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HOLT McDOUGAL LITERATURE

Language Handbook Answer Key

GRADE 9

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Language Handbook 1:The Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Language Handbook 2:Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Language Handbook 3: Using Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Language Handbook 4: Using Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Language Handbook 5: Using Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Language Handbook 6: Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Language Handbook 7: Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Language Handbook 8: Sentence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Language Handbook 9:Writing Complete Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Language Handbook 10:Writing Effective Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Language Handbook 11: Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Language Handbook 12: Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Language Handbook 13: Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Language Handbook 14: Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Language Handbook 15: Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Language Handbook 16: Glossary of Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

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Table of Contents

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Identifying NounsExercise A

1. Mercury; planet; sun2. data; spacecraft; astronomers; Mercury; Moon;

craters3. surface;Venus; clouds; gas; landscape; telescopes4. Craters; meteorites; fragments; comets;

asteroids; planet; planet’s; satellite5. craters; Moon; miles

Exercise B1. formation; island; process2. process; millions; years3. volcanoes; mountains; floor; sea4. eruption; lava; pile; rock; years; mountain; reach;

waves5. island; reef6. islands; surface; ocean; mountains; ridges;

canyons; cliffs7. Plants; animals; island; wind; current8. forms; life; island; rafts; limbs; vegetation9. organisms; birds; island; lands

10. Galapagos Islands; forms; life; tortoises;sunflowers; mainland

Identifying and Using PronounsExercise A

1. who—Elena; it—ball2. his—Otis; she—sister3. I—Mike; it—game4. her—Gabriella; it—cash5. they—children; who—driver6. he—Elliot; it—French7. her—Denise; them—sandwiches8. I—Jerry; myself—I (or Jerry)9. she—Sheila; them—comedies

10. she—Keiko; it—volleyball

Exercise B1. who 6. that2. He 7. they3. his 8. her4. it 9. herself5. it 10. She

Identifying AdjectivesExercise A

1. some; miniature; famous; important;horticultural

2. larger3. small; small4. old; wind-swept5. realistic; mountain; vast; (and their if you

classify possessive pronouns as adjectives)

Exercise B1. hot—nights2. summer—nights3. other—boys4. dark—corner5. thick—trees, bushes6. That—way7. wild—country8. uninhabited—country9. One—evening

10. ghost—stories11. bear—hunts12. spine-tingling—story13. nervous—he14. big—bear15. huge—It16. sudden—confusion17. small—tent18. each—one19. eager—one20. different—direction21. Anxious—parents22. nearby—house23. coal-black—dog24. this—animal25. curious—animal

Identifying and Using VerbsExercise A

1. formed2. needed; planned3. financed4. sold5. constructed; bought; placed6. sketched; carved; made; sold

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Worksheet 3

Worksheet 2

Worksheet 1

Answer Key 1

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1 The Parts of SpeechLanguageHandbook

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7. studied8. decided9. performed

10. shopped11. purchased12. asked13. started14. cut15. formed; fastened16. finished17. attached18. celebrated

Exercise B (Sentences will vary.)1. The knife seems dull.2. The house sounds haunted.3. The child feels shy.4. The lake is calm.5. The medicine tastes bitter.

Using and Identifying Helping VerbsExercise A (Helping verbs will vary.)

1. Have you ever seen a Kabuki play?2. His car was going too fast for safety.3. I am waiting for Helen.4. Have you met my mother?5. It will be later than you think.6. Edena is becoming an excellent soccer player.7. If he could read better, he would learn more.8. There might have been serious consequences.9. Mr. Prinz could not be persuaded to change.

10. Did you read “For My People” by MargaretWalker?

Exercise B (The first item in a pair is thehelping verb or verbs.The second is the mainverb.)

1. can—see; did—consider2. did—agree3. must—be4. was—walking5. must have—seen6. did—believe7. was—surprised; was—made8. must—admit; does—contain9. have—found

10. may—discover; are—investigating

Identifying and Using AdverbsExercise A

1. how—cheerfully—gave2. when—finally—collected3. to what extent (or when)—often—told4. how—eagerly—waded5. where—there—must be6. how—Promptly—started7. where—here—Will come8. to what extent—completely—surprised9. how—slowly—walked

10. when—ever—have won

Exercise B (Adverbs will vary.)1. ardently 11. Wherever2. quite 12. hurriedly3. anxiously 13. nervously4. quickly 14. Finally5. Then 15. fervently6. carefully 16. somewhat7. Eventually 17. actually8. ever 18. slowly9. secretly 19. impatiently

10. early 20. ecstatically

Exercise C (Adverbs will vary.)1. First,Antonio carefully took the screen door off

its hinges; then, he quickly removed the tornscreen and replaced it with new material.

2. Kyle finally returned the reference book toTonya, but she had already planned her reportwithout it.

3. The sun rose slowly, hot and bright, but as theday progressed, dark clouds gradually began toappear.

4. Ruth hurriedly typed her research report onthe computer, but unfortunately, she didn’tremember to save the document.

5. When Yusef was reluctantly picking out newglasses, he hesitantly told the salesperson thathe wanted wire frames.

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Worksheet 5

2 Language Handbook Answer Key

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Identifying AdverbsExercise A

1. verb—plays2. adjective—talented3. verb—loses4. adjective—happy5. verb—Should slice6. adverb—fast7. verb—enjoy8. adjective—funny9. adjective—drowsy

10. adverb—hard11. adverb—enthusiastically12. verb—Does cause13. adjective—fast14. verb—will play15. verb—speaks16. adjective—narrow17. verb—Can capture18. adjective—interesting19. adjective—aware20. verb—eats

