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HUMAN ENGINEERING ASPECTS

OF A DEEP DIVE FACILITY

DDC

U SEP 13 1977

UJ[~I1T[ ~ C. McCann

C-:) DISRIUTION STATEMENTLApproved for public relea";

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C.2S4)EFENCE AND CIVIL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE

INSTITUT MILITAIRE ET CIVIL DE MEDECINE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE - CANADA

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Mar 1C977 DCI IM Technical /epwt. Nc\. 77X11

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HUMAN ENGINEERING kSPECTS

OF A DEEP DIVE FACILITY,

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/ McCann

Behavourial Division

Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine.1133 ShEppard Avenue West, P.O. Box 2000 [7 D '

Downsview, Ontario M3M 3B9

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DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE - CANADA

I DSTRrBUTRIONsT'rl

jkppovedfor, public relc/aise'Distribution U nhlmitod

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT.............................................. .......... v

INTRODUCTION....................................................... 1

HABITABILITY ASPECTS............................................ 1

General..................................................... 1

Grew Size....................................................... 2

* Tasks and Activities............................................ 2

Environmental Factors........................................... 3

gSocial Factors ................................................... 4

DESCRIPTION OF THE R]GOMMENDED LAYOUT......................... 5

Genaeral......................................................... 5

Personal Maintenance............................................ 7I

Sleeping...................................... I ................... 7

Nourishment.......................... I ........................ 8

Entertainment and k'elaxation.................... ............. 8

Personal Hygiene............................................. 9

Locomotion................................................ 9

Housekeepiug................................................. 10J

Communication................................................ 10

Experimental Facilities........................................ 11

Shelter Decor...................... I ............................ 12

CONCLUSIONS........................................................ 13

TABLE I............................................................ 15

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)

Page

TABLE II .......................................................... 18JILTABLE III .....................................................

21

REFERENCES .................................................... 22

FIGURES ....................................................... 23

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ABSTRACT

£jA•The Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicineis designing a Deep Dive Facility which will be constructed toconduct in-house research into physiological and operationalproblems of deep diving. This report discusses the habitabilityrequirements of such a facility, and considers the human engin-eering aspects of hyperbaric chamber design. Based on thesecriteria, an optimum interior layout for the chamber complexis described.

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INTRODUCT.'ON

The Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine(DCIEM) is designing and constructing a hyperbaric facility toinvestigate the physiological and operational problems associatedwith deep diving. This Deep Dive Facility (DDF) will be capable of

a maximum depth of 5b00 feet (2500 psi.), although it will initiallybe configured (in terms of gas storage, etc.) for 2500 feet maximum.

A three-compartment chamber layout was selected for the complex,consisting of two eight foot diameter cylinders connected to a centralsphere, nine feet in diameter, (Fig. 1). The smaller cylinder (21'long) will be used as the main "living" chamber, having facilitiesfor sleeping and eating. The sphere will act as a transition areabetween the Living Chamber and the Wet Pot (24' long) which will beused for studying actual underwater operations. Two acrylic watercontainment barriers attached to the floor and ceiling of the WetPot wil.l permit about two-thirds of the chamber to be filled withwater.

Each chamber will have a separate entrance from the outside.

Entrances will bc located at the extreme ends of the cylinders andat the side of the Sphere. This feature, together with the dGublehatch doors which separate the cylinders from the sphere, willpermit the chambers to be pressurized independently and used forexperiments at differe-nt depths. It will also enable extra per-

sonnel or large items of equipment to be locked into the complexduring an emergency. For routine passage of material a smallpass-through lock will be located in each of che Living Chamberand Wet Pot, with a larger lock opposite the entrance in Lhe Sphere.

The chamber shells are presently being constructed by Vicker'sSteel of Montreal, while the interior layout and fittings of thechambers remain the responsibility of DCIEM. The Diving Division Iof DCIEM requested the Behavourial Science Division to consider thehabitability aspects of the chamber complex and to determine theoptimum interior layout of the chambers. This report documents thatwork, and presents a final design.

HABITABILITY ASPECTS

General

Habitability can be generally defined as the appropriateness ofthe living facilities for the occupants of a certain habitat. Thehabitability of a diving chamber is influenced by several quantitativeand qualitative factors. Among these are the relatively well-defined

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factors of crew size, mission duraion and mission activities, andthe environmental requirements of man. These considerations formeda basis for the design of the DDF. But the design was also influencedby the human requirements for privacy and for social interaction, andby the motivation, e'orale and experience of the crew members.

