large process models and process model collections ... · large process models and process model...

Manfred Reichert, Barbara Weber, Victoria Torres

Large Process Models and Process Model Collections: - Challenges, Methods, Technologies -

Barbara Weber Victoria Torres Manfred Reichert

Presenters

Barbara Weber [email protected] University of Innsbruck

Manfred Reichert [email protected] University of Ulm

Victoria Torres [email protected] Polytechnic University of Valencia

Agenda

Challenges & Basic Notions

Part I: Large Process Models

Part II: Large Process Model Collections

Part III: Large Process Structures

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Large Process Models – An Example!

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Process Model

Process model

Node

Activity Event Control connector

Control edge

Data object

Atomic activity Complex activity Resource

Operation

contains

connect

is a is a is a

executes

contains

is a is a

input

output

contains

describes

Process model

Node


Control edge

Data object


Operation

contains

connect

is a is a is a

executes

contains

is a is a

input

output

contains

describes

operational

structural Process Model

Process model

Node


Control edge

Data object


Operation

contains

connect

is a is a is a

executes

contains

is a

input

output

contains

describes

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structural Process Model

is a

Process Model Collections

Process Model Collections

Sets of process models – Sharing goals

• Collections of process model variants – Targeted at different stakeholders

• Collections of process model user views – Described at different abstraction levels

• Collections of process model at different level of detail – Dealing with process model evolution

• Collections of process model versions – Stored within the same repository

• Collections of enterprise process models

--

15

Process Structures

System

Komponente Komponente Komponente

System

Gesamtsystem

SoftwareModultest

SoftwareDesign

Software Implementierung

KomponentenSpezifikation

KomponentenTest

SystemSpezifikation

SystemIntegration

SystemEntwurf

FahrzeugErprobung

Testfälle

Testfälle

Testfälle

Testfälle

Process Structures

Lifecycle Phases

Lifecycle Phases

Analysis & Design – BP identification and modelling

• Based on domain requirements • BP Modelling notation and languages

– Validation & Verification • Simulation techniques support Validation

» Resulting artefact: BP model

» Fostering communication between different stakeholders

Lifecycle Phases

Configuration – Implementation of BP models – Implementation platform has to be chosen – BP model preparation for enactment

• Interaction with the enterprise eco-system – users & existing systems

• Tests to check desired behaviour

» Resulting artefact: Ready-to-enact BP model

Lifecycle Phases

Enactment – BP instance execution

• Guaranteeing BP model constraints compliance – Monitoring & Visualizing techniques

• Allow discovering the status of active BP cases

» Resulting artefacts: » Business Process instances » Execution logs

Lifecycle Phases

Diagnosis – Analysis of execution logs

• Identification of poor quality designs – Fragments that are not used at all

• Identification of problems regarding execution environment adaptation

» Resulting artefact: Process model and configuration changes report

Lifecycle Phases

Evolution – Application of changes to BP models based on

• New requirements • Improvement opportunities

» Resulting artefact: BP Model more accurate to the BP and its environment

Agenda





References

Challenge: Large Process Models

Challenge: Understanding process models of large size

Typical Quality Problems Process Model Smells

Process Model Smells PMS1: Non-intention Revealing Naming of Activities / Process Model

PMS2: Contrived Complexity

PMS3: Redundant Process Fragment

PMS4: Large Process Models

PMS5: Lazy Process Models

PMS6: Unused Branches

PMS7: Frequently Occurring Instance Changes

PMS8: Frequently Occurring Variant Changes

(Weber and Reichert 2008, Weber et al. 2011)

Refactoring Large Process Models

Identification of Process Model Smells

Application of Refactoring Techniques

RF1: Rename Activity

RF2: Rename Process Schema

RF3: Substitute Process Fragment

RF4: Extract Process Fragment

RF5: Replace Process Fragment by Reference

RF6: Inline Process Fragment

RF7: Re-label Collection

RF8: Remove Redundancies

Refactoring Techniques

Process Model Refactorings

(Weber and Reichert 2008, Weber et al. 2011)

Labeling of Process Models

PMS1. Non intention revealing naming of activities / process models

– Ambiguous or non intention revealing labels

– Inconsistent use of labeling styles

(Weber et al. 2011)

Example of Poor Labeling in SAP Reference Model

Poor labeling may lead to ambiguities – Plan a data transfer? or

– Transfer plan data?

Leopold et al. 2011

Number of ways students name an activity in a process model

Insights from a process modeling experiment with 113 students.

The following sentence in the process description

“Afterwards the scouting team attends games of the player they are interested in live in the football stadium.” resulted into 84 different ways for naming this particular activity.

Fahland 2012

http://dirksmetric.wordpress.com/2012/08/17/number-of-ways-student-name-an-activity-in-a-process-model/

Guidelines for Labeling of Process Models

Many guidelines stress the importance of proper labeling

(Malone 2003, Sharp and McDermott 2008)

Empirical insights show that verb-object style is best understandable

(Mendling et al. 2010)

Automatic Refactoring of Labels

Labels are automatically refactored from action-noun style to labels in verb-object style

(Leopold, Smirnov, and Mendling 2012)

Refactorings RF1: Rename Activity

RF7: Re-label Collection

Plan data transfer to EPC-PCA from profitability

analysis

Transfer plan data to EPC-PCA from

profitability analysis

Structured versus Unstructured Business Process Models

PMS2. Contrived Complexity – Unstructured process fragments are more difficult to

understand than well-structured ones (Mendling, Reijers, van der Aalst 2010)

Unstructured Process Model


Unstructured Process Model

Well-structured Process Model

Automatic transformation of unstructured into structured model (Polyvyanyy et al. 2012)

Refactoring RF2: Substitute Process Fragment


PMS2. Contrived Complexity – Process Fragments are syntactically often different,

but semantically equivalent (Gert et al. 2010)

(Gert et al. 2010)


Automatic detection of semantically equivalent process fragments (Gert et al. 2010)

Refactoring RF2: Substitute Process Fragment

Redundant Process Fragments

PMS3: Redundant Process Fragments

– Clones can be commonly found in existing process models

(Dumas et al. 2012, Weber et al. 2011)

– More than 560 clones in the SAP reference model (Dumas et al. 2012, Weber et al. 2011)


(Dumas et al. 2012)


Method for automatically detecting exact clones (Dumas et al. 2012)

Detected clones can be automatically extracted to sub processes

Refactoring RF4: Extract Process Fragment RF5: Replace Process Fragment by Reference RF8: Remove Redundancies

Large Process Models

PMS4: Large Process Models – Literature reports about process models with several

hundred activities (Soto et al. 2008)

– Large process models tend to comprise more formal flaws than smaller ones (Mendling et al. 2008)

Large Process Models

Method for automatic modularization of business process models (Reijers et al. 2011)

Method for the automatic labeling of process models (Leopold et al. 2011)

Refactoring RF4: Extract Process Fragment RF5: Replace Process Fragment by Reference RF8: Remove Redundancies

Hierarchy in Conceptual Models Common Belief versus Empirical Evidence

Modularization is a widely used strategy to reduce

complexity in conceptual models

Hierarchical structures supported by many conceptual modeling languages

Empirical evidence on the benefits of hierarchy are contradictory

Hierarchisation in Conceptual Models A Systematic Literature Review

Work Findings Moody [15] Domain: ER-Models

Positive influence on accuracy, no influence / negative influence on time

Reijers et al. [16, 17] Domain: Business Process Models

Positive influence on understandability for one out of two models

Cruz-Lemus et al. [9, 18] Domain: UML Statecharts

Series of experiments, positive influence on understandability in last experiment

Cruz-Lemus et al. [13] Domain: UML Statecharts

Hierarchy depth of statecharts has no influence

Shoval et al. [14] Domain: ER-Models

Hierarchy has no influence


Positive influence on understandability for first experiment, negative influence in replication


Hierarchy depth has a negative influence

(Zugal et al. 2011a)

Hierarchisation in Conceptual Models A Systematic Literature Review

Work Findings Moody [15] Domain: ER-Models

Positive influence on accuracy, no influence / negative influence on time

Reijers et al. [16, 17] Domain: Business Process Models

Positive influence on understandability for one out of two models


Series of experiments, positive influence on understandability in last experiment


Hierarchy depth of statecharts has no influence

Shoval et al. [14] Domain: ER-Models

Hierarchy has no influence


Positive influence on understandability for first experiment, negative influence in replication


Hierarchy depth has a negative influence

Under which circumstances can positive / negative influcences on understandability be expected?