Exercise B1. when—early—arrived2. how—faster—can run3. to what extent—very—sure4. when—Later—believed5. to what extent—too—slow6. to what extent—always—Is7. where—here—are8. how—hard—Did work9. where—there—has been

10. to what extent—especially—hard11. how—slowly—work12. when—now—shall do13. how—expertly—was made14. when—never—will believe15. where—there—will be16. how—gracefully—danced17. when—yesterday—left18. how—easily—learned19. to what extent (or when)—often—goes20. how—diligently—rehearsed21. how—heavily—pounded22. when—soon—had finished

23. where—here—bring24. when—next—diced25. to what extent—completely—free

Identifying and Using Prepositions,Adverbs, Conjunctions, andInterjectionsExercise A

1. in; at2. After; to3. about; by4. Behind; with5. Since; of6. from; on7. For; about8. in; on9. Beyond; against

10. During; around

Exercise B1. ADV 6. PREP2. PREP 7. ADV3. ADV 8. PREP4. PREP 9. ADV5. PREP 10. ADV

Exercise C (Sentences will vary.)1. We walked up the hill.2. Throw the ball up in the air.3. We swam down the creek.4. Put that down right now!5. Before climbing the fence, the boys threw their

backpacks over.

Exercise D1. both, and 6. Since2. when 7. or3. and 8. but4. but 9. either, or5. if 10. both, and

Exercise E1. Whew2. yikes3. oh4. Look5. Wow

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Worksheet 7

Answer Key 3

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Reviewing the Parts of SpeechExercise

1. noun 14. noun2. adjective 15. adjective3. verb 16. verb4. verb 17. adjective5. adjective 18. adverb6. noun 19. adverb7. verb 20. preposition8. adjective 21. verb9. noun 22. interjection

10. noun 23. adverb11. adjective 24. preposition12. verb 25. interjection13. verb

TestExercise A

1. N; PRON; N;ADJ; N2. PRON; N;ADJ3. N; N; N;ADJ4. ADJ; PRON;ADJ; N; N5. ADJ; PRON; N

Exercise B (Sentences will vary.)1. Shine that flashlight over in this direction.2. I took a shine to him right away.3. Please do not shout in my ear.4. I can hear her shout all the way over here.5. The light in the desert was beautiful.6. This box is light; the other one is heavy.

7. Could you light the briquettes?8. I rode the bus to school.9. The bus driver told him to sit down.

10. On Sunday we’re going to a family reunion.11. The Sunday picnic was rained out.12. Give each of them one copy of the book.13. Each person who wants to sign up should wait

here after class.14. We had pepper steak for dinner.15. She often peppers her speech with French

words.16. Pass me the pepper, please.17. I have to take the bicycle apart to ship it.18. We need more bicycle lanes throughout our

city.19. Don’t eat that poisonous mushroom.20. Our population is mushrooming because of the

growing microchip industry.

Exercise C If you classify possessivepronouns as adjectives, then the answer that isunderscored in item 5 may be considered correct.

1. N 14. PREP2. ADJ 15. CONJ3. PREP 16. PREP4. CONJ 17. N5. PRON or ADJ 18. PRON6. ADV 19. N7. PREP 20. V8. ADJ 21. N9. N 22. N

10. ADJ 23. N11. V 24. ADV12. N 25. ADJ13. ADV

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Making Subject and Verb AgreeExercise A

1. S 11. S2. S 12. P3. S 13. P4. S 14. S (or P)5. S 15. S6. P 16. P7. P 17. S8. S 18. P9. P 19. P

10. S 20. S

Exercise B (The first item in a pair iscorrect.The second is incorrect.)

1. C2. think—thinks3. C4. are—is5. asks—ask6. has—have7. C8. C9. C

10. seem—seems11. have—has12. drinks—drink13. stand—stands14. C15. C16. advises—advise17. were—was18. gives—give19. C20. C

Identifying and CorrectingAgreement of Subject and VerbExercise A

1. rays—are2. cause—seems3. Each—has4. Neither—owns5. Everyone—knows

6. fibers—are7. Kendra, Susan—plays8. few—were9. length—is

10. One—belongs


1. have—has2. imitate—imitates3. C4. was—were5. C6. were—was7. lies—lie8. C9. knows—know

10. C

Using Correct Agreement withSubject and VerbExercise A (The first item in a pair iscorrect.The second is incorrect.)

1. C2. was—were3. leads—lead4. is—are5. Has—Have6. C7. was—were8. C9. have—has

10. arrive—arrives

Exercise B1. mysteries—were2. The Moonstone—was3. characters, plot—fascinate4. Edgar Allan Poe—is5. detective—solves6. Agatha Christie, Dorothy Sayers—are7. Hercule Poirot, Miss Marple—sniffs8. suspense, surprise—is9. Many—feature

10. title—begins

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Worksheet 2

Worksheet 1

Answer Key 5

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2 AgreementLanguageHandbook


Other Problems in Subject-VerbAgreementExercise

1. injury—doesn’t2. gift—was3. three quarters—focuses4. Harlem Shadows—is5. Sports—was6. scissors—are7. “Strange Legacies”—is8. Two hours—is9. swans—turn

10. Doughnuts—don’t11. time—was12. Hot Springs,Arkansas—attracts13. Two thirds—have14. Richard—doesn’t15. Statistics—seems16. gloves—were17. Gloria—doesn’t18. Saint Elias Mountains—stand19. Knights of Pythias—performs20. Thirty dollars—is21. Two—arrive22. Measles—causes23. Rewards—is24. balloons—don’t25. petunias—are