Crew Size

Maximum crew size for a habitat is a function of both missionduration arnd the available free volume of the habitat, as discussedby Fraser (Ref. 3). It is expected that the DDF will be used in awide variety of configurations for many types of experimental act-ivities, with the durations of the associated diving missions varyingfrom one to forty days, or even more. Fraser's summary of previousconfinement studies suggest that a free volume of at least 160 cu.ft. per man is required to ensure no impairment in performance for Iconfinements of 30 days duration. Very little is known about volumerequirements for missions greater than 30 days. Parker et al (Ref.4) extrapolate known data from space missions to periods of 300 to400 days, and conclude that 250 cu. ft. per man is an absolute min-imum volume, while 250 to 400 cu. ft. would be more acceptable.

The free volume in the DDF was calculated as approximately 1450

cu. ft.* Based on the volume requirements given previously, therefore,S~a team of four divers could live tn reasonable comfort in the DDF

for dive missions extending longer thail 30 days. Larger teams (6men) could also be accommodated, but it is recommended that mission

Z• durations be reduced accordingly (2-3 weeks).

Tasks and Activities

Activities in the DDF can bu separated into two main categories:personal maintenance (including day-to-day activities such as eatingand COeeping) and the experimental tasks which form the actual diveprotocol.

Personal maintenance activities can be broken down into the

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* The calculation was based on a total volume of 1900 cu. ft. (ex-cluding the swim area in the Wet Pot), less about one quarter ofthat volume for furnishings.

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following categories:

a) sleeping

b) nourishment (both meals and snacks)

c) entertainment and relaxqtion (solitary and group)

d) personal hygiene

e) locomotion

f) housekeeping (cleaning and repair of equipment)

g) communication (both diver-to-diver and diver-to

h) medical attention

The equipment required for these activities is given in TableI, together with special design considerations that should be im-piemented in the layout.

It is much more difficult to predict the equipment required andthe procedures that will be followed for the experimentation insidethe chamber, due to the rapid development of new experimental tech-niques for deep dive study. As a basis for consideration of thisaspect of chamber design, a sui~vey of some of the experimental act-ivities presently being conducted in several dive facilities wascarried out, The areas of research can be broken down into threecategories: experiments in diving physiology, psychological exper-imentation, and studies of operational equipment and procedures.The first two classes of experiments may or may not be carried outunderwater, while the third usually is. A summary of some typicaldiving experiments is given in Table II, along with the equipmentrequired for each one. Note that it is not necessary that allexperimental equipment be kept inside the chamber for the durationof a dive. Small apparatus can be locked in (and out) through thepass-through lock as required.

Environmental Factors

The aim in shelter design should be to provide a comfortableenvironment, taking into consideration the activities proposed forthe habitat. The environmental aspects of hyperbaric facilitiesinclude temperature, humidity, ventilation, noise control, lightingand shelter decor. A thorough discussion of the first five aspectshas been presented in a previous DCIEM report (Ref. 1), and a summaryof recommendations is given in Table III.

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Consideration of shelter decor is an aspect of environment thathas been neglected in many previous chamber designs. The use of colour Nprovides relief from the sensory invariance common to confined quartersand may also help to alleviate some of the adverse psychologiral re-sponses discussed by Fraser (Ref. 3). As well as providing sensoryenrichment, colour can be used to delineate different functional areasin the habitat (e.g. sleeping areas, work areas). This is useful inhabitats such as diving chambers where a single large room must accom-odate several activities.

Parker et al (Ref. 4) state that light colour tints are preferredfor large surfaces in confined quarters (walls and ceilings). The useof light colours would also serve to maximize the reflectance of avail-able light inside the DDF. Saturated colours are more desirable for

smaller areas, with a variety of shades being preferable.

Social Factors

The human requirements for privacy and social interaction mustbe considered when designing isolated habitats such as hyperbaricfacilities. Celentano et al (Ref. 2) describe research whichdemonstrates that cramped living quarters, with little privacy, cancause fatigue and poor morale. As a result, performance is degraded.

The habitat must be designed to cater to the need of both physicaland psychological privacy. Physical privacy is difficult to providein a small habitat; however, consideration should be given to locatingtoilet facilities in a separate area and to shielding individualsleeping areas from the rest of the chamber (using porous curtains topermit air circulation).

Human subjects demonstrate a distinct tendency toward territorialS~behaviour and natterns of social withdrawl when confined (Ref. 5).

These tendencies can be accommodated by providing distinct personalspace for each crew member, such as a sleeping space, and by alloc-ating individual storage for personal items.

Psychological privacy occurs when an individual is not required

to co-operate or communicate actively with other crew members. Areasshould be provided in the chamber for an occupant to be apart from

the rest of the group if he so desiret;. Shelter decor can alsocontribute to psychological privacy by defining areas of the habitat

for certain tasks.