Understanding Process Models Some Insights from Cognitive Psychology

Answering questions about a model

is a problem solving task

Three different problem solving processes (Larkin and Simon 1987) – Search – Recognition – Inference

Limitations of Working Memory

Central Concept: Working Memory

– Required by all conscious mental activities – Mental effort: utilization of working memory – Severely limited: 7 +/- 2 information „slots“ (Miller 1956) – Overflow: rapid performance decrease! (Sweller 1988) – Mental effort: amount of working memory used

(Paas et al. 2003)

Two Opposing Forces

Abstraction – hiding of irrelevant information (Parnas 1972) – supports human mind’s attention management

(Larking and Simon 1987)

Split-attention effect (Sweller and Chandler 1994) – Occurs when information from several sources needs

to be integrated – switching attention between models

Theoretical Framework for Measuring Understandability

question complexity

mental effort abstraction lowers

includes

hierarchy split-attention effect

performance

enables

causes

increases

determines

(Zugal et al. 2011a)

Hierarchical Model – Abstraction Question

'Define the problem' can be executed after 'Check if problem is already solved'.

Sub Process: Do Systematic Literature Review

Flat Model – Abstraction Question

'Define the problem' can be executed after 'Check if problem is already solved'.

Hierarchical Model – Fragmentation Question

'Describe initial approach' can be executed after 'Compile classification statistics'.

Sub Process: Do Systematic Literature Review

Flat Model – Fragmentation Question

'Describe initial approach' can be executed after 'Compile classification statistics'.

Hierarchisation is Always a Trade-off

Modularization is always a trade-off!

Also the optimal modularization can only increase the “average” understanding! – Some questions become easier to answer – Some questions become harder to answer

(Zugal et al. 2011a, Zugal 2011b, Zugal 2011c)

Hierarchisation is Always a Trade-off

Modularization is always a trade-off!

Also the optimal modularization can only increase the “average” understanding! – Some questions become easier to answer – Some questions become harder to answer

Dynamic modularization / visualization / navigation is needed !

(Zugal et al. 2011a, Zugal 2011b, Zugal 2011c)

The Role of External Memory

External memory – mechanism for reducing mental effort – Information storage outside the human

cognitive system (e.g., pencil and paper or a blackboard)

Cognitive Trace – Information taken from working memory

and stored in an external memory (e.g., to mark, update, and highlight information)

The Role of External Memory

External memory – mechanism for reducing mental effort – Information storage outside the human

cognitive system (e.g., pencil and paper or a blackboard)

Cognitive Trace – Information taken from working memory

and stored in an external memory (e.g., to mark, update, and highlight information)

For process models of large size tool support, which enables to offload information, is essential.

Visualizing and Abstracting Large Process Models

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39

modify CR

initiate CR request expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

request evaluation

provide evaluation

provide evaluation

provide evaluation

request comments

provide comments

provide comments

provide comments

provide comments

approve CR instruct realisation conclude CR

approve CR instruct realisation conclude CRblack box

(legacy application)

manual(remodelling)

direct import

modify CR


generate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise log-data

Miningindirect

Visualization Component

AAAAbt. XZ-A

üBBB

Abt. XZ-C

ü

EEEAbt. XZ-A

û

CCCAbt. XZ-B

üDDD

Abt. XZ-B

ü

FFFAbt. XZ-A

üGGG

Abt. XZ-C

}HHH

Abt. XZ-A

Kost

en >

100

Kost

en ≤

100

Dok 73BDok 73B

Fr. Tschek Hr. Apruf Fr. Tschek Hr. Apruf Fr. Tschek

Fr. Tschek

Hr. Alau Hr. Alau

Prozess: Genehmigung ÄnderungAntrag B25KS vom 31.9.2005 Status 11.12.2005

09.11.2005 15.11.2005

24.11.2005 30.11.2005

08.12.2005

Prüferg.: OK

Genehmigung Änderung

ID Aktivität Anfang Abschluss DauerQ4

1 üAbt. XY-A7t09.11.200501.11.2005AAA

2 üAbt. XY-C4t15.11.200510.11.2005BBB

3 üAbt. XY-B7t24.11.200516.11.2005CCC

4 üAbt. XY-B4t30.11.200525.11.2005DDD

5 ûAbt. XY-A12t01.12.200516.11.2005EEE

6 üAbt. XY-A5t08.12.200502.12.2005FFF

7 }Abt. XY-C5t15.12.200509.12.2005GGG

8 Abt. XY-A6t23.12.200516.12.2005HHH

Abt. XY-A

Abt. XY-C

Abt. XY-B

Abt. XY-B

Abt. XY-A

Abt. XY-A

Abt. XY-C

Abt. XY-A

Bearbeiterheute

Antrag B25KS vom 31.9.2005

Status 11.12.2005

Abt.

XY.B

Abt.

XY-A

Abt.

XY-C

AAAü

BBBü

EEEû

CCCü

DDDü

FFFü

GGG}

HHH

Kosten > 100

≤ 100


Process Visualization What is needed?

adapt display form (diagram, form, table, text, …)

abstracting information (process views)

adapting visual appearance (symbols, colors, …)

Process Visualization Dimensions

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: Goals

reduction aggregation

Goals: Decreasing the complexity of (large)

process models Eliminating or abstracting process

information

► Personalize process models through process views

Process views should be …

− easy to define − dynamically built if required

P1 P2 P3 P4

B FD

GEA

C

LH IX Y

Z

Y

Z X XXX Z K

J

Y

Z

EA LH IX X XXX

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: Goals

Reduction Eliminate activities Simplify the resulting schema Remove adjacent satellite objects

Aggregation Aggregate activities Aggregate adjacent objects if required

C

KI

HF

E

J

GA

D

LB

D1

D2 D3 D4

D5

X Y

X

Y Y

Y X

Z

Z

Z

Z

YC

I

HF L

D1

D2 D3 D4

D5

Y Y Y

Y

Y

CI

HF

L

D2 D4

D5

Y

Y Y

Y

Y

C

KI

HF

E

J

GA

D

LB

D1

D2 D3 D4

D5

X Y

X

Y Y

Y X

Z

Z

Z

Z

ZC

KI J

L

D1

D2 D3 D4

D5

X,Z Y

X,Y,Z

Y X

ABDEFGH

Z

Z

CKI J

L

D1D234

D5

Y

Y X

ABDEFGH

X,Z

X,Y,Z

Z

Z

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: Fundamental Techniques

Bobrik et al., 2007

Process Model Abstraction and Process Views in Proviado

(Bobrik, Bauer, & Reichert, 2007; Reichert et al., 2012)

Related approaches, e.g.,

– Smirnov, Reijers & Weske, 2011 – Eshuis & Grefen, 2008 – Schumm, Latuske & Leymann, 2011

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: The Proviado Approach

Attri

bute

Op.

High-level Operations

Data

Flo

w O

p.

Multi-Aspect Operations

Single-Aspect Operations

Elementary Operations

AGGREGATECF REDUCECF

Aggregate Reduce

ShowMyActivities ...AggrExecutedPart

Control Flow Attributes Application DataProcess

AggrSESEAggrShiftOut

AggrAddBranchRedActivity

AggrComplBranch...

...

...

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: The Proviado Approach

• A multi-layer approach for abstracting process models and building process views

C D EA

C D EBA

D EA

A E

RedActivity(B)

RedActivity(C)

RedActivity(D)

BA

rs

t

BA

r ∨ st

ReduceCF({B,C,D})

AB

C

AC

s

t

s

t

AD

F

A D F

AD

FB

RedActivity(B)

Further refactorings: but …

Elementary reduction operations

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: Elementary Operations

Attri

bute

Op.


Data

Flo

w O

p.





Aggregate Reduce





AggrComplBranch...

...

...

AggrSESE

AggrAddBranch AggrAddBranch

AggrComplBranches AggrShiftOut

C DBA E

DA

BCEA

B C

ED

r

s

A B

Er

s

r ∨ sCD

A

B

GF

C

EDrs

t

AGF

r ∨ s

t

BCDE

AB

ED

C

AE

CBD

Elementary aggregation operations

C D EBA

A EBCD

AggrSequence

Non-connected activity sets


Attri

bute

Op.


Data

Flo

w O

p.





Aggregate Reduce





AggrComplBranch...

...

...