Identifying Agreement withCollective Nouns and with SubjectsThat Follow VerbsExercise A

1. Where are2. are3. are4. Here are5. Where’s6. are7. There are8. is9. There are

10. Here’s

Exercise B1. flies 6. was2. is 7. don’t3. runs 8. has4. was 9. have5. was 10. discusses

Reviewing Agreement of Subject and VerbExercise A

1. hammer, ax—Where’s2. Kenneth, Geraldine—dances3. anyone—Has4. collection—looks5. crowd—were6. students—There are7. Each—costs8. Bread, butter—is9. Both—look

10. rash—is11. Kathy—has12. Malcolm, Maria—Where’s13. one—needs14. team—were15. Quentin, Bea—Is16. ring—encloses17. Jack, Isaac—wakes18. Most—features19. bulbs—Here are20. Some—are21. head—is22. Everything—has23. few—Were24. Armando, Brigit—accompanies25. Janelle, Maria—doesn’t


1. are—is2. C3. belong—belongs4. C5. C6. has—have7. C8. There are—There’s

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9. Has—Have10. have—has11. C12. enjoy—enjoys13. Where are—Where’s14. C15. C16. were—was17. is—are18. C19. was—were20. Does—Do21. is—are22. C23. is—are24. Are—Is25. promotes—promote

Making Pronouns Agree with TheirAntecedentsExercise A (The first item in a pair iscorrect.The second is incorrect.)

1. her—them2. (no error)3. his—their4. his or her—their5. its—their6. (no error)7. he or she—they8. her—their9. his or her—their

10. her—their

Exercise B1. their—Many2. his or her—no one3. his or her—student4. his or her—everyone5. their—Mrs. Larson, Mr. Feldman6. he or she—Everybody7. his—Juan, Steve8. their—Some9. their—carpenter, welder

10. his or her—person

Ensuring Pronoun-AntecedentAgreementExercise A

1. his 6. their2. their 7. his3. their 8. her4. her 9. her5. their 10. their

Exercise B1. his 4. his or her2. its 5. her3. her

TestExercise A

1. wonder—is2. Everyone—knows3. Earline, Helga—says4. many—were5. One—was6. Jeremy,Angelo—are7. committee—decides8. Anyone—has9. buildings—are

10. creations—are

Exercise B1. Nan and Aretha—their2. She or Sally—her3. One—his4. captain—her5. student—him or her6. Both—their7. Neither—his8. citizens—their9. boys—their

10. Anybody—he or she

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Worksheet 8

Worksheet 7

Answer Key 7

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Exercise C (The first item in a pair iscorrect.The second is incorrect.)

1. his or her—their2. knows—know3. C4. C5. his or her—their6. C7. his—their8. himself or herself—themselves9. C

10. Here are—Here’s11. were—was12. lives—live13. C14. C15. was—were16. his or her—their17. Does—Do18. C19. C20. his or her—their21. their—his or her22. gives—give23. is—are24. plans—plan25. is—are

Exercise D (The first item in a pair iscorrect.The second is incorrect.)

1. has—have2. their—his3. his—their4. is—are5. C6. organizes—organize7. his or her—their8. C9. C

10. doesn’t—don’t11. her—their12. C13. Has—Have14. practices—practice15. C16. have—has17. her—their18. their—his or her19. is—are20. is—are


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Identifying the Principal Parts ofRegular and Irregular VerbsExercise

1. tasted 14. swum2. supposed 15. been3. found 16. drank4. gone 17. brought5. asked 18. done6. sat 19. saw7. given 20. came8. led 21. set9. sung 22. stole

10. eaten 23. driven11. begun 24. froze12. given 25. tore13. shook

Using Irregular VerbsExercise A

1. ridden 14. rung2. driven 15. brought3. thrown 16. sung4. stolen 17. been5. written 18. rose6. broken 19. tore7. fell 20. spoke8. swum 21. burst9. found 22. flown

10. run 23. forgotten (or forgot)11. taken 24. hidden (or hid)12. went 25. shrank (or shrunk)13. sat


1. (no error)2. taken—took3. rang—rung; gave—give4. written—wrote5. began—begun6. existed—exist7. came—come8. swum—swam9. given—gave

10. (no error)11. run—ran; served—serve12. thrown—throwed13. broken—broke14. (no error)15. taken—took16. learned (or learnt)—learn17. began—begun18. asked—ask; surprised—surprise19. brought—bring20. heard—hear

Using the Irregular Verbs Lie and LayExercise A

1. lay 6. lying2. laid 7. lain3. lie 8. lie4. lain 9. lying5. laid 10. laid

Exercise B1. lay 6. laid2. lying 7. lies3. laid 8. lying4. lying 9. lay5. laid 10. laid

Exercise C1. lying; laid; lying2. lying; laid3. lying; laid; lain4. laid; lying; lay5. lie; lying; lay; lying6. lie; lying7. laid; lain8. laying; laid9. lay; laying

10. laid; lay

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Worksheet 2

Worksheet 1

Answer Key 9

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3 Using VerbsLanguageHandbook


Using the Irregular Verbs Sit and Setand Rise and RaiseExercise A

1. sit 14. sat2. sat 15. sitting3. Sit 16. set4. set 17. sat5. sat 18. set6. set 19. sit7. sit 20. sitting8. sitting 21. Sitting9. Set 22. sits

10. setting 23. sets11. sitting 24. sat12. set 25. set13. sat

Exercise B1. rises 14. rise2. raised 15. raising3. rising 16. risen4. raised 17. rose5. rose 18. raised6. rising 19. rises7. rose 20. rose8. rose 21. raising9. raised 22. rise

10. risen 23. rose11. raised 24. rise12. rising 25. rose13. raised

Using the Right TenseExercise

1. plays2. had lost3. has been working4. have tried5. will be touring6. will have finished7. had been giving8. came; called9. will play

10. has lived

Correcting Needless Changes in TenseExercise (Here is the paragraph in presenttense.)