It is necessary to balance the privacy requirements of theoccupants with forms of social interaction. Provision should be

made in the design of the DDF for crew members to spend some off--duty

time together. This would probably involve a sharing of territory

or furnishin ,s. I

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Basea, then on the proposed manning of the chamber, currentand anticipated experimental tasks, personal maintenance activities,environmental factors and the other habitability considerations des-cribed previously, a recommended chamber layout was developed. Afull-scale wooden mock-up of the Living Chamber and Sphere was builtto aid in the design process, and to demonstrate the final configur-ation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RECOMMENDED LAYOUT

General

The detailed design of the interior of the chamber complex was

based on the equipment requirements established for personal maia-tenance and experimental activities (Table I and II). Preliminaryanalysis for general design purposes indicated that the major equip-

ment required for the Living Chamber were bunks, dining table, seats,

and experimental consoles.

The genex ]ltvout of the Living Chamber was constrained by thefact that the -7- of the chamber had been fixed before any layoutstudies were aucually conducted. The location of the viewports wasalso restricted to the ends of the chamber.

It was considered desirable to in' ,porate several design

features which were established during an earlier chamber study atDCISM (Ref. 1). This study recommended that bunks should be stackedin tiers of two, with the upper bunk hinged along the wall, so thatit could be folded down to form the back rest for a bench scat. Acollapsible dining table could then be positioned in the center of

the floor space between the seats, to provide a face-to-face seating

arrangement for weals.

For short duration dives involving large teams of subjects, itwould be possible to arrange up to four bench seats along the wallsof the Living Chamber with a fold-up table in the center, or alter-

natively, 12 24"-wide experimental consoles on either side. This

arrangement would be satisfactory for dives of less than one day'sduration.

To acc. amodate a six-man* diving team, two general layouts wereconsidered. The first was a parallel arrangement in which three setsof two tiered bunks were positioned alon :he sides of the LivingChamber. Two sets of 'unks occupied the entire wall along one side.

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* Note that a four-man diving team could be accommodated by removing

one tier of two bunks.

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The second was a U-shaped configuration, in which two bunks were

tiered across the end of the chamber (farthest from the Sphere) and

the other sets were placed on either side along the walls, leaving

the opposite end (adjacent to the Sphere) of the chamber free.

The second arrangement left more space for experimental consoles

and provided a slightly more comfortable position for looking outside

the chamber through the side viewport (a requirement for certainexperiments). However, access to the cross-wise bunks was limited

and the resulting dining arrangement was cramped and unsatisfactory.Also, the viewports at that end of the chamber were partially ob-structed when the top cross-wise bunk was lowered. In particular,the top port, whi,_ýh would be used for monitoring of chamber .-- cupants,was blocked. In view of these disadvantages, the parallel coil igur-

ation was chosen as a basis for the 4-man and 6-man layout.

Because of the difficult", in specifying future experimenLalactivity in the DDF, and considering the variety of anticipatedconfigurations and manning, it is recommended that chamber fittingsand equipment be modular. All chamber furnishings shou.d be designedto pass-through the 30" diameter hatches, and then be actached inappropriate positions to brackets permanently mounted cn the chamberwalls. In this wa'r, the layout could be cnanged to accommodatedifferent requirements simply by moving the basic modules (e.g. bunks,experimental consoles. etc.). Operational requirements dictate thatit should be possible to configure the Wvt Pot as a dry chamber andto this end, the arrangement of mounting brackets in this chambershould be identical to that in the Living Chamber.

Tl! proposed chamber layout based on present requirements isshown in plan view in Fig. 2. The personal maintenance and exper-imental actinities have been split between the three chambers inthe following way:

a) Living Chamber - sleeping, nourishment, entertainmertand relaxation, housekeeping, medicalattention and physiological and psycho-logical experimentation.

b) Sphere - personal hygiene, locomotion (as a transfer areato the Wet Pot), housekeeping, physiologicalexperimentation, preparation for wetdives.

c) Wet Pot - personal hygiene, operational experiments, somephysiological and psychological exper-imentation.

Communications facilities will be required in all chambers.

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Figures 3 and 4 show a complete view of the mockup of theLiving Chamber, demonstrating the recommended layout. (The photo-graphs are taken from the extreme ends of the chamber.) Figures 5

and 6 show the proposed layout of the Sphere.

A detailed description of the rccommended chamber layout will

now be given, indicating how it caters to the requirements ofpersonal maintenance activities (Table I) and experimental activities(Table II).