ReductionSESE AggrSESE

BC

C DBA

DA

H: ‹S(A),E(A),S(B),E(B),S(C)›

H’: ‹S(A),E(A),S(BC)›

C DBA

DA


Elementary operations applied at the process instance level

Attri

bute

Op.


Data

Flo

w O

p.





Aggregate Reduce





AggrComplBranch...

...

...

Let’s have a closer look at aggregations!

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: View Properties

Example: Aggregate activities from set {B,D}

AB

ED

CF


AE

CFBD

AggrShiftOut

AggrAddBranch

How to aggregate these two activities?

Example: aggregate activities from set {B,D}

Alternative 1:

Alternative 2:

► Well-defined properties to characterize the resulting view!

AB

ED

CF

AE

CF

BD

AE

CFBD

AggrShiftOut

AggrAddBranch


B C

D A

E F

• dependency-generating • inconsistent process state

• dependency-erasing • consistent process state

B C

D A

E F

BD C

A E

F

BD

C A

E F

ü } }

ü } ü

}

ü

}

}


Properties of view-building operations:

-

AggrAddBranch

AB C

ED

r

s

A B

Er

s

r ∨ sCD

ReductionSESE

C DBA

DA


correct fuzzy

Using views for process execution or process change:

• correct structure and consistent state are crucial

• view interpreted by process engine or change engine

Using views for process visualization:

• imprecision or loss of information is tolerable

• view interpreted by process participants

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: View Parameterization

Proviado addresses this issue by enabling parameterizable process views, i.e., the degree of imprecision or tolerable information loss may be flexibly chosen

Reichert, Kolb, Bobrik, & Bauer, 2012

3 strategies for aggregating an activity set (AggregateCF):

AD

IG

FLCB

E

HJ K

AF

IBCDEGH J KL

AF

I

BCDEGH

J KL

AI

FBC

DE

GHJ KL

A BCDEFGHIJKL

AF

I

BCDEGHKL

J

strategy = as-is strategy = expand strategy = subdivide

AD

IG

FLCB

E

HJ K A

D

IG

FLCB

E

HJ K A

D

IG

FLCB

E

HJ K

dependencies = non-erasing

dependencies = non-generating

dependencies = preserving

AggrShiftOut & AggrSESE

AggrAddBranch

AggrAddBranch & AggrSESE

4x AggrSESE

AggrSESE

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: View Parameterization

Attri

bute

Op.


Data

Flo

w O

p.





Aggregate Reduce





AggrComplBranch...

...

...

TA BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS

AggrSESE({B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S})

B

OMS

LJ

D

N

KA

C

P

F

H

s

t

R

E

Q

G

IT

(Elementary Operation)

2

strategy = expandstates = consistentdependencies = preserving

View Parameterization:

AggrAddBranch ({B,F,G,J,M,N,P,Q,R})

B

OMS

LJ

D

N

KA

C

P

F

H

s

t

R

E

Q

G

IT

O

L

D

KAS

Hst

EI

T

BFGJMNPQR

C(Elementary Operation)

1

strategy = as-isstates = defaultdependencies = default


AggrAddBranch({B,J,M,N})AggrSESE({F,G})AggrSESE({P,Q,R})

AggrShiftOut({B,J,M,N})AggrSESE({F,G})AggrSESE({P,Q,R})

B

OMS

LJ

D

N

KA

C

P

F

H

s

t

R

E

Q

G

IT

DH

s

tE

IC

FG

3

strategy = subdividestates = defaultdependencies = default


AGGREGATECF({B,F,G,J,M,N,P,Q,R})(Single-Aspect Operation)

B

OMS

LJ

D

N

KA

C

P

F

H

s

t

R

E

Q

G

IT

Base Process Model

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: Single-Aspect Operations

Elementary operations for reducing and aggregating data elements: RedData and AggData

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: Other Process Aspects

B A

D 1

B A

RedData(D1)

BHF

EC

G

DA I

D1

D3

D2

D5 D6

BHF

EC

G

DA I

D12

D356

D4

D4

AggData({D1,D2}) AggData({D3,D5,D6})


Basisprozessschema

REDUCEDF({D1,D2,D3,D4}) AGGREGATEDF({D1,D2,D3,D4})

AggData({D1, D2,D3,D4})

RedData({D1})RedData({D2})RedData({D3})RedData({D4})

FD

CA

E

B

D2 D3 D4

D1

FD

CA

E

B

D2 D3 D4

D1

FD

CA

E

B

D2 D3 D4

D1

FD

CA

E

B

FD

CA

E

B

D1234

Core Process Schema

Single-aspect operations for abstracting data flow: REDUCEDF and AGGREGATE DF

D1 D1

ABA

B

D1 D1

ABA

B

D1 D1

ABA

B

A B C

D1 D1

ABC

AdaptDE

AdaptDE

AdaptDE

AdaptDEa)

c)

b)

d)


Adapting data flow edges in the context of control flow aggregations: AdaptDE

A user-friendly definition of process views requieres high-level view creation operations

Example of a high-level operation: ShowMyActivities – Eliminate all activities the current user is not involved in

Process Visualization Abstracting Process Models: High-level Operations

Attri

bute

Op.


Data

Flo

w O

p.





Aggregate Reduce





AggrComplBranch...

...

...

AggrForeignActivities(User = X) 1. Choose high-level view operation and set its parameters


Aggregate({B,C,D,G,H,I,J}, Param = {…}) 2. Map high-level operation to multi-aspect operation(s)

AggrShiftOut({B,C,D})

AggrSESE({G,H,I,J})

AdaptDE({D2}) AdaptDE({D3}) AdaptDE({D4})

AggrData({D2,D3}, …)

4. Determine corresponding single-aspect operations and apply them to the original process model; apply refactorings if applicable

B

J

HF

D

I

GA

C

K

E

LX Y

X

Y Y X

Z Z

X

XY Y

D1D2

D4

D3

B

J

HF

D

I

GA

C

K

E

LX Y

X

Y Y X

Z Z

X

XY Y

D1D2

D4

D3

BCDF

AK

E

LX Y

X

X

X

X

D1 D2

D4

GHIJY,Z

D3

BCDF

AK

E

LX Y

X

X

X

X

D1 D23

D4

GHIJY,Z

Example: Actor X: „Aggregate activities I am not involved in“

AGGREGATECF({B,C,D,G,H,I,J}, Param = {strategy = subdivide, …}) AGGREGATEDF({D2,D3})

3. Map multi-aspect operations(s) to single-aspect operations

B

KI

HF

D

J

GA

C

N

E

O P

L MX,Y

X X

Y

W W V

Y X X

V,Y W,V V

X,Y YX

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

B HGAN

O

MX,Y

X X X X X,YX

Step 4

B HGA N O

MX,Y

XX X X

X,YX

Step 5

REDUCECF(S)Single-aspect Operation:

• Find SESE componentsS1 = {C,D,E}, S2 = {F},S3 = {I,J,K}, S4 = {L},S5 = {P}

RedSESE S1RedSESE S2RedSESE S3RedSESE S4RedSESE S5

Elementary Operations:

Simplification Operations

Initial process schema with activities of user X marked

Reduce(S)Multi-aspect Operation:

• Evaluate pred:

ShowMyActivities(user X)High-level Operation:

• Define predicate pred: Find all activities where actor X is not involved in

S = {C,D,E,F,I,J,K,L,P}

B

KI

HF

D

J

GA

C

N

E

O P

L MX,Y

X X

Y

W W V

Y X X

V,Y W,V V

X,Y YX

B

KI

HF

D

J

GA

C

N

E

O P

L MX,Y

X X

Y

W W V

Y X X

V,Y W,V V

X,Y YX


Example: ShowMyActivities High-level Operations in Proviado:

• ShowActivitiesOfUser • AggrExecutedPart • ShowExecutedPath • GroupedAggregation • ViewByRelevance • ViewByPredicate • Subgraph • SubgraphRange • CutProcess • …

Initiation Expertise Evaluation Approval Realization


Change Request 000-W213-XQ-2146 Part: Speedometer Change: Improvement of Readability

ü ü } Start: 13.01.2006 End: 15.01.2006

Start: 15.01.2006 End: 23.02.2006

Start: 25.02.2006 End:

Process: CR_V2.1

Instance: 4215

Visu

aliz

atio

n

Process Visualization Visual Appearance of a Process Model: Issues

1. Which visual notation to use? A template mechanism is required that allows for the flexible definition of the

− visual appearance (e.g., geometry) of process objects − placeholders for attributes or (status) symbols

activity

End

}

Start

actor document

filename

Name Headline

Subheading

S start date end date

Initiation Expertise Evaluation Approval Realization Process: CR_V2.1

Instance: 4215

Visu

aliz

atio

n


1. Which visual notation to use? 2. When to use which visualization? Selection of a concrete visualization template may depend on the type of

a process element, attributes, process data, users, etc.

visualization of a process element

element typede

pend

s on

user preferences

status

attribute value

process or application

data

depends on

element = „activity“e.g.

status = „running“

activity.type = „testing“

e.g.

e.g.