[1] As soon as Mr. and Mrs. Jackson gethome from work on Friday, we load the equipmentand supplies into the camper. [2] We make it to BearCreek Lake in just two hours. [3] Not long after wereach the campsite, a mass of gray clouds startsmoving in from the west. [4] Mr. Jackson helps Keithand me with our tent, and then we all gather in thecamper and eat salads and casseroles. [5] Afterdinner the fun really starts. [6] The storm hits rightafter Keith and I settle in the tent for the night.[7] The tent is set up properly and providesexcellent protection from the downpour, but it isplaced at the foot of a slight incline. [8] As the waterwashes down the hill, the floor of the tent begins tofill up with water. [9] Keith and I try to tough it out,but after an hour or so we drag our dripping selvesto the camper and knock on the door. [10] Mr. andMrs. Jackson try not to laugh as they pull out theextra bed for us.

(Here is the paragraph in past tense.)

[1] As soon as Mr. and Mrs. Jackson gothome from work on Friday, we loaded theequipment and supplies into the camper. [2] Wemade it to Bear Creek Lake in just two hours.[3] Not long after we reached the campsite, a massof gray clouds started moving in from the west.[4] Mr. Jackson helped Keith and me with our tent,and then we all gathered in the camper and atesalads and casseroles. [5] After dinner the fun reallystarted. [6] The storm hit right after Keith and Isettled in the tent for the night. [7] The tent was setup properly and provided excellent protection fromthe downpour, but it was placed at the foot of aslight incline. [8] As the water washed down thehill, the floor of the tent began to fill up with water.[9] Keith and I tried to tough it out, but after anhour or so we dragged our dripping selves to thecamper and knocked on the door. [10] Mr. and Mrs.Jackson tried not to laugh as they pulled out theextra bed for us.

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Identifying and Using Active andPassive VoiceExercise A

1. PV 6. AV2. AV 7. AV3. PV 8. AV4. AV 9. AV5. PV 10. PV

Exercise B1. C2. Tamisha mowed and trimmed the lawn.3. C4. George Herriman drew the comic strip Krazy

Kat from 1913 until 1944.5. Steward rode his brand new mountain bike all

afternoon.6. Mr. Acosta carefully selected two red, juicy

tomatoes and a ripe avocado.7. C8. Many gardeners make their own organic

fertilizer, called compost.9. At the Heard Museum, my mother saw some

carved cedar sculptures by John Hoover.10. C

TestExercise A

1. ridden 14. ridden2. eaten 15. rung3. gone 16. laid4. sat 17. risen5. written 18. ran6. kept 19. sang7. saw 20. rose8. laid 21. frozen9. lain 22. selected

10. began 23. grown11. lying 24. spoken12. sit 25. found13. gone


1. drunk—drank2. gave—give3. C4. spoken—spoke5. thrown—threw6. lying—laying7. C8. swam—swum9. taken—took

10. sang—sung

Exercise C (Here is the selection in presenttense.)

[1] The topic of athletic programs isbrought up at the school meeting last Thursday.[2] Neither side listens to the other side. [3] Bothare sure the opposing side has a weak case and ismerely acting out of ignorance.

[4] Friday, students at Longfellow HighSchool talk about the meeting. Sylvia Polomboproposes an idea for calming tempers.[5] Longfellow High School has tennis courtsavailable but no swimming pool, and Pershing HighSchool has a swimming pool but no tennis courts.[6] Sylvia suggests that the two schools combinetheir after-school gym programs so that both groupsof students can have the benefit of both facilities.

[7] The students adopt the proposal andpresent it to the principal. [8] Mr. Byrd confers withthe principal of Pershing High School. [9] At thenext school meeting, he tells those present aboutthe students’ idea. [10] Influenced by the spirit ofcooperation shown by the students, the groupsettles down and works out a peaceful solution tothe sports issue.

(Here is the selection in past tense.)

[1] The topic of athletic programs wasbrought up at the school meeting last Thursday.[2] Neither side listened to the other side. [3] Bothwere sure the opposing side had a weak case andwas merely acting out of ignorance.

[4] Friday, students at Longfellow HighSchool talked about the meeting, and SylviaPolombo proposed an idea for calming tempers.[5] Longfellow High School has tennis courts

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Worksheet 7

Answer Key 11

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TX_L09LHAK 6/1/09 6:45 PM Page 11

available but no swimming pool, and Pershing HighSchool has a swimming pool but no tennis courts.[6] Sylvia suggested that the two schools combinetheir after-school gym programs so that both groupsof students could have the benefit of both facilities.

[7] The students adopted the proposal andpresented it to the principal. [8] Mr. Byrd conferredwith the principal of Pershing High School. [9] Atthe next school meeting, he told those presentabout the students’ idea. [10] Influenced by thespirit of cooperation shown by the students, thegroup settled down and worked out a peacefulsolution to the sports issue.