Personal Maintenance Facilities

Sleeping

Four main bunks, arranged in two tiers, have been positionedalong the sides of the Living Chamber at the opposite end to theSphere. (Fig. 7). Each bunk is 76" long and 28" wide (bottom bunk)or 31" wide (upper bunk). Each is fitted with a 4" thick mattresscovered in flameproof fabric. (These and all other cushions shouldbe held in place with velcro strips). The arrangements of bunksalong the length of the chamber allows the most efficient use ofspace and also permits the top bunks to be folded down to form theback-rest of a settee for face-to-face seating. To cater to thisdesign feature, the lower bunk was positioned 17" from the floor(included the 4" mattress) and the upper bunk 27½" above the lower.With the hinge positioned on the upper bunk 1½" inboard of thechamber wall, the top bunk will fold down to form a backrest at

0and angle of 20 from vertical, and the resulting seat depth willbe 18". The location of the bunks at one end of the chamber separatc,,the sleeping area (a "lquiet area") from the ocher activities whichare carried out in the Living Chamber.

Six drawers have been built in under the lower bunks for daytimestorage of linen, blankets and pillow, as well as some personalclothing. Two sets of adjustable shelves were located against thewall, one at the end of each tier of bunks. These provide additionalstorage space for personal items and are accessible from the bunks.An aisle width of 24" between the lower bunks and 27" between theupper bunks easily allows passage for one man, and also give suff-icient space for men to pass back to back.

Provision has also been made in this layout to accommodate afifth man (e.g. a medical officer, should he be required to lockin during an emergency, and then decompress with the rest of thecrew). A bench seat which has been positioned adjacent to thepass-through lock along the side of the chamber (Fig. 8) could be ~reconfigured into a bunk by folding up a 10"1 flap normally hangsdown in front of the bench. The resulting bunk (Fig. 9) is 76"long and 27" wide.

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It is also possible to accoimmodate six divers (during shorterduration dives) by replacing the bench seat with two-tier bunks,of the same Aize and configuration as those at the end of thechamber.

Nourishment

Since all meals will be prepared outside the chamber and thenlocked in via the pass-through lock, it is necessary to provide onlya dining area in the Living Chamber and a table for unloading andserving food. Provision has been made, therefore, for a portabledining table (24" wide and 72" long) to be set up in the aisle betweenthe bunks. (This can be done most easily by fitting the table legsinto slots in the chamber floor). With the top bunks folded down toform two bench-type seats, up to six divers can be accommodated formeals at this table (Fig. 10). When not in use, the table can befolded up and stored under one of the upper bunks.

A small table has been located under the pass-through lock forunloading food (Fig. 1i).

In order to give the chamber occupants a degree of independence,and to relieve the work of the support ;,taff, it was decided thatthe divers should be able to prepare snacks inside the chamber asdesired. These would consist mainly of coffee, tea, hot chocolate,or soup and cookies, crackers or other dried food that can be keptwithout refrigeration. It is recommended that such food, cups,spoons, etc. be stored in a cabinet under the pass-through lock(Fig. 11) and that an outlet of hot water, supplied (from outside Ithe chamber) at a fixed temperature (no greater than 1700 F', also

be located in the cabinet.

Entertainment and Relaxation

The strenuous nature of the experimental tasks and the lengthof the working day will, likely encourage passive forms of recreation(e.g. reading) in the evening, rather than more active forms. Re-laxation and entertainment can be carried out on an individual basisor in a group. The provision of a reading light and stereo head-phones and a jack at each bunk is recommended for individual relax-ation. In this way the divers can read or listen to tapes or radioat the "quiet" end of the Living Chamber. The bench seat at theopposite end of the chamber may also be used for reading and relaxing.

Group activities such as cards, cribbage or chess can be playedon the dining table or at the experimental consoles, depending onthe number of participants. A major group activity in many otherlarge chambers is watching movies in the evening. The provisionof a 2" viewport in the main entrance door in the Living Chamber

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"will permit films to be projected the full length of the chamberonto a scrcen at the other end (a 16 mm projector equipped witha 2" lens will project a 3 foot image at this distance). Diverscan view the films either lying in their own bunks or seated alongthe sides of the chamber receiving the audio either through headsetsor on the chamber loudspeaker.

Personal Hygiene

Facilities for personal hygiene have been located in the Spherefor privacy and to keep this area of high humidity away from themain living quarters. Because of space limitations, it is recommendedthat a fold-up toilet unit be installed, similar in design to theWalton Products 3an-O-Cab. A mock-up of the latter unit was in-stalled in the Sphere mock-up and is shown in Fig. 5 (the toilet hasbeen folded down). The unit also has a built-in wash basin in thetop. (Fig. 12). It is recommended that a stainless steel mirrorfor shaving be mounted above the sink.

Storage was arranged for divers' personal toilet items (tooth-brush, comb, razor) as well a- for dry towels. This was providedin a cabinet under the table adjacent to the pass-through lock.(Fig. 5). The table is conveniently located beside the sink, pro-viding a place to set towels, etc. A small shelf is also shown for

storage of glasses.