Name

AttrValue

Symbol

AttrValueAttrValueAttrValue

state

element = „actor“Mr. Lucas

test goal

TEST

Name Name Name Name Name

Headline Subheading Subheading

S S S start date end date

start date end date

start date end date

start date end date

start date end date

S S


Instance: 4215

Visu

aliz

atio

n




ü ü } Start: 13.01.2006 End: 15.01.2006

Start: 15.01.2006 End: 23.02.2006

Start: 25.02.2006 End:

1. Which visual notation to use? 2. When to use which visualization? 3. Which data? Where to add and how? Abstracting and formatting process data

− Formatting, e.g., date values − Abstracting, e.g. costs: "high " instead of 1.000.000 €

Filling template parameters with concrete process data


Instance: 4215

Visu

aliz

atio

n




ü ü } Start: 13.01.2006 End: 15.01.2006

Start: 15.01.2006 End: 23.02.2006

Start: 25.02.2006 End:

1. Which visual notation to use? 2. When to use which visualization? 3. Which data? Where to add and how? 4. How shall the visualization style look like? Colors, fonts, lines, etc.

process (SVG)

stylesheet(CSS)

stylesheet(CSS)

adaptstyle

A2A1

A3A4 A5

CR-Process

A2A1

A3A4 A5

CR-Process

OEM

Supplier

A2A1

A3A4 A5

CR-Process


Instance: 4215

Visu

aliz

atio

n


How we addressed these issues in the Proviado visualization framework …

Process Visualization Visual Appearance of a Process Model: The Proviado Approach

Visualization Model logical description of all information required for creating a particular

process visualization, e.g., symbols, display form, layouting, …

Process CR1

A1 A2

A3 A4 A5

A1 A2

A3 A4 A5 Visualization

VisModel

VisModel

A1 A2

A3 A4

A5

Process CR1

R

S

T


Basic principle: separate process data from its presentation

Visualization template defines 1. symbol to be used 2. data to be displayed 3. application context


Examples of visualization templates

Bobrik et al., 2006


Schema of a visualization templates

name attrVal

symbol

attrVal attrVal attrVal

state

symbol definition

input parameter

template definition

notation definition notation

template definition

template definition

parameterdefinition parameter parameter

name

describes

template

template

template

name attVal attrVal

describes

describes

...

...

...

describes

describes

<template id="default_act"> <inputs>...</inputs> <graphic> <symbol>...</symbol> <parameter name="Beschreibung" location="g/text[@name=’actname’]" value="act.getName()" /> <parameter name="Status" location="g/g[@name=’status’]"> <choice> <when test="act.getState()=RUNNING"> <use xlink:href="#act_state_RUNNING" /> </when> <when test="act.getState()=COMPLETED">...</when> ... </choice> </parameter> <parameter name=starttime" location="g/text/[@name=’starttime’]“ value="formatDate(act.getStart(), ’dd/mm/yyyy’)"/> ... </graphic> </template>

Name

End Start

JavaScript can be used for calculating parameter values

Parameter locations inside the symbol are specified using XPath

Symbol shapes are defined using SVG


Defining a visualization templates for process elements


Defining the application context of visualization templates

Visualizing of a a process element

element type

user preferences

status

attribute values

obj . nodetype = "activity "

activity . status = "completed"

activity . type = "testing"

obj . nodetype = "actor" Mr . Lucas

test goal

TEST

Name AttrValue

Symbol

AttrValue AttrValue AttrValue

state

Name AttrValue

Symbol


may depend on

process or application

data

context rules

if obj.type = „node“

elsecase obj.nodetype = „activity“

„actor“

actor_name

if obj.acttype = „testing“

test goal

TEST

elseName

AttrValue

Symbol

AttrValueAttrValueAttrValue

state

...

if obj.type = „edge“

...

case obj.edgetype = „control flow“

„data flow“

...

in: ProcessObject obj<if test="self.type=ACTOR"> <template id="actor"> <inputs> <input name="actor" value="self"/> </inputs> </template> </if> <if test="self.type=ACTIVITY"> <choose> <case test="self.type='testing'"> <template ref="testing_act"> <inputs> <input name="act" value="self"/> </inputs> </template> </case> <otherwise> <template ref="default_act"> <inputs> <input name="act" value="self"/> </inputs> </template> </otherwise> </choose> </if>


Defining the application context of visualization templates


Process

Name AttrValue

Symbol


state

notation

Name

Template x Template y Template z

B A C

start : 01 . 08 . 2007 end : 05 . 08 . 2007 cost : 2500

start : 07 . 08 . 2007 end : 14 . 08 . 2007 cost : 4100

name : PartID value : XX 35 K 4 D 1

Y X Z

Process elements

Process attributes

application context schema

Context rule 2 Context rule 3

Context rule 1 if type = activity then use template x

C 4100

14 . 08 . 07 costs

07 . 08 . 07

Z

PartID XX 35 K 4

process visualization

Evaluate the context rules and fill in attribute values

Name Value

references

references

Creating a process visualization


Example

Personalized Visualization

Process Visualization Combining the Dimensions

Abt

. XY

.BA

bt. X

Y-A

Abt

. XY

-C

AAAü

BBBü

EEEû

CCCü

DDDü

FFFü

GGG}

HHH

Kosten > 100

≤ 100


Process Visualization Display Form of a Process Model

CR-request

write CR-request

check CR-request

act. B act. A

Word

< 2 days

AAAAbt. XZ-A

üBBB

Abt. XZ-C

ü

EEEAbt. XZ-A

û

CCCAbt. XZ-B

üDDD

Abt. XZ-B

ü

FFFAbt. XZ-A

üGGG

Abt. XZ-C

}HHH

Abt. XZ-A

Kost

en >

100

Kost

en ≤

100

Dok 73BDok 73B


Fr. Tschek

Hr. Alau Hr. Alau


09.11.2005 15.11.2005

24.11.2005 30.11.2005

08.12.2005

Prüferg.: OKGenehmigung Änderung


1 üAbt. XY-A7t09.11.200501.11.2005AAA

2 üAbt. XY-C4t15.11.200510.11.2005BBB

3 üAbt. XY-B7t24.11.200516.11.2005CCC

4 üAbt. XY-B4t30.11.200525.11.2005DDD

5 ûAbt. XY-A12t01.12.200516.11.2005EEE

6 üAbt. XY-A5t08.12.200502.12.2005FFF

7 }Abt. XY-C5t15.12.200509.12.2005GGG

8 Abt. XY-A6t23.12.200516.12.2005HHH

Abt. XY-A

Abt. XY-C

Abt. XY-B

Abt. XY-B

Abt. XY-A

Abt. XY-A

Abt. XY-C

Abt. XY-A

Bearbeiterheute


Status 11.12.2005

A-Klasse }

S-Klasse ▼

W213-XQ-14

W213-LZ-93

W213-RZ-52

M-Klasse ▼

E-Klasse ▼

01.02. heute 01.03. 01.04. 01.05. 01.06.

recent Change Requests 18.04.2006

Goal: Experiment with other ways of displaying processes

B

A

C

H

F G

D E

J

A J>> >> >>

||| H|||

F G>>B C>> D E>>

A

F

GH

J

B

C

D

E

A

V

C

B

E

D

V

G

F

J

H

V

Central Process Model (CPM)

a) Form-based View b) Tree-based View c) EPC-based View

Process Visualization Display Form of a Process Model

Some concrete work we did in the proView project

Visualisierungskomponente

modify CR


generate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

request evaluation

provide evaluation

provide evaluation

provide evaluation

request comments

provide comments

provide comments

provide comments

provide comments

approve CR instruct realisation conclude CR

approve CR instruct realisation conclude CRblack box

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Process Visualization Summary: What we achieved in Proviado?

Updatable Process Model Abstractions

Focus of this presentation has been on the personalized visualization of large process models

Another fundamental issue: How to enable domain experts to change large process models!