Exercise D1. has read2. had damaged3. will have completed4. has been rehearsing5. was cleaning; was refilling6. paints; sells7. made8. is showing9. has taught

10. visited

Exercise E1. Aunt Sharon installed the new radiator in no

time at all.2. C3. Peggy and Rhonda have seen some of Morgan

Freeman’s movies.4. Now, Ms. Riley will demonstrate the basic steps

in custom framing.5. C6. Finally, Bonnie Raitt and her band took the

stage.7. Raymond had accidentally dropped the keys

into the trash can.8. C9. C

10. At his bar mitzvah, Sidney read parts of theTorah in Hebrew.


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Using the Nominative Case forSubjects and Predicate NominativesExercise A

1. she 6. I2. We 7. she3. we 8. we4. she and I 9. they5. they 10. he

Exercise B1. they 6. he2. she 7. they3. he 8. she4. she 9. I5. I 10. we

Using the Objective Case for Directand Indirect ObjectsExercise A

1. her 6. them2. me 7. her3. her 8. us4. him 9. them5. us 10. me

Exercise B (Pronouns will vary but shouldall be in the objective case.)

1. us 6. her2. him 7. them3. her 8. me4. him; her 9. her5. me 10. her

Identifying and Using the ObjectiveCase for Objects of PrepositionsExercise A

1. me 6. them2. me 7. us3. her 8. them4. him 9. me5. her 10. her

Exercise B1. her 6. us2. him 7. them3. her 8. him4. me 9. her5. them 10. us

Identifying and Using CorrectPronoun FormsExercise A

1. PN—he 6. SUBJ—they2. OP—C 7. DO—me3. SUBJ—I 8. IO—us4. DO—her 9. OP—me5. SUBJ—C 10. OP—C

Exercise B1. me 11. he2. her 12. them3. he 13. her4. me 14. him; me5. him 15. him6. she 16. they7. him 17. she8. she 18. I; her9. I 19. we

10. me 20. them

Exercise C (Sentences will vary.)1. Can you take our parents and us to the game?2. The winners are our parents and we.3. Sasha and they wrote all the thank-you notes.4. It will be Sasha and they who bring the salad

for the potluck.5. You and I are the best of friends.6. They said they’ll give you and me good seats

for the play.7. The best plan for you and me is to wait till

they’re gone.8. Kimi or she will be able to help you find the

books that you need.9. We will meet Willis or him outside the stadium.

10. I want to go to the movie with Willis or him.

Worksheet 4

Worksheet 3

Worksheet 2

Worksheet 1

Answer Key 13

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Special Pronoun ProblemsExercise A

1. Whoever 6. whom2. who 7. whom3. whom 8. who4. who 9. whoever5. whom 10. whom

Exercise B1. him 6. her2. she 7. We3. him 8. them; us4. I 9. he5. us 10. them

Using Pronouns with Than and As;Ensuring Clear Pronoun ReferenceExercise A (Answers will vary.)

1. as she can2. than he did3. than they fit me4. than they praised us or than he praised them5. than she can6. as he is7. than she does or than I expect of her8. than we do9. than she does or than I know her

10. than I did or than he paid me

Exercise B (Revisions will vary.)1. That the sidewalk was icy in some places made

our walk to the store very hazardous.2. When Mom got home, she asked Debbie to

mop the kitchen floor.3. There are many Jacob Lawrence paintings in

this museum.4. Joan’s archaeology class’s trip to the Crow

Canyon Archaeology Center in Colorado wasvery educational.

5. Because Rudy has been working extra hard onhis conditioning, Coach Martino is giving himmore playing time.

6. I enjoy pottery, especially when I can give thepots to friends and family as gifts.

7. In this issue of the Northwest High Gazette,there is a feature article about the StudentVolunteer Association.

8. The blizzard continued throughout the night,making the search team’s job even moredifficult.

9. My mother told my sister,“I should swim moreoften because it is good exercise.”

10. Steve is an excellent songwriter, and this songis my favorite.

TestExercise A

1. S—They 6. S—he2. PN—she 7. S—she3. OP—him 8. DO—them4. IO—her 9. OP—us5. DO—me 10. PN—she


1. C2. me—I3. We—Us4. C5. C6. him—he7. C8. C9. they—them

10. she—her11. C12. She—Her13. C14. C15. me—I16. me—I17. C18. C19. they—them20. C21. me—I22. me—I23. C24. me—I25. he—him

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Worksheet 6

Worksheet 5


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Exercise C1. who 6. her2. us 7. she3. him 8. whom4. them 9. me5. whom 10. Whoever

Exercise D (Revisions will vary.)1. Yuki is an exceptionally talented sculptor. She

has even sold a few of her sculptures.2. That the weather was mild, windy, and sunny

helped make the kite show a success.3. “Dave,” said Mr. Crawford,“you left your tea on

the kitchen counter.”4. The movie review calls Danny Glover’s

performance “brilliant.”

5. Our family has been recycling more since thesanitation workers started picking therecyclables up at the curb.

6. In this magazine there is an article about theCorn Dance Fiesta.

7. Kaloma had a dream come true when two ofher poems were published in the local literarymagazine.

8. The dog landed in the water when it leapt forthe stick.

9. While Jan was staying in North Carolina, AuntGretchen sent her a letter.

10. The mail-order company sent the wrong T-shirts.This mistake caused a delay in getting thefund-raiser underway.

Answer Key 15

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Using Comparative and SuperlativeForms of ModifiersExercise A

1. faster, fastest, less fast, least fast2. more comfortable, most comfortable, less

comfortable, least comfortable3. more fairly, most fairly, less fairly, least fairly4. deeper, deepest, less deep, least deep5. more careful (or carefuller), most careful (or

carefullest), less careful, least careful

Exercise B1. best 6. less2. worse 7. smoother3. simplest (or most simple) 8. most4. most delicious 9. better5. coldest 10. more sincere


1. spicier—spiciest2. worst—worse3. C4. the most—more5. C6. best—better7. longer—longest8. most interesting—more interesting9. worse—worst

10. greatest—greater11. most wonderful—wonderfulest12. faster—fastest13. least fragile—less fragile14. best—better15. most quickly—more quickly16. least favorite—less favorite17. greatest—greater18. C19. largest—larger20. the most—more

Problems with Using ModifiersExercise (Revisions will vary.)