The shower is more easily located in the Wet Pot tc facilitatedrainage. If the shower head is mounted on a flexible hose, itcould also be used to clean off salt from diving suits and equip-ment. Hooks for hanging clothing and towels as well as a shelffor soap, shampoo, etc. will be required in the shower area.

Finally, it is recommended that consideration be given to asterilization system for all water used in the DDF. It is feltthat such a system would greatly reduce infection particularly ofthe ear.

Locomotion

Chamber fittings should be arranged so that all areas in thecomplex are easily accessible. The proposed layout incorporatesan aisle down the full length of the Living Chamber. The Spherewill act as a transfer area between the Living Chamber and theWet Pot, and so its floor should be kept free of equipment. It is

recommended that all floors be covered with a non-skid flooringmaterial.

The diameter of all hatches is at least 30" which is adequate

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for the pa,ýsage of a larger diver. Handholds should be installedover each hatch to assist passage between chambers. The hatch doorshave. been gimballed to facilitate door movement, reduce the areaswept by the door when opened and reduce its storage space. (Fig.

13)

Housekeeping

The housekeeping aspects of chamber maintenance include thecapability to clean the chamber and maintain a reasonable degree oftidineas. Hopefully, most of the major chamber maintenance will beconducted between dives, but some emergency repairs may be requiredJuring pressurized periods. On these occasions, tools and repairinstructions can be locked into the chamber, and inspection orrepair of equipment could be conducted on the worksurf ace formedby folding up backrest of the bench inside the pass-through lock.(Fig. 14).

The chamber fittings and floor should be designed to be easilycleaned with soap and water with no corners in which dirt can becometrapped. Minimal cleaning materials, including a bucket, soap andclothes could be kept inside the chamber. Cleaning of the chamberbetween dives will be facilitated if the fittings and floor areremovable.

Adequate storage has been provided in the proposed layout forbedding and some personal clothing (under the lower bunks) , and forpersonal effects on the shelves in the Living Chamber. The cabinetunder the pass-through lock in the Sphere can be used for toiletarticles and towels. The Sphere will also be used as the storagearea for diving equipment kept inside the chambers. Hooks shouldbe fitted on the wall of the Sphere beside the main entrance forhanging diving suits; it is recommended that elastic cord be usedto tie the suits back against the wall. Smaller equipment, tools,mitts and fins, as well as underwear should be kept under the twobenches and accessed by hinged flaps in the bench top.

Finally a space should be provided in the Living Chamber fora garbage bag. In the proposed layout the bag has been positionedbeside the cabinet under the pass-through lock, accessible by aho: e cut in the table to 1 ). It will be essential to lock garbageand laundry out of the chamiber at regular intervals.

Commiunicati on

Good audio and visual communication both between the chamberoccupants themselves, and between the occupants and topside Isessential for safe and effective chamber operation. An open mikeand loudspeaker inside the chamber will permit the operator to

"monitor general chamber conversations and relay instructions to thedivers. Separate commnunications channels (with headsets for chamber

occupants) will be necessary for special activities such as exper-imentation. Chamber operators should have the capability to over-ride any experimental channel or interrupt piped-in music or filmsoundtracks in case of an emergency.

Because the effects of helium on speech become very pronouncedat depths of 2500 ft., any transmissions from the chamber to topside

must be passed through a helium speech unscrambler. Helium speechalso interferes with diver-to-diver communications, making itdifficult and frustrating to converse at depth. It is thereforerecommended that attempts be mad,- to allow divers to communicatewith each other via the helium speech unscrambler when desired.Ideally, divers would wear light-weight cordless headsets attached

to a transmitter-receiver in the pocket. An interior antenna wouldi,•o be used to pick up diver conversations on one channel, pass the

audio through the unscrambler and transmit back to the headsets.

Visual monitoring of the entire chamber complex will be providedvia closed-circuit TV system of five cameras. Two cameras placedat special 2" viewports above the hatches in each end of the LivingChamber will view the full length of the chamber. Two more cameraswill be similarly located in the Wet Pot. A fifth camera will belocated at the top of the Sphere. A fish-eye lens is recommendedfor the latter camera to permit coverage of the sides of thechamber as well as the floor.

Experimental Facilities

The experimental protocols envisaged for the DDF will necessitatemany different experiments being conducted during one dive, with

* several even running simultaneously. For example, a typical protocolmight dictate that one diver and a tender conduct a test on some newbreathing apparatus in the Wet Pot, while another undergoes a pulmonaryfunction test and a fourth is tested on the force platform. Therefore,the interior layout of the chamber must allow for multiple concurrentexperimental activities.