Proviado proVie

Basic Idea: Using process views not

only for visualization purpose, but also as interface for changing the underlying core process model (CPM)

Updates of a process view then have to be correctly propagated to its CPM as well as all other views on this CPM

Necessitates a formal foundation

proView CPM

View 1' View 2 View n...

CPM‘

View 1' View 2 View n...

UpdateCPM(op1)

op1

a)

CPM‘

View 1' View 2' View n‘

op1'‘ op1'‘‘

...

b)

c)


Kolb, Kammerer & Reichert, 2012

Ambiguities when propagating view changes to the CPM


proView

C D E B A

AggrSESE(V1,{D,E}) RedActivity(V1,B)

C DE A

Core Process Model CPM

Process View V1 on CPM


proView

Updating a CPM and related views after a view update!

Agenda





References

Business Process Repositories Basic Challenge: Dealing with Large Model Collections

Business Process Repositories

Standard repository features

– Check-in / check- out, access control, simple search queries

Advanced repository features – Extract, transform and compose process information – Filtering (i.e., clone, detection, similarity search,

querying) – Managing process variants – Merging – Navigating in repositories – … (La Rosa et al. 2011)

modify CR

initiate CRrequest

expertisegenerate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

request evaluation

provide evaluation

provide evaluation

provide evaluation

request comments

provide comments

provide comments

provide comments

provide comments

approve CR

instruct realisation

conclude CR

change needed

initiate CR

XOR

CR initiated

modify CR

CR modified

request expertise

expertise requested

V

generate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

V temp. exp. gen.

generate expertise

expertise generated

XOR

Prozessmodell-transformation

Prozessmodell-integration

approve CR

instruct realisation

conclude CR

request evaluation

provide evaluation

provide evaluation

provide evaluation

request comments

provide comments

provide comments

provide comments

provide comments

modify CR

initiate CRrequest

expertisegenerate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

generate expertise

Instanzdatenintegration

System A System B System C

1.

3.2.

Business Process Repositories: Extract, Transform, and Compose Process Fragments

(Bobrik 2008)

Process fragment composition

Process data transformation

Instance data correlation & integration

System A

AB

CD E

AC

BED

Einheitliches Prozessmodell für die Visualisierung

mapping

SO

R

P

Q

remodel

System D

black box

FH

GMI N

extract

load

logs

System B

FG

HI

System C

L M N

mining

L

transform

Business Process Repositories: Extract, Transform, and Compose Process Fragments

Business Process Repositories Filtering

Filtering

– Clone detection • finding exact matches

– Similarity search

• finding close matches

– Querying • looking for patterns

Business Process Repositories Filtering: Similarity Search

Searching for similar process models / process fragments – Given a query graph, find all process models in the

process model collection that are similar

(Dijkman et al. 2011)

When are two process models similar?

When are two process models similar? Similarity measure defines when two process models

are similar – Value between 0 and 1 – 0 indicates no similarity and 1 indicates identical

elements



When are two process models similar?

Label matching similarity – Similarity based on the labels of business process

model elements Structural similarity

– Measures similarity based on the labels of a business process model element, as well as the relations between these elements

Behavior similarity – Measure similarity based on the intended behavior of

process models



Querying a process model for patterns – Given a query graph, find all matching sub-graphs in

the process model collection

– Example of such a query language • BPMN-Q (Awad 2007): Queries expressed in BPMN;

usage of wildcard nodes and arcs possible

– Efficient querying of process fragments • Index for efficient querying (Yan, Dijkman, and Grefen

2012)

Business Process Repositories Filtering: Querying Process Models

Looking for patterns in a process model – What happens between A and E?

(Awad 2007, Awad et al. 2008)


Looking for patterns in a process model – What happens from the start until B is reached?

(Awad 2007, Awad et al. 2008)


Agenda





References

Variability Sources of Variations

Cultural differences Types of customers

Country-specific regulations Types of goods

Religious

Christianity

Judaism

Hinduism Inferior

Nor

mal

Luxury Durable Services Delicate

Drugs administration M

oney

tran

sfer

Professional qualification Food packaging

Handicapped

Kid

VIP Loyal customer

Impu

lsiv

e cu

stom

ers

Language

Use of the language

tabo

o

aesthetics na

tiona

lity

race

Buying and Selling

rent

ing

Intellectual property protection

gender

hist

ory

location

Qua

lity

cont

rol

New customer

Impe

risha

ble

Industrial Example Flight Check-in

Generic process:

Variations due to: – Airline policies (e.g., check-in opening time) – Type of passenger (e.g., adult, child, handicapped) – Type of ticket (e.g., economy, business) – Type of carried items (e.g., pet) – etc.

Identify passenger Assign seat

Print boarding

card

Boarding card

Drop off luggage

» Hundreds of variants


Variant 1: – Online check-in – Adult flying with a business class ticket – International flight from EU to USA


Print boarding

card

Electronic Boarding card

Drop off luggage

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure Web

sys

tem

v

Cou

nter

des

k

v


Variant 2: – Counter desk check-in – Unaccompanied Minor (UM)


Print boarding

card

Boarding card

Drop off luggage

3 hours before

departure

Cou

nter

des

k

v

Assign UM seat

Localize staff to accompany

passenger Fill in UM

form

+ +


Variant 3: – Online check-in – Adult carrying overweight

Identify passenger

Assign seat

Print boarding

card

Boarding card

Drop off luggage

23 hours before

departure Web

sys

tem

v

Pay extra fee v

Cou

nter

des

k

Business Process Variability

How are Business Processes which are subject to

variability characterized?

Representing Variability Concepts

Variable parts – Parts being subject to variation (commonly known as

variation point)


Print boarding

card

Boarding card

Drop off luggage

Different timer start events

Different seat assignment according to the passenger

needs

Different types of boarding card (paper, sms)


Alternatives that exist for each variable parts – Alternatives that fit in each variable part – Relationship constraints between such alternatives

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat

Assign seat (pet company)

Assign seat (wheelchair)

Different timer start events Different seat assignment according to the passenger

needs


Application context for each alternative – Conditions that make these variables being applied – Usually represented by a set of variables

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat



Check-in type? • on-line • counter desk

Passenger needs? • No needs • Unaccompanied minor • Carrying a pet • wheelchair

Process Perspectives

Where can we find variability in a BP? – Behavioural – Functional – Informational – Organizational – Temporal – Operational


Behavioural It captures the dynamic behavior of a BP model and corresponds to the control flow between the activities. A control flow schema includes information about the order of the activities or the constraints for their execution.

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat




Functional It specifies the decomposition of BPs, i.e., it represents the activities to be performed. While an atomic activity is associated with a single action, a complex activity refers to a subprocess or, more precisely, a sub-process model.

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat



Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

Assign seat

Assign UM seat




Informational


Print boarding

card

Printed Boarding card

Drop off luggage

It concerns data and data flow, i.e., it represents the informational entities (e.g., data, artifacts, products, and objects) consumed or produced during the execution of BP activities.

Mobile Boarding card


Organizational It deals with the assignment of resources to the activities of a BP model, i.e., it represents the actors, roles (i.e., humans or systems), within an organization being in charge of executing certain BP activities.


Print boarding

card


Drop off luggage

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure Web

sys

tem

v

Cou

nter

des

k

v


Temporal

It deals with time issues and temporal constraints, i.e., it represents the occurrence of events during the course of a process, which affects the scheduling of activities from this process.


Print boarding

card


Drop off luggage

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure Web

sys

tem

v

Cou

nter

des

k

v


Operational

It refers to the implementation of process activities, i.e., the application services to be executed when an atomic activity is performed.


Print boarding

card


Drop off luggage

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure Web

sys

tem

v

Cou

nter

des

k

v

Self-service machine

Counter desk

Online

Limitations of Common BPMLs

Are common BPML constructs sufficient to

properly represent variability in BPs?


Could we use...

– Conditional branching, – Separate process models, or – Sub-processes

… for such purpose?

Limitations of Common BPMLs Conditional Branching

BPMLs could be used to represent process variant alternatives

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat




(+) Allows visualizing all alternatives in one shoot

Alternatives

Alternatives Alternatives

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat




(-) Hinders identifying existing variants

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat




(-) Hinders differentiating between domain dependent and domain independent conditional branching Domain

dependent

Domain independent

... ...

Mobile phone

Pay-pal

Bank transfer

Credit card

...

+

+

+

+

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

Assign seat

Assign UM seat




Could we use...