1. Those are the loveliest tulips I have ever seen.2. Arlene is the biggest fan of Mariah Carey in

her class.

3. Marco misses Miami more than his sister does.4. William Gibson is better known than many

other playwrights.5. Russell is more limber than anyone else on his

wrestling team.6. Michael Chang is one of the most successful

tennis players in the world.7. Nina is more reliable than any other member of

her work group.8. The jewelry inside the store is more expensive

than that in the window.9. Anthony could hear the leaves rustling, but he

couldn’t see anything.10. C11. The paint dried faster than we thought it

would.12. I like the selection of herbs at Tom’s Nursery

better than the selection at Green GardenSquare.

13. The closets in the new house are hardly bigenough.

14. C15. Rhode Island is smaller in area than any other

state in the United States.16. We could scarcely contain our excitement

when we heard the news.17. Maggie writes me more often than Nori does.18. Nicholas is taller than anyone else in his family.19. Melinda is a better friend to me than anyone

else is.20. I go swimming with Charles more often than I

go swimming with Gordon.

Correcting Dangling ModifiersExercise (Revisions will vary.)

1. The ranger’s station was a welcome sight afterwe had been lost in the woods for a couple ofhours.

2. Exploring the fiction section of the city library,she found several detective novels by ChesterHimes.

3. Before starting to fill the photo album, oneshould first arrange the photographs inchronological order.

4. The floor was hard when I hit it in my fall.5. To preserve your Navajo wool blanket, you

must keep it out of direct sunlight.6. Confused by the new material on atoms,

students asked many questions.

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7. My aunt suggested that I take a job at herbeauty salon to earn money over the summer.

8. Because we were so exhausted after travelingall day, finally walking in the door of our ownhome was a relief.

9. Teaching a puppy basic obedience requiressome study in the use of praise and positivereinforcement.

10. Stumbling on a loose rock, I lost my footing.

Correcting Misplaced ModifiersExercise (Revisions may vary.)

1. The dog that we found on the street looked asif it needed medical attention.

2. The car, which had been parked too close to afire hydrant, was towed to the cityimpoundment lot.

3. Dozens of loud, active monkeys inside aspacious cage attracted a crowd of spectators.

4. The wildlife researcher explained in biologyclass how she tags and tracks wolves.

5. I think the man in the wool cap ordered theThai coconut soup.

6. Touring the Museum of Modern Art, the girlsviewed a Marisol sculpture.

7. The store manager helped the frightened littleboy find his parents.

8. Through the powerful binoculars Sean couldsee an eagle soaring.

9. We set the vase that Angela had brought on themantel.

10. Risking her life, the firefighter rescued the boyfrom the burning building.

TestExercise A

1. more2. most challenging3. more gracefully4. most5. better6. shortest7. worse8. smaller9. better

10. earlier


1. more—most2. anyone else in—anyone in3. any other state—any state4. the fastest hurdler—the most fastest hurdler5. with anyone else—with anyone6. are prettier—are more prettier7. don’t take any of or take none of—don’t take

none of8. than that of the or than that the Chinese

restaurant downtown makes—than the9. than I visit Aunt Luisa or than Aunt Luisa

does—than Aunt Luisa10. doesn’t have any magazines or has no

magazines—doesn’t have no magazines

Exercise C (Revisions will vary.)1. In the trunk under the stairs, we found a box of

slides taken by my grandfather.2. My mother showed me some stories she had

written when she was in elementary school.3. Because he had neglected to drink enough

water, dehydration set in during the tennisplayer’s match.

4. The man put the baby that had fallen asleepinto the crib.

5. Surrounded by adoring fans, the players signedautographs for twenty minutes.

6. To prepare the terrarium, first place a layer ofsmall pebbles on the bottom for drainage.

7. The woman in the green suit will be giving atalk about Aztec mythology.

8. To become a good photographer, one needsboth technical skill and an artistic sense.

9. C10. Diego rode on his mountain bike over a rugged

trail that was two miles long.11. The farmer surveyed his soil, which was

cracked and dusty from the drought.12. The smell of the sea air was refreshing to us as

we walked on the beach.13. Staying in Memphis several days, we visited the

National Civil Rights Museum.14. C15. Juanita read in the Sunday paper about the

building that had been demolished.16. Dana spotted a spider dangling from a strand of

web.17. Thrilled by the tournament win, we planned a

special celebration.

Worksheet 5

Worksheet 4

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18. C19. I found this book, which was written by Elie

Wiesel, on the bottom shelf.20. While Dad was vacuuming the carpet, the cat

ran to the bedroom and hid under the bed.21. By walking slowly over the rocky terrain, we

discovered that fossils were easy to find.

22. The hungry children soon made thesandwiches disappear from their plates.

23. The hurricane lashed the beachfront cottages,which lost their shingles in the strong wind.

24. C25. The farmer noticed a large flock of geese as

they flew north in a v-formation.


