laparoscopic adrenalectomy: technique step by...
TRANSCRIPT
Laparoscopic
Adrenalectomy: technique
step by step
Anoop M. Meraney, M.D Director, Urologic Oncolgy, Helen and Harry Gray Cancer Center, Hartford Hospital and Connecticut Surgical
Group.
Steps for laparoscopic transperitoneal and retroperitoneal adrenalectomy
Trans or retro?
Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma ?Contraindication
Partial adrenalectomy
Historical
Gagner M, Lacroix A, Bolte E. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in Cushing's syndrome and pheochromocytoma. NEJM 1992; 327:1033.
Department of Surgery, Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
April 1992-March 1993, n=22 (25 adrenalectomies)
Mean tumor size 4.1 cm (1-15 cm); R=12 vs. L=13 Functional tumors n=16 One open conversion
Transperitoneal adrenalectomy • Instruments
• Position
• Port placement
• Reflection of Colon
• Identification of renal hilum, Identification, dissection and control of adrenal vein
• Mobilization of adrenal gland and control of arterial blood supply (inferior phrenic, renal, aortic)
• Entrapment and Extraction
• Laparoscope 2 mm, 5mm, or 10 mm?
• Laparoscope 0, 30 or 45-degrees ?
• Energy source- harmonic, monopolar, bipolar or ligasure?
Patient Positioning
semi-lateral
decubitus
umbilical line over
kidney rest
neuro arm board
axillary roll
kidney rest down
table flexed
Port Placement
Right adrenalectomy
Alternative camera/retraction port
5 mm
10 mm
2 mm
Port Placement
Left adrenalectomy
Alternative camera/retraction port
5 mm
10 mm
2 mm
Reflection of Colon Right
Left
Adrenal Anatomy
Arterial supply to the adrenal glands. (From Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell
AWM: Gray's Anatomy for Students. Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2005, p
329.)
Extraction sites
1
Small specimen
Large specimen
Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal
Radical Nephrectomy
Patient position and Retroperitoneal access
Identification of landmarks (psoas, lateral border of IVC/Aorta), and identification, dissection and control of hilum
Mobilization of specimen, Entrapment and extraction
Patient Position
Full Flank
Break in the table
Retroperitoneal Access
800 cc
Peritoneal Cavity
Port Placement
Primary Port
Secondary Ports
Origin (R) - Blunt Tip Port
Balloon Cuff
Transperitoneal or Retroperitoneal ??
Trans or Retro
Transperitoneal • More working area • Easier to learn • Larger tumors • Prior retroperitoneal surgery
Retroperitoneal • Less working area • One functional hand • Smaller tumors • Rapid access to adrenal vein • Prior abdominal surgery
Other routes?
Is laparoscopy CONTRAINDICATED in the presence of adrenal cancer?
6/33 ACC; 1/33 malignant pheochromocytoma
Local recurrence 2/6 with ACC
Mortality: 6/7 dead in median time of 17 mos (range, 9 to 52 mos).
ACC
1994-2000 lap adrenalelctomy experience, n=216 patients
> 6cm tumors n=19
6 with adrenal cortical carcinoma
1/6 with liver metastasis at f/u; 5/6 NED 8-83 mos.
Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large and potentially malignant tumors. - Henry JF -
World J Surg - 01-AUG-2002; 26(8): 1043-7.
N=23 with malignant tumors 5/23 with ACC; 1/23 undifferentiated
tumor Local recurrence 2/6, LN metastasis 1/6
Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for suspected and unsuspected malignant adrenal neoplasms. - Kebebew E - Arch Surg - 01-AUG-2002; 137(8): 948-51.
ACC: Laparoscopy
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for ACC
5 case reports of recurrence (Carcinomatosis) following laparoscopic adrenalectomy for ACC
Ushiyama, T., et al.: A case of Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenocortical carcinoma with recurrence 19 months after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. J Urol, 157: 2239, 1997.
Hofle, G., et al.: Adrenocortical carcinoma evolving after diagnosis of preclinical Cushing’s syndrome in an adrenal incidentaloma. A case report. Hormone Res, 50: 237, 1998.