Cou

nter

des

k

v

Limitations of Common BPMLs Separate process models

(+) Each process variant in a separate model


Print boarding

card


Drop off luggage

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure Web

sys

tem

v

Variant 1:


(+) Each process variant in a separate model

Identify passenger

Assign UM seat

Print boarding

card

Boarding card

Drop off luggage

3 hours before

departure Cou

nter

des

k

v Localize staff to accompany

passenger Fill in UM form

+ +

Variant 2:


(-) Common fragments have to be replicated

Cou

nter

de

sk

v


Print boarding

card


Drop off luggage

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure Web

sys

tem

v

Variant 1:

Identify passenger

Assign UM seat

Print boarding

card

Boarding card

Drop off luggage

3 hours before

departure

Cou

nter

des

k



+ + Variant 2:


(-) Changes need to be replicated in all variants

Cou

nter

de

sk

v


Print boarding

card


Drop off luggage

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure Web

sys

tem

v

Variant 1:

Identify passenger

Assign UM seat

Print boarding

card

Boarding card

Drop off luggage

3 hours before

departure

Cou

nter

des

k



+ + Variant 2:

Sign airline form

Sign airline form


Could we use...



Limitations of Common BPMLs Sub-processes

(+) Promotes the reuse of common fragments (+) Allows reducing the size of the model

Cou

nter

de

sk

v

Start check-in Assign seat

Print boarding

card


Drop off luggage

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure Web

sys

tem

v

Variant 1:

+

Identify passenger

Sign airline form

Limitations of Common BPMLs Sub-processes

(-) Variability related issues cannot be explicitly represented

Cou

nter

de

sk

v

Start check-in Assign seat

Print boarding

card


Drop off luggage

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure Web

sys

tem

v

Variant 1:

+

Identify passenger

Sign airline form


Even though these techniques are supported by commercial BPM tools, they do not enable

transparent and explicit management of process variants

Variability in other Domains

Is there something out in other domains that

can be used?

Variability in the SPL domain

Software Product Line (SPL) Engineering – Put emphasis on Reusability and Flexibility by

• Consolidating and capitalizing on commonality through the product line

• Focusing on product variations – Objectives:

• Create a collection of similar software systems from a shared set of software assets using a common means of production

Language requirements

Variation point Alternative process element Alternative process element context Alternative process element relationship Variation point resolution time


Variation point

Precise position within a configurable process where different choices are possible depending on the current context or situation.

Variation point

Variation point Variation point

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat




Alternative process element

Particular option that may be instantiated at a specific variation point and may refer to any modelling element such as activities and their control flow, resources, data, events, or operations.

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat




Alternative process element context

Subset of process variables whose values make a particular alternative process element to become instantiated for a variation point.

Context variable

NO

UM

PET

WHEEL

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat



Special needs?


Alternative process element relationship

Constraint of use between two or more alternative process elements. These constraints are defined based on semantic relationships to ensure the proper use of the involved alternative process elements within a specific context.

Identify passenger

Assign UM seat

Print boarding

card

Boarding card

Drop off luggage

3 hours before

departure Cou

nter

des

k

v Localize staff to accompany


+ +

Inclusive


Variation point resolution time

This requirement should allow modellers to distinguish between variation points whose resolution depends on the initial context (configuration time) or on the current context of a process instance (enactment time).

Identify passenger

Fill in ESTA form

23 hours before

departure

3 hours before

departure

Fill in UM form

Fill in pet form

... Assign seat

Assign UM seat



Enactment time Configuration

time

Representing BP Variability

Two main approaches: – Behavioural-based approaches – Structural-based approaches

Representing BP Variability Behavioural-based approaches

Behavioural-based approaches – Single modelling artefact (Configurable process model) – Process variant derivation by removing parts from the

configurable process model • Techniques for variant derivation:

– Configurable nodes and configuration requirements and guidelines

– Hiding and blocking

– Proposals found in BPM literature • C-EPC/C-iEPC (Rosemann et al. 2007/La Rosa et al. 2008) • C-YAWL (Gottschalk et al. 2008)


Configuring configurable process elements

Con

figur

atio

n of

Var

iant

s Pr

oces

s- M

odel

ing

Context

Configurable process model

A

B C

D

C D

E D F

G

H

I

J

K …

Process family

A G

H

I

J

K …

A B C G

H

I

J

K …

A D G

H

I

J

K …


C-iEPC – Configurable nodes

• Connectors – Restrict their behaviour or SEQ

• Functions – Configured as ON, OFF, or OPT

• Objects – 2 Dim: Optionality and specialization

• Roles – 2 Dim: Optionality and specialization

– Configuration... • Requirements

– State hard configuration constraints

• Guidelines – State soft configuration constraints


C-iEPC

– Configurable nodes









C-iEPC – Configurable nodes








Understandability Task Process Variant Extraction

C-iEPC – Let’s derive the variant where:

• Unaccompanied Minor (UM) • Check-in luggage • No luggage overweight


C-iEPC

• Connectors

• XORc2 = SEQ1b


C-iEPC

• Connectors

• XORc2 = SEQ1b • XORc6 = SEQ2b


C-iEPC

• Connectors

• XORc2 = SEQ1b • XORc6 = SEQ2b

• Functions • Fill in ESTA form = OFF


C-iEPC

• Connectors

• XORc2 = SEQ1b • XORc6 = SEQ2b • XORc9 = OR

• Functions • Fill in ESTA form = OFF


C-iEPC

• Connectors


• Functions • Fill in ESTA form = OFF • Localize staff = ON


C-iEPC

• Connectors


• Functions • Fill in ESTA form = OFF • Localize staff = ON • Drop off lugg. = ON


C-iEPC

• Connectors

• XORc2 = SEQ1b • XORc6 = SEQ2b • XORc9 = OR • XORc12 = OR

• Functions • Fill in ESTA form = OFF • Localize staff = ON • Drop off lugg. = ON


C-iEPC

• Connectors

• XORc2 = SEQ1b • XORc6 = SEQ2b • XORc9 = OR • XORc12 = OR

• Functions • Fill in ESTA form = OFF • Localize staff = ON • Drop off lugg. = ON • Pay extra fee = OFF


C-iEPC • Roles

• c1 = Economy class counter • c4 = Economy class counter • c5 = Economy class counter • c7 = Economy class counter • c10 = Economy class counter • c11 = Economy class counter

• Objects • C8 = Paper boarding card


C-iEPC

Mental process followed in C-EPC:

1. Inspect all configurable nodes 2. Evaluate the associated requirements 3. Configure configurable nodes accordingly

Process Variant Extraction Task Cognitive discussion

C-iEPC – Cognitive discussion

• 3 basic operations: – Locating elements

» Easy to perform thanks to their visual differences – Evaluating Boolean expressions

» Can be pretty challenging depending on the complexity of the expression

» Some evaluations depend on previous decisions – Adapting the model accordingly

» Elements have to be mentally removed

⇒Complexity depends on how many requirements have to be analyzed

Representing BP Variability Structural-based approaches

Structural-based approaches – Several modelling artefacts

• Base model • Change operations

– Process variant derivation through the application of change operation to the base model

– Proposals found in BPM literature • Provop (Hallerbach et al. 2010)

• Rule representation and processing (Kumar and Wen 2012)

Con

figur

atio

n of

Var

iant

s Process family

A G

H

I

J

K …

A B C G

H

I

J

K …

A D G

H

I

J

K …


Provop

Choosing and applying options

Proc

ess-

Mod

elin

g

Context

Options

... Delete

Option n

Modify ... Insert

Option 1

... Move

Base model A D G I K …

Provop – Base model

• Policies: Standard process Most frequently used process Minimal average distance Superset of all process variants Intersection of all process variants


Adjustment Points

Variant: Passenger with no special needs, dropping off luggage, carrying luggage excess

Provop – Change Options

• Allow deriving new variants • Are applied to the base model


Provop – Options Constraints

• Relationships : Implication, Exclusion, Order, etc.