Because of the potential variety of experimental tasks and theuncertain nature of their equipment requirements, it is recommendedthat the Living Chamber is fitted with two individual consoles ofa standard design (Fig. 15), opposite the bench. (Additional zonsolescould be installed, if necessary, in place of the bench.) Theseshould be sit-stand consoles (table height of 36") with an adjustableswing-out seat. A standard console could be fitted with equipmentrequired for a particular psychological or physiological experiment,according to the dive protocol. Sufficient penetrations must beavailable along this side of the chamber to accommodate the exper-

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imental requirements.

It is expected that certain psychological experiments may re-quire the subject to view a stimulus placed outside the chamber.This type of experiment could be accommodated in the proposed lay-out by using the viewport opposite the shelf at the end of the bunkarea in the Living Chamber. It is recommended that the viewport beplaced on the horizont.al centerline of the chamber to enable a sub- Iject sitting on the end of the bunk to see stimuli place outside.

This seating arrangement will be satisfactory for short-durationexperiments. A small table for writing has been placed under theviewport in the proposed design; it also provides a surface to leanon. A 4"-high foot space should be incorporated at the end of thebunk at the bottom.

Psychological testing of groups of divers may also be a futureexperimental requirement. The proposed layout could be configuredto accommodate a group of up to four divers with the addition ofextra consoles. If subjects are seated at the consoles facing thefar end of the Liv ng Chamber, they can view stimuli back projectedon a s.zreen hung above the aisle between the bunks. Each subject"ii•, could respond via a button box placed on the console beside him.

Physiological testing requiring the use of large equipment(such as a bicycle ergometer) is more !asily carried out in theSphere. It would be helpful if such equipment were designed tofold up for storage.

H;• Some physiological testing will be carried out in the water, aswell as operational testing of equipment. The Sphere has been re-Sserved as a preparatory area for activities in the Wet Pot. Smallitems of diving equipment and suits could be stored in the Sphere,

and sufficient floor area is available for a diver to suit upwith assistance.

The Wet Pot will require a seat for the diving tender and a Itable for experimental apparatus. Some equipment may be passed in

through the lock as required for experiments.

Shelter Decor

The choice of colour scheme for the DDF was influenced bythree specific factors. First, the fire-retardent material chosenfor use on all cushions and seats in the chamber was available inonly one colour (Durette "Gold"). Second, despite the seemingvariety in personal colour preferences, it is generally agreed thatblue is the preferred colour of the majority of the male populationinvolved in these activities (Ref. 4). Finally, it is felt thattwo shades of colour should be used in the Living Chamber.

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The final recommended decor is based on the use of three basicshades: cream (Munsell 5Y 9/1), blue (Munsell ?.5B) and brown(Munsell lOYR). The cream is recommended as the base colour forall three chambers (walls and ceiling) and serves to maximize the

, •i reflectance of the available light. The blue is the complementarycolour of gold, whereas the brown is the same hue as that cuntainedin the gold.

Brown, a warm colour, has been used predominantly in the per-soual areas at the sleeping end of the Living Chamber. In contrast,blue (a cooler colour) predominates in the working end of the cham-ber. It is recommended that each end of the Living Chamber bedezorated in a radiating pattern with the colour graduated in four4• steps, starting with the saturated colours in the center (Fig. 4).It was found that this pattern makes the chamber seem visually larger.The edges of consoles, shelves and drawers through the mock-uphave been trimmed with contrasting colour. The trimming will makethem stand out against the lighter background, making them morevisible on the closed circuit TV. The wall area to the side ofeach bunk has been outlined in dark brown and partially filled inwith a lighter shade of brown. This )ro-•ides a sense of personalspace, and caters to the needs of privacy and territoriality. The

J floor was dark brown, broken by a strip of cream down the center.

In the Sphere, cream is the recommended base colour for theupper walls and the floor. Blue is recommended for the walls as abackground colour for the chamber furnishings from a height of 40"down to the floor, as shown in Fig. 12. The use of colour forsensory stimulation is not as important in this chamber, aince thediving equipment which will be stored there tends to be very brightin colour (red, yellow).

The Wet Pot should also be painted in cream (to maximize lightreflectance), with a blue trim around the edges of table and seatsfor contrast.

CONCLUSIONS

The report has discussed the habitability aspects of divingchamber design including volume requirements, mission activities,environmental and social factors as they are applicable to theDCIM4 Deep Dive Facility. These factors, together with the opera-tional and experimental requirements, formed the basis for the pro-posed interior chamber layout which was described in detail. Ithas been recommended that all chamber furnishings be modular anddesigned to attach to brackets permanently mounted on the chamberwalls. This will permit the DDF to cater to the wide variety of

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diving configurations and experimental activities anticipatedduring its use.