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Identifying Phrases andPrepositional PhrasesExercise A

1. NP 4. NP2. PHR 5. NP3. PHR

Exercise B (Answers will vary.)1. mountains2. the bicycle, the scooter3. break4. the tamales5. the store, the bank

Exercise C1. Along the wharves; beside the East River; in the

shadow; of the Brooklyn Bridge2. During the hours; before dawn; into action; at

the feet; of the tall skyscrapers3. in a rising crescendo; of noise; by early

morning; from the heart; of the city4. to the ceiling; with crated fish; from distant

places; throughout the city5. for the squeamish6. (no prepositional phrase)7. On the boats; for the weather; by Atlantic winds8. Before noon; on its way9. for dinner

Using and Identifying AdjectivePhrasesExercise A (Answers will vary.)

1. the highway through Laredo2. the one with the black gloves3. a window in the east wall4. letters from her aunt5. a book about whales6. everyone for the proposal7. the girl of his dreams8. a necklace around her neck9. a school on the banks of the river

10. houses among the trees

Exercise B (The first item in a set ofanswers is the adjective; the second item is the

word modified, and the third item is the adjectivephrase.Answers may vary slightly.)

1. ghost—stories—with ghosts2. March—Winds—in March3. tool—chest—for tools4. fish—Fins—on fish5. encouraging—words—of encouragement6. French—gentleman—from France7. claw—hammer—with a claw8. racing—boat—for racing9. active—game—of action

10. spring—Storms—during the spring

Exercise C (The first item in a pair is theadjective phrase.The second item is the wordmodified.)

1. of its container—shape2. beyond a jar’s capacity—level; at the top—

water3. of liquids—behavior; of the principal reasons—

one; for clogged gas burners—reasons; onkitchen stoves—burners

4. from a newspaper column—trick; in myscience class—students

5. on Mrs. Liu’s desk—glass; of pennies—number6. above the rim—water7. behind me—classmate; in that glass—water8. between the teacher and me—Conversation; to

the mystery—key; concerning the water level—mystery

9. in the glass—pennies; of the water—level10. of the water—tension

Exercise D (Sentences will vary.)1. The message on the banner included the theme

for the party.2. The entrance to the new park led down a tree-

shaded path.3. The class secretary announced the results of

the latest survey.4. Was Frederick the last person in that long line?5. The winner is one of my friends!

Worksheet 2

Worksheet 1

Answer Key 19

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Identifying Adverb Phrases andAdjective PhrasesExercise A (The first item in a set ofanswers is what the adverb phrase tells; the seconditem is the adverb phrase; the third item is theword(s) modified.)

1. when (or to what extent)—For many years—have sought

2. where—off the Spanish coast—was situated3. where—in the Aegean Sea—existed4. how—with certainty—argue5. when—Between 1620 and 1500 B.C.—

experienced6. why—Because of this eruption—was buried7. when—after the eruption—occurred8. how (or where or when)—in the disaster—was

lost9. where—on Thera—worked

10. why—because of this research—were excited

Exercise B (The first item in a pair is theadverb phrase.The second item is the word orwords modified.)

1. for several years—have watched2. with avid interest—have viewed3. by heart—know4. over the years—has developed5. in New York City—held6. out of curiosity—attended7. near the center of the room—stood8. about the replica—curious9. in the captain’s chair—sat

10. beneath the operations console—lay

Exercise C (The first item in a set ofanswers is how the prepositional phrase is used;the second item is the prepositional phrase; thethird item is the word(s) modified.)

1. ADJ—at this restaurant—tamales2. ADV—with her left hand—writes3. ADV—From the north—came4. ADJ—by Augusta Savage—sculpture5. ADV—on an actual event—was based6. ADJ—from twenty schools—Teams7. ADV—at Zing’s—Buy8. ADJ—in Florida—vacation or ADV—in

Florida—won

9. ADJ—in science—achievements10. ADV—at the 1992 Olympics—won

Exercise D1. ADV—Beyond a doubt; ADJ—of the strangest

domesticated animals2. ADJ—for human beings3. ADJ—with a grievance; ADV—at its owner or

anyone; ADJ—in its vicinity4. ADJ—between humans and camels5. ADV—from the earth; ADV—on plants and

grasses6. ADV—upon humans7. ADV—on its back; ADJ—of tiring8. (no prepositional phrase)9. ADV—beyond the limit; ADV—by even a

minute amount; ADV—under the load; ADV—from the strain

10. ADJ—for the saying

Identifying Participles andParticipial PhrasesExercise A

1. chattering2. attended3. unclaimed4. grown5. Ascending6. shivering7. protecting8. towering9. decorated; found

10. attacking

Exercise B1. determined to express her ideas2. Hoping to solve the puzzle3. campaigning for re-election4. imported from India5. Sleeping on the desert floor; coiled on his chest6. shaken by the strong wind7. Laughing and shouting loudly8. falling through the light from the street lamp9. Riding one horse; leading three others

10. situated on the Gulf of Guinea

Worksheet 4

Worksheet 3


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Identifying Gerunds and GerundPhrasesExercise

1. S—Camping2. OP—biking3. DO—working4. DO—studying Romare Bearden’s paintings5. OP—adopting techniques of cubist painters6. OP—painting7. OP—using different media8. OP—climbing the tree9. S—Writing