Provop – Context Model



Provop – Let’s derive the variant where:

• Unaccompanied Minor (UM) • Check-in luggage • No luggage overweight


Provop 1. Examine all change options and their Boolean

expressions

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight


Provop 2. Select all change options satisfying the given context



Provop 3. Determine whether all options can be applied

according to the constraint model



Provop 4. Locate the variation points where options apply



Provop 4. Mentally integrate change options into the base model



Provop

Mental process followed in Provop:

1. Examine all change options and their Boolean expressions 2. Select all change options satisfying the given context 3. Determine whether all options can be applied according to the

constraint model 4. Locate the variation points where options apply 5. Mentally integrate change options into the base model


Provop – Cognitive discussion

• Two main operations: – Selecting change options

» Boolean expression need to be evaluated » All are expressed in terms of context variables » Check for conflicts in the constraint model

– Applying change options into the base model » Determine by the change distance between the base

model and the variant to be derived. » The type of operation influences the complexity (delete

vs. insert)

Language Support Comparison Structural vs Behavioural

C-EPC Provop Variation Point + + Alternative process elements F, B, O, I F, B Alternative process element context + + Alternative process element relationships +/- + Variation point resolution time - -

functional (F), behavioral (B), organizational (O), Informational (I) perspectives

Qualitative Comparison

Discussion – Modelling elements

• In C-EPC are mainly deleted • In Provop can be added, deleted, and moved » Deletion presumably involves less cognitive effort


Discussion – Variability modelling elements

• Single artefact in C-EPC – Configurable process model » Works for small models » Overload for large models

• Separate artefacts in Provop – base model, change options, options constraint, context

model » Abstraction mechanisms favour model understanding


Discussion – Boolean expressions

• C-EPC: Represented in terms of the model structure – Forces to keep track of previous decisions – Presumably imposing bigger mental effort

• Provop: Represented in terms of context variables – Semantics is explicit in the model » Presumably imposing less mental effort

Business Process Repositories Merging Process Models: Behavioral Approach

La Rosa et al, 2010

Process (Variant) Models

…

(Configurable) Process Model

merge

1. Configurations are very costly

2. Variants are difficult to maintain

Original reference process model S

…customization & adaptation

Process variant S1 Process variant S2 Process variant Sn

mining & learning

Discovered reference process model S’

Control differences Goal: Less configurations!

e.g., discover a new reference process model having lower average weighted distance to the variants than the original reference process model has!

Why?

1. Limit the efforts to update reference model

2. Avoid spagatti-like structure

3. Obtain the flexibility to only perform the important changes

Business Process Repositories Merging Process Models: Structural Approach


Li, Reichert, & Wombacher 2012

Applying Heuristics Search to Scenario 2

Variants

d=1

d = 2

d =

3

Original reference

model No search distance

constraint

Force 1:close to variants

Force 2: close to reference

Snc : Search result without

constraint

Original Reference model

Process variants

Intermediate search result

Search steps

Discovered Reference Model

Sc: Search result with constraint


A B Z

…

SCkidSB

kidSAkid …

A B C YZ

Best kid when changing A

Best kid when changing Y

Best kid when changing B

Best kid is better than parent

Best kid is NOT better than parent

SZkid SY

kid

Best kid when changing Z

Best kid when changing C

Search tree based on best kids Skidaj

Start

Original reference model S

SsibBest sibling of all best kids

B Terminating condition: No kid is better than its parent

Search result

Applying Heuristics Search to Scenario 2


Can we find a model closer to the variants by performing saying only 3 changes of the old reference model?

Average (weighted) distance of S to the variants: 4 high-level changes (NP-hard complexity)


Example (1)


Example (2)


Healthcare Case Study

Business Process Repositories Navigating in Respositories and Large Process Models

Level of granularity

Process World Process Areas Processes Process Step


Practical demands: Navigate in Large Process Models

Navigation within one single dimension (forward/backward)

Views are predefined

No comprehensive tool support available

comprises a sequence of user interactions allows process participants to navigate from a default

visualization of a large process to more specific ones


Process Navigation (niPRO)

niPRO - Hipp, Mutschler & Reichert, 2012

Geographic dimension

View dimension


niPRO Core Navigation Model – Inspired by Google Earth


Level 1 The Globe Process world

Level 2 Continents Process areas

Level 3 Countries Processes

Level 4 Cities Process steps

Geographic dimension

View dimension


niPRO Core Navigation Model – Inspired by Google Earth

3-dimensional navigation concept



Initial situation • 3-dimensional

navigation space

• Different navigation states (g, s, v)

• State transitions (= user interactions)

119


120

Some Challenges – How to guide the user through the navigation space? – How to recommend certain paths within the navigation

space (i.e., to reduce number of interactions)? – How to remove specific navigation states being not

reasonable… – How to assist users when the navigation space gets

more complex… A process navigation model is needed


Typical use case A developer wants to

see which process step has to be done, after he completed the current process step.


Start: (0,0,0) End: (1,1,0)

Typical use case A developer wants to

see which process step has to be done, after he completed the current process step.


Agenda





References

System


System

Gesamtsystem

Large Process Structures Motivation

Interacting process fragments. The arcs show the interactions that need to take place between fragment instances.

Large Process Structures A Simple Example

Mans et al., 2012

Proclets provide a framework for modeling and executing workflows

A Proclet can be seen as a lightweight workflow process able to interact with other Proclets (potentially at different levels of aggregation).

A Proclet class specifies which tasks need to be executed and in which order, i.e., the Proclet class defines the process followed by individual Proclets. One instance is called a Proclet instance.

Large Process Structures Proclets

Proclet classes for the illustrated scenario Mans et al., 2012



Mans et al., 2012

Product Process Product Process =

Process

Process

Process Process Process

Process

Process

Process

Process Process

Process structure needs to be adapted when product

structure changes!

Large Process Structures Data-driven Process Structures: Motivation

Modeling

Brett-Test Telematik

Brett-Test Komponente Brett-Test

Komponente Brett-Test Komponente

Brett-Test Innenraum

Auswahl Komponenten

Brett-Test Motor

Brett-Test Komponente

Prüfstand Motor E/E-Klausur

Release

Execution

Dynamic Adaptation

Exception Handling


Modeling

System


System

GesamtsystemBrett-Test Telematik

Brett-Test Komponente Brett-Test

Komponente Brett-Test Komponente

Brett-Test Innenraum

Auswahl Komponenten

Brett-Test Motor

Brett-Test Komponente

Prüfstand Motor E/E-Klausur

Release

Corepro: Integrated Support of Data-driven Process Structures

Execution

Dynamic Adaptation

Exception Handlung

Data-driven Process Structure


Large Process Structures Data-driven Proess Structures: Motivation

Spezifi-zieren Spezifiziert AngeliefertBestellen

Tür-Steuergerät

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Klima-Steuergerät

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren

τ

τ

Dat

eng

etri

eben

e P

roze

ssst

rukt

ur

Installieren

Installieren

BestätigungMechanik


Display

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

AuswahlLieferant Ausgewählt Aufgebautτ

Labor-test

Navigation

S E

AufbauMechanik Aufgebaut GetestetTest

Mechanik Testfahrt

E-Klasse

S E

AuswahlLieferant Ausgewählt Aufgebautτ Labor-

test

Powertrain

S E


Getriebe Steuergerät

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren

Installieren


τ


Motor-SG Benzin

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren


Multimedia-Einheit

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

τ

Spezifi-zieren Spezifiziert AngeliefertBestellenGPS Sensor

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren

τ

Installieren


Motor-SG Diesel

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

InstallierenInstallieren


Verstärker

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


test

Innenraum

S E

τ

Installieren


Tür-SG Beifahrer

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Klima-Steuergerät low

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Spezifi-zieren Spezifiziert AngeliefertBestellenKlima Display

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Getriebe Steuergerät 2

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Motor-SG Benzin 2

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Klima Bedieneinheit 2

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]



S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Motor-SG Diesel 2

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]



S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren


Installieren



Installieren

Installieren

τ τ

Data-Driven Process Structures: The Corepro Approach

Large Process Structures Corepro

Gesamtsystem

hatSys

System

Komponente

hatKomp

Da

ten

mo

de

ll

Lif

e C

yc

le C

oo

rdin

ati

on

M

od

el

Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik

Rück-dokumentation

GesamtsystemS E

AuswahlKomponenten

Konfiguration gebildet

Muster Aufgebautτ Brett-

Test

SystemS E

Bestellung Komponente angeliefert AbgesichertAbsicherung

KomponenteS EMelden[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

nutztKomp

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster

M o d e l l e b e n e

I n s t a n z e b e n e

Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik

Rück-dokumentationS E

AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E

Bestellung Komponente angeliefert AbgesichertAbsicherungS EMelden[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

Data Structure

Data Model


Object Life Cycles / Life Cycle Coordination Model


Müller et al. 2007

Gesamtsystem

hatSys

System

Komponente

hatKomp

Da

ten

mo

de

ll

Lif

e C

yc

le C

oo

rdin

ati

on

M

od

el

Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik

Rück-dokumentation

GesamtsystemS E

AuswahlKomponenten



Test

SystemS E



[Nicht i.O.]

