm§ Ramp-upenforcementefforts,engagementofspecialistNGOsandcivilsocietyinenforcement.
§ Reinforceexistingmechanismsfortrans-boundarycooperation
§ Increasetheimpactofprosecutionundercurrentregulationsonwildlifetrade[increasedsanctions,awarenessinenforcementandjudicialagencies]
§ Increasepoliticalpriorityofwildlifecrimethroughinternationalmultilateralandbilateralfora,tosecureorreinforcecommitmentstoactiononwildlifecrimefromnationalleadersandotherinfluentialfigures.
WildlifeCrime:StrategicApproach#2
Medium–LongTerm§ Supportstrengtheningofpoliciesandlawsonprotectedspecies,wildlifetrade,andimplementationofCITESobligations
§ Capacity-buildingfordecisionmakers,Govt.agenciesandCSOsinvolvedinactiononwildlifecrimeandunsustainableexploitation
§ Supportdemandreductioncampaignstochangepurchasingbehaviourandstrengthensupportforactionagainstwildlifecrime.
§ WildlifeFarming:Eliminateillegalfarming,tightenscrutinyoflicensedfarms,preventexpansionoftheindustry
§ Newsourcesoffundingforactionagainstwildlifecrime,e.g.‘restitutionfunds’
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Cross-cuTngIssues
§ Enhancetheroleofcivilsociety§ Increaseprivatesectorengagement§ Improveknowledge,dataandinformationmanagement
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The‘biodiversity’SDGs:
§ SDG14Lifebelowwaterconserveandsustainablyusetheoceans,seasandmarineresources
§ SDG15.LifeonLand.Sustainablymanageforests,combatdesertification,haltandreverselanddegradation,haltbiodiversityloss
§ SDG13.Climateaction.Takeurgentactiontocombatclimatechangeanditsimpacts
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SDGsandBiodiversityConserva.on
OtherrelevantSDGs..
§ SDG1Nopoverty.Endpovertyinallitsformseverywhere
§ SDG2.ZeroHunger.Endhunger,achievefoodsecurity,andimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture
§ SDG3.Goodhealthandwellbeing.Ensurehealthylivesandpromotewell-beingforallatallages
§ SDG6.CleanWaterandSanitation.Ensureaccesstowaterandsanitationtoall
§ SDG16.Peace,justiceandstronginstitutions.Promotejust,peacefulandinclusivesocieties
Anymanymore…
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SDGsandBiodiversityConserva.on
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LinkagesbetweenSDGs
KeyIssuesforDiscussion
§ Todaysdiscussion:howcanthesereportsbeausefulworkingtoolforyou?
§ Somewaysintothediscussion:
§ Generalissuesonmainstreamingbiodiversity
§ linkageswithinvestmentsininfrastructuredevelopment(capacitydevelopment,transferoftechnicalexpertiseforEIA,safeguards,considerationofKLCs?
§ Greendevelopmentpolicies:infrastructure,energy
§ Offsets,PES,certification:Privatesectorinvestmentinbiodiversityrichlandscapes
§ Povertyalleviation:landtitling,accesstoresources,formalizationoflandusetypesthatbenefitlocalcommunities(directpaymentmechanisms,institutionalstrengtheningforsustainablenaturalresourceusemanagement)
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KeyIssuesforDiscussion
EUasabilateralaiddonor:
§ 2014-2020fundingcycle:RIPsandNIPs–mid-termreviews
§ Multi-annualfinancialframeworkpost2020–makingwildlifeapriority
§ Civilsocietybudgetlines
Otherfinancialmechanisms?
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KeyIssuesforDiscussion
EUasastrategicpartner(notjustadonor):
§ Mainstreamingbiodiversityintothepeaceandsecurityagenda
§ Actionplanonwildlifetrafficking–linkstotargetsandthepillars?
§ CITESimplementation
§ MainstreamingbiodiversityintotheSDGsagenda
§ Mainstreamingbiodiversityintoinfrastructure,energy,ruraldevelopmentandagriculture
§ Capacitybuildingascross-cutting
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KeyIssuesforDiscussion
EUasamarket,EUfootprint:
-FLEGT,expansiontootherproducts?
- EUasaconsumerandtransithubforwildlifeproducts,othercommodities?
- Policycoherence(biofuelstandardsandpalmoil)
- FreeTradeAgreements–Vietnamasamodel?
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Keyques.ons
HowcanEUdelegationstakethesedocumentsforward?
Howcanweencouragenationalgovernmentstogivehigherprioritytoconservationactivities?Whatargumentscanweuse?
Whatfundingsourcescanweaccess?Whatothermechanismsarethere(e.g.trustfunds?)
Howcanweencouragemembersstatesandotherdonorstobuy-intotheseapproaches?
Howcanwemakesurethereportssupportthis?
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Breakoutgroups
[ifneeded–tobefinalized]
§ Protectedareas
§ Landscapes
§ WildlifeCrime
§ IntersectionwithDevelopmentCooperation(howistheEUDevelopmentCooperationstructuredb?Usingthatwecanassignthebreakoutgroups;Anti-corruptionmeasures++
§ Intersectionwithinfrastructure(linear)
§ Intersectionwithpovertyalleviation
§ Intersectionwithenergy
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Thank you