15

TABLE I

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONAL

MAINTENAN'CE ACTIVITIES

Activity Equipment Required Special Considerations

(''1. Sleeping -bunk for each crew -crew will all sleepmember at the same time/-linen, blankets, -provide enouigh spacepillows to make up bunks

-special clothing for -provide space forsleeping changing clothes

-storage for above -privacy considerations-reading lights -noise and lighting

4 considerations

2. Nourishment -pass-through lock in -3 meals per dayA-Meals chamber to accommodate -meals will~be pre-

food and utensils pared outside and-dining table passed into the-storage for table chamber-seating for all crew -dining table shouldmembers at table be easily set up

-cleaning materials -face-to-face seating-garbage disposal desirable

-table under pass-through lock to un-load food

-Snacks -table and seating -snacks might not be(for one or more crew taken togetherm~embers) -table should be under

-pass-through lock to pass-through lock

accommodate food -water heater must have-water or beverage temperature. controlIheater inside chamnber -crew should be able

-food and utensil storage to prepare some snacks-garbage disposal inside chamber

3. Entertainment -bunk/bench seat -headphone Jack and& Relaxation -headphones light near seat

-light for reading* -table

-Solitary -books, game, writing -some material may bematerials locked in.

4,&

16

TABLE I (cont'd)

Activity Equipment Required Special Considerations

-storage for above -privacy considerations-pass-through lock

-Group -seating for all or -seating should bepart of crew arranged so that crew

-table can see film screen-headphones for films, -headphone jacks shouldstereo be near seats

-film screen-games etc.-storage for above

4. PersonalHygiene

-Waste Elimination -fold down toilet -privacy considerations

-Washing & -shower -washing facilities

Grooming -wash-basin should be separate from

-table for toiletries living area because -F-mirror high humidity-sodp -fresh clothing & towels-personal toiletries could be passed through

(razor, toothbrush, pass-through lockcomb, etc.)

-towels-storage for above-change of clothes

(including storage)

5. Locomotion -handholds for passing -hatch doors should bethrough hatches easily moved

-non-slip floor -ensure easy access to-steps for ingress and all equipment, storageegress to water inwet pot

6. Housekeeping -cleaning materials -all chamber surfaces(soap, bucket, clothes easily cleanedetc.) -accumulated garbage

-storage for above and laundry will be-work area for checking locked out

chamber equipment-tools

,4 ". "' ' ...:ii ":i "£ ."• :;•:• ' " i•" " " ."' ; • ,::"i", . ,"." ii ••", ,• ,v ,,• ,:. . •

17

TABLE I (cont'd)

Activity Equipment Required Special Considerations

-garbage bag-pass-through lock

7. Communication -headsets and mikes -helium unscr-mbling-mike and loudspeaker will be required-electrowriter is -noise considerationsdesirable -personnel should be

to communicate witheach other as well aswi~h topside

8. Medical -first aid kit -equipment requiredAttention -materials for daily for major emergencies

ear routine (saline, could be locked inalcohol)

18

W4TABLE II

SEQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR

EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITIES

Activity Equipment Required Special Considerations

1. PhysiologicalExperiments*

"-Cardiovascular -electrodes attached to -electrodes could beV, (e.g. cardiac diver's body attached for dive

output, blood -pocket telemetry system durationpressure) -telemetry system

preferable formonitoring duringvariety of tests

-antenna required

I -EEG -electrodes -continuous monitoring-telemetry system preferablepreferable

--Pulmonary Function -3pirometer -used once per dayTest -2 divers required

-portable; can bestowed

-could be carried outunderwater

-Exercise Test -bicycle ergometer -ergometer should be-flowmeters collapsible-swim bar -02 and C02 analyzers

are outside chamber-flowmeters should bemounted near ergometer

-EEG could be measuredconcurrently

-swim bar used under-water in conjunctionwith flowmeter and 02and C02 analyzers

• Many experiments require visual monitoring and/or recording.

2ANN

19

TABLE II (cont'd)

Activity Equipment Required Special Considerations •

-Balance & Stead- -2 balance rails -balance rails could

iness Tests 8' long be split for storage I-headset for task -tremor test takeninstructions once per day and more

-tremor box (9" x often on descent9" x 12") -can be operated by

-force platform one diver(18" x 18")

-Heat Loss -heat flow discs -heat discs and therm-Measures -radio pill or istors attached to

thermometer skin-thermistors -radio pill used for

core temperatureunderwater; requires

antenna or readout

-Blood Bubble -detector 3" in -strapped onto diver's

Dectection diameter chest-more often used during

decompression

-Hematology -medical bag -equipment locked(12" x 8" x 18") in when required

-blood containers

-Microbiology -culture materials -usually for ear andthroat cultures

-equipment lockedin when required

-Urine Tests -24 hour collection -locked in when re-bottles quired

2. PsychologicalExperiments**

-Sinbad -viewport -initially one diver-screen (outside tested at a time

chamber) -seating and a small

T-response box table required atviewport

** Physiological measures may be made during psychulogical and

operational experiments.