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

nutztKomp

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster



Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

g

a

g

a

Object Life Cycles / Life Cycle Coordination Model



Müller et al. 2007

Gesamtsystem

hatSys

System

Komponente

hatKomp

Da

ten

mo

de

ll

Lif

e C

yc

le C

oo

rdin

ati

on

M

od

el

Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik

Rück-dokumentation

GesamtsystemS E

AuswahlKomponenten



Test

SystemS E



[Nicht i.O.]

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

nutztKomp

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster



Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

Gesamtsystem

hatSys

System

Komponente

hatKomp

Da

ten

mo

de

ll

Lif

e C

yc

le C

oo

rdin

ati

on

M

od

el

Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik

Rück-dokumentation

GesamtsystemS E

Installieren

AuswahlKomponenten



Test

SystemS E



[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren

τ

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

nutztKomp

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster

BestätigungMuster



Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

Gesamtsystem

hatSys

System

Komponente

hatKomp

Da

ten

mo

de

ll

Lif

e C

yc

le C

oo

rdin

ati

on

M

od

el

Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik

Rück-dokumentation

GesamtsystemS E

Installieren

AuswahlKomponenten



Test

SystemS E



[Nicht i.O.]

InstallierenhatSys

τnutztKomphatKomp

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

nutztKomp

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster

hatSysBestätigungMuster



Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

g

a

g

a Data-driven Process Structure


Müller et al. 2007

Gesamtsystem

hatSys

System

Komponente

hatKomp

Da

ten

mo

de

ll

Lif

e C

yc

le C

oo

rdin

ati

on

M

od

el

Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik

Rück-dokumentation

GesamtsystemS E

Installieren

AuswahlKomponenten



Test

SystemS E



[Nicht i.O.]

InstallierenhatSys

τnutztKomphatKomp

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

nutztKomp

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

hatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83




Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

Gesamtsystem

hatSys

System

Komponente

hatKomp

Da

ten

mo

de

ll

Lif

e C

yc

le C

oo

rdin

ati

on

M

od

el

Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik

Rück-dokumentation

GesamtsystemS E

Installieren

AuswahlKomponenten



Test

SystemS E



[Nicht i.O.]

InstallierenhatSys

τnutztKomphatKomp

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

nutztKomp

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster




Release-bildung

Release Gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

g

a

g

a


Müller et al. 2007

Large Process Structures Data-driven Process Structures: Corepro


Tür-Steuergerät

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Klima-Steuergerät

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren

τ

τ

Dat

eng

etri

eben

e P

roze

ssst

rukt

ur

Installieren

Installieren



Display

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

AuswahlLieferant Ausgewählt Aufgebautτ

Labor-test

Navigation

S E

AufbauMechanik Aufgebaut GetestetTest

Mechanik Testfahrt

E-Klasse

S E


test

Powertrain

S E


Getriebe Steuergerät

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren

Installieren


τ


Motor-SG Benzin

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren


Multimedia-Einheit

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

τ

Spezifi-zieren Spezifiziert AngeliefertBestellenGPS Sensor

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren

τ

Installieren


Motor-SG Diesel

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]



Verstärker

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


test

Innenraum

S E

τ

Installieren


Tür-SG Beifahrer

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Klima-Steuergerät low

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Spezifi-zieren Spezifiziert AngeliefertBestellenKlima Display

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Getriebe Steuergerät 2

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Motor-SG Benzin 2

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]



S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]



S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


Motor-SG Diesel 2

S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]



S ESicht-Prüfung

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]

Installieren


Installieren



Installieren

Installieren

τ τ

• Significant reduction of modeling efforts for process engineers

• Formal operational semantics allows for correct executability

• Soundness can be guaranteed on an abstracted level

E-Klasse

Navigation Innenraum Powertrain

Steuergerät Motor BenzinGPS Sensor Steuergerät

GetriebeSteuergerät Motor Diesel

Mutlimedia-Modul

Verstärker

Klima-Bedieneinheit F

Klima Display

Klima-Bedieneinheit H

Steuergerät Tür VL

Steuergerät 2-Zonen Klima

Steuergerät Tür VR

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster


Release-bildung

Release gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten


Muster aufgebautτ Brett-

TestS E

Bestellung Komponente angeliefert AbgesichertAbsicherungS EMelden

[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

[i.O.]

YIELD!

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster


Release-bildung

Release gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

[i.O.]

Change Operation (Data Structure) 1) removeRelation(Telematik High

V2.2, TV Tuner V1.83, nutztKomp);

2) removeObject(TV Tuner V1.83);

Change Operation (Process Structure) 1) removeExtTrans(Telematik High V2.2 .

Muster Aufgebaut, Installieren, TV Tuner V1.83 . E);

2) removeOLC(Tuner V1.83);

Data-driven Process Adaptation


Müller et al. 2008a

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster


Release-bildung

Release gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

[i.O.]

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster


Release-bildung

Release gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

[i.O.]

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster


Release-bildung

Release gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

[i.O.]

BR212, Rel. 02/08

hatSys

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up UnitV3.14

nutztKomp

Da

ten

str

uk

tur

Da

ten

ge

trie

be

ne

Pro

zes

ss

tru

ktu

r

BR212, Rel. 02/08

Installieren

Telematik High V2.2

Head-Up Unit V3.14

Installieren

τ

TV TunerV1.83

nutztKomp

Gesamtsystem

System

Komponente

Komponente

InstallierenhatKomp

TV Tuner V1.83

BestätigungMuster


Release-bildung

Release gebildet

Prototyp umgebaut

UmbauMechanik


AuswahlKomponenten



TestS E


[i.O.]

[Nicht i.O.]


[Nicht i.O.]

[i.O.]

YIELD!

YIELD!

YIELD! YIELD!

YIELD!

YIELD!YIELD!

JUMP

RESET RESET

JUMP Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Forward Recovery


Exception Handling

Graphical User Interface of COREPROSim Automatic Creation and Execution of a Process Structure Dynamic Adaptation and Exception Handling Simulating Large Process Structures

NotActivated

Activated

Done

Skipped

Inkonsistenzerkannt

Waiting

Processing

Fired

Disabled

Zustandsmarkierungen Transitionsmarkierungen

Defining the Model Level with Correctness Checks

Large Process Structures Data-driven Process Structures: Corepro Proof-Of-Concept

Müller et al. 2008b

= Objektzustand Interne Transition mit verknüpftem Prozess und Transitionsbedingung= = Endzustand= Startzustand

PD = Product Development, HW = Hardware, SW = Software

Process Description of the ISO Norm Data Model in COREPRO-Sim OLC of Object Type "System" Life Cycle Coordination Model Instance Level: Data Structure and Automatically Created Process Structure

Large Process Structures Corepro: Case Study ISO 26262 -- Road Vehicles, Functional Safety

References

Ahmed Awad: BPMN-Q: A Language to Query Business Processes. EMISA 2007: 115-128.

Ahmed Awad, Gero Decker, Mathias Weske: Efficient Compliance Checking Using BPMN-Q and Temporal Logic. BPM 2008: 326-341.

Bobrik, R.; Reichert, M.; Bauer, T.: Requirements for the Visualization of System-Spanning Business Processes. Proc 16th Int’l Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA’05), IEEE Computer Society, pp. 948–954 (2005)

Bobrik, R.; Bauer, T.; Reichert, M.: Proviado – Personalized and Configurable Visualizations of Business Processes. Proc 7th Int’l Conf on Electronic Commerce and Web Technologies (EC-Web’06) LNCS 4082, pp. 61–71 (2006)

Bobrik, R.; Reichert, M.; Bauer, Th.: View-based Process Visualization. In: Proc Int‘l Conf on Business Process Management (BPM’07) LNCS 4714, pp. 88–95 (2007)

Remco M. Dijkman, Marlon Dumas, Boudewijn F. van Dongen, Reina Käärik, Jan Mendling: Similarity of business process models: Metrics and evaluation. Inf. Syst. 36(2): 498-516 (2011)

M. Dumas, L. Garcia-Banuelos, M. La Rosa, R. Uba. Fast Detection of Exact Clones in Repositories of Business Process Models. Information Systems (to appear).

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