Hamoir, E., et al: Is laparoscopic resection of a malignant corticoadrenaloma feasible? Case report of early, diffuse and massive peritoneal recurrence after attempted laparoscopic resection. Ann Chir, 52: 364, 1998.
Deckers, S., Derdelinckx, L., Col, V., Hamels, J. and Maiter, D.: Peritoneal carcinomatosis following laparoscopic resection of an adrenocortical tumor causing primary hyperaldosteronism. Horm Res, 52: 97, 1999.
Foxius, A., Ramboux, A., Lefebvre, Y., Broze, B., Hamels, J. and Squifflet, J.: Hazards of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for Conn’s adenoma. When enthusiasm turns to tragedy. Surg Endosc, 13: 715, 1999.
Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
Surgery is the mainstay in achieving cure.
Laparoscopy is associated with the potential for peritoneal seeding/recurrence in the event of incomplete resection or specimen fracture.
What about Partial Adrenalectomy?
Why?
• Inorder to preserve adrenal function.
When?
• Suitability for partial adrenalectomy
Benign functional tumor.
Presence of residual adrenal tissue.
Bilateral disease, solitary adrenals
1995-2004 (n=33, 8 open, 25 lap)
Partial performed if normal tissue could be identified on preop or intraoperative imaging.
All patients tumor free at mean follow up 36 mos (range, 3-102 mos).
10 bilateral, 8 solitary with steroid replacement needed in 4 (temporary in 3).
Total Adrenalectomy (n=77) for Conn’s disease (n=28) or pheochromocytoma (n=49)
Multifocality
• Conn’s 7/28 (25%)
• Pheochromocytoma 3/49 (6%)
Sporadic pheochromocytoma 1/41
Familial pheochromocytoma 2/8 (25%)
Conclusions
Both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy can be learnt and performed expeditiously.
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy should be the standard of care except in patients with large tumors
Presence of adrenal cancer is a relative contraindication to laparoscopy.
Partial Adrenalectomy is an attractive option in patients in whom conservation of adrenal tissue is of importance.
Thank you
ACC: Presentation
SYNDROME FREQUENCY
Virilization and Cushing's syndrome 50%
Virilization 25%
Cushing's syndrome 20%
Feminization <5%
Precocious puberty <5%
Hypokalemia alkalosis <5%
Hypoglycemia <5%
Port Placment
left adrenalectomy
Alternative camera/retraction port
Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal
Radical Nephrectomy Patient position and retroperitoneal access
Primary Port
Secondary Ports
800 cc
Origin (R) - Blunt Tip Port
Balloon Cuff
Ori
gin
(R
) -
Re
tro
pe
rito
nea
l B
all
oo
n
D
ila
tor
ACC: Diagnostic tests Aldosterone hypersecretion:
• BP, serum K (sodium restriction minimizes hypokalemia)
• upright PRA and PAC
Cushing’s:
• Diurnal variation
• Overnight 1.0 mg dex suppression test. (Low dose dex suppression: Img PO at 11 pm, plasma cortisol, ACTH and plasma dex levels are drawn at 8 am. Cortisol should fall to <5 mcg/dl.)
Virilizing
• Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Feminizing
• DHEAS, serum estradiol
ACC: Radiology
5.0 cm cutoff resulted in 93% sensitivity and 64% specificity. (PPV 28%, NPV 98%). • Terzolo M. Ali A. Osella G. Mazza E. Prevalence of adrenal carcinoma among
incidentally discovered adrenal masses. A retrospective study from 1989 to 1994. Gruppo Piemontese Incidentalomi Surrenalici. Archives of Surgery. 132(8):914-9, 1997.
6 cm malignant unless proven otherwise postoperatively.
<1.5 cm incidence of ACC 1:4000.
ACC: MRI
MRI (ACC)
•Sensitivity 81 to 84%
•Specificity 100 %
Sohaib SAA: Imaging of the endocrine system. In, Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology: A Textbook of Medical Imaging, 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone. 2001
ACC: Laparoscopy
5 case reports of recurrence following laparoscopic adrenalectomy for ACC
• Cushing’s n=2
• Hyperaldo n=2
• Virilizing tumor n=1
4/5 benign on initial pathology
1/5 partial adrenalectomy
2/5 converted to open