AS-,r , , -- -

20

TABLE II (cont'd)

Activity Equipment Required Special Considerations

-Behavioural -varies with experiment

Testing stimulus and responsematerials

-Questionnaires -table, seating -materials could belocked in

-Pipe Puzzle -Puzzle rig (5' x 4' -used underwater

x 3-1/2') -requires wrenches

-Group Inter- -screen -several divers

Action Tests -seating tested at once

-response box -all subjects mustbe able to seescreen

-Reaction Timer --response box and -one diver tested at

stimulus a time

3. Operational

Studies***

-Testing Personal -new gear as developedDive Equipment(eg. suits)

-Testing BreathingApparatus

-Test Comms -scriptsEquipment

-Test Tools -testing rigs

*** All studies will require space for one or more divers to suit

up.

.i . . . .

21

TABLE III

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS*

Factor Recommendations

1. Temperature -higher temperatures required dueto increased thermal conductivityof heliwa

-90°F at 15 atmospheres-reduce temperature variation bycontrolling temperature precisely

"2. Humidity -relative humidity 30%--0%

3. Ventilation -20 ft/min. minimum-minimize air movement in bunk areas

a 4. Noise Control -mufflers should be installed in theenvironmental control loops

--use large gas inlets and outlets toreduce speed of gas and place theseaway from quiet areas if possible

-noise levels should not exceed 65 di;at depth and 100 dB during compression

5. Lighting -general lighting for work areasexperimental areas and dining area,30 ftC.

-directional lighting required forreading at bunks

-special lighting may be required forcertain experimental activiti's

* Summarized from Ref. 1.

N-1.

22

REFERENCES A

1. BEEVIS, D. & MCCANN, C., Human factors in the design of a Deck IDecompression Chamber, DCIEM Operational Report No. 74-OR-l011,February, 1974. 1

2. CELENTANO, J.T., AMORELLI, D. & FREEMAN, G.G., Establishing ahabitability index for space stations and planetary bases,presented at AIAA and ASMA Manned Space Laboratory Conference,Los Angeles, 1963.

3. FRASER, T.M., The effects of confinement as a factor in mannedspace flight, NASA CR-511, Lovelace Foundation, Albuquerque,N.M., July, 1966.

4. PARKER, J.F. & EVERY, M.S., Habitability issues in long-durationundersea and space missions, Work Unit #NR-196-113, BiotechnologyInc., Falls Church, Va., July, 1972.

5. SCHOWALTER, D.J. & MALONE, T.B., The development of a luna habit-ability system, NASA CR-1676, Matrix Research Co., Alexandria,Va., February, 1972.

S 11

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27

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28 .I

Figure 6: Sphecre (viewed from hatch4 iLto Wet PoL).

it0I' a"Ak"

29

AA;

30 30

Figue8: Living Chamber -bench seat.

V9

31

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33

F1iýlure 11: Living Chamber - Iass-throughlock, table and cabinet.

!9 = ---

34

Fiur 12 pee tie n ahai

*nit

35

Fiur 13: L Lv Lig Chamber -hatch door (stoved1)om s.LLu

'p-dm

36

Figure 14: Living Chamber -worksurfacc formedby backrest of bench.

37

4-

Figure 15: Living Chamber experimentalCon sol2.es.

Unclassified______

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA-R &DiSecur~tv classification ol( title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be tinterod when Ih$ overall documnent i% classiflied)

1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY 2a. DOCUMENT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

Unclasifie

DC IEM 2b. GROUP

HUMAN ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF A DEEP DIVE FACILITY

~~7C~TI~~EN fIT S iTy;:e of report and I~ inclusive___ dates)_ __

5. AUTH-OR SI (Last name, first name, middle initial)-_ _ _ _ _ _ ______ ________

McCann, C.

6. DOCUMENT DATE 7ar. TOTAL NO. Or PAGES b.NO. OF REFSMarch____________________________________________ 1977_______________ 41_______5

13a. FROJECT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S DOCUMEN1 NUMB3E1(S)

77X11

8b. CONTRACT NO. 9b. OT .HER4 DOCUMENT NO.(S) (Any other numbers that may be*smignod this documamtl

10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

Unlimited

Iit. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING ACTIVITY

DCIEM

13. ABSTRACT

The Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine is designingaDeep Dive Facility which will be constructed to conduct in-os reJac*I. into physiological and operational problems of deep diving. This report

discusses the habitability requirements of such a facility, and considers

the h-uman engineering aspects of hyperbaric chamber design. Based on these

criteria, an optimum int erior layout for the chamber complex is described.

DSIS

UnclassifiedSecurity Classlflatlon

'' KEY WORDS

human factors, hyperbaric chsmber, habitability, layout, design

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