10. DO—serving empanadas at the MulticulturalFair

11. S—Watering the plants12. PN—writing poetry13. DO—discussing zeppelins14. OP—combining the paint pigments15. S—Linking two railroad cars together16. PN—diving from the high board17. OP—reading Sandra Cisneros’s fiction18. S—Constructing the skyscraper19. PN—white-water canoeing20. S—In-line skating21. DO—whistling this22. S—Directing films23. PN—giving instructions to the actors24. OP—running the mile faster than anyone else

in our class25. S—Trying new foods

Identifying Infinitives, InfinitivePhrases, and Infinitive ClausesExercise

1. N—to broad jump2. CL—him to identify the formations in the cave3. N—To err; N—to forgive4. N—to have wealthy patrons5. ADV—to teach their daughter Helen6. ADV—to read; ADV—to sew7. N—To give life to the common things of

childhood8. ADV—to attend school9. N—to escape from the poverty of his childhood

10. N—to read Wright’s Black Boy

11. N—to learn12. ADJ—to board13. ADJ—to climb14. ADV—to help15. ADV—to make the stir-fry16. N—To argue17. N—To learn darkroom techniques18. CL—me to follow her19. ADV—(to) fetch anything20. ADJ—to identify21. N—To treat others fairly22. N—to drive to Philadelphia; N—to fly23. ADV—to have her visit him24. CL—me to pick her up at the train station25. ADJ—to take the plane

Identifying and Using Appositivesand Appositive PhrasesExercise A (The first item in a pair is theappositive or appositive phrase.The second item isthe word(s) that the appositive explains.)

1. giant flesh-eating monitor lizards—Komododragons

2. the largest lizards in the world—reptiles3. a part of Indonesia—Komodo Island4. the perenty and the water monitor—monitor

lizards5. monitor—name6. Sarah—sister7. One of the most famous playwrights in

history—William Shakespeare8. the prince of Denmark—Hamlet9. Henry V—film

10. King Henry V of England—character

Exercise B (Appositives will vary.)1. Gabriel Gomez, the chairperson of our

neighborhood association, has retired.2. Forty-seven people have accepted the

invitation to the Kwanzaa party, a potluck andcelebration at the park.

3. Our speaker will be Lee Anna Wilkes, the newombudsman for the city.

4. Next year Hector Ortiz, the winner of the 10 Krun, will run in the marathon.

5. Carla’s favorite writer is Alice Walker, author ofmany books.

Worksheet 7

Worksheet 6

Worksheet 5

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TestExercise A (Participles and participialphrases will vary.)

1. The coach, speaking to us before the game,encouraged us to do our best.

2. The laughing children were eagerly hitting thepiñata.

3. The bear, attracted by our picnic, peered at usthrough the fence.

4. Grazing as they walked, the horses cametoward the barn.

5. The crumbling fortress is visible for miles.6. A poorly maintained, mountainous road leads to

the castle.7. Startled by the noise outside, Igor shuffles to

the door.8. The door, creaking the whole time, opens

slowly.9. Long-awaited rain fell through the leaves of the

trees.10. Trembling, I enter the front hall.

Exercise B1. DO—flying2. S—Getting to other countries3. OP—reading4. PN—touring with a group5. S—Visiting Rome6. DO—climbing the numerous ancient steps in

Rome7. S—Throwing coins in the Trevi Fountain8. PN—partaking of the wonderful pastas,

vegetables, and fruits9. S—Going only a short distance from Rome

10. OP—standing for centuries

Exercise C1. N—to lead the sports rally2. ADJ—to sell3. N—To attend4. ADV—to free him from the wreck5. ADJ—to see my Apache grandmother6. N—To replace the valves in a car engine7. ADV—to study Diego Rivera’s art8. ADV—To be called soluble9. CL—her to teach us a few phrases

10. ADJ—to avoid

Exercise D (The first item in a pair is theappositive or appositive phrase.The second item isthe word(s) that the appositive explains.)

1. George M. Cohan—Actor and songwriter2. “trick of the eye”—Trompe l’oeil3. Cabeza de Vaca—explorer4. the Roman god of the sea—Neptune;

Poseidon—god5. someone in disagreement with official policy—

dissident6. Mike—brother7. a gray lichen—reindeer moss (or moss)8. Nicoletta—niece9. Arf—dog

10. rice cooked with broth—Risotto

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Identifying Independent andSubordinate ClausesExercise A

[1] After our class had studied variousecological systems, Mrs. Roth suggested that wedivide into groups and choose an interestingproject. [2] The project that we chose was buildinga woodland terrarium. [3] After school was over, wewent to a wooded park where we hunted formaterials. [4] Leilani found several flowering plantssuch as wintergreen, whose flowers are white andbell-shaped, and pipsissewa, which has leaves thatonce were used for medicinal purposes. [5] She putthe plants in cut-off milk containers whose bottomswere filled with soil. [6] While I was looking for amossy rock, I found a salamander. [7] Although itwas quite fast, I managed to get a good look at it.

[8] The next day Mrs. Roth said that wecould use the aquarium tank from the sciencecloset. [9] First, we covered the base of the tankwith gravel so that the soil would have adequatedrainage, and then we added a layer of woodlandsoil. [10] After we planted small ferns and seedlings,we placed the terrarium in a cool spot.

Exercise B (The first item in a pair is thesubject of the subordinate clause.The second itemis the verb.)

1. failures—do quit; U. S. Grant—did2. Janice—was; you—had recommended3. I—had overcome; line—was4. who—is; class—should have asked5. discussion—ended; which—is

Identifying and Using AdjectiveClausesExercise A (The first item in a pair is theadjective clause.The second item is the word(s)modified.)

1. who have emigrated from the United States toIsrael—people

2. whose main interest was botany—explorer3. which is her birthplace—Spokane4. which is a kind of writing—Satire; that are

absurd—people, actions5. that are cornered—Opossums

6. that won the Pulitzer Prize—book7. whom others call “lucky”—person; who takes

full advantage of opportunities—worker8. that was gnawing a large soup bone—dog9. who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950—

Ralph J. Bunche10. that won the 1971 World Series—team

Exercise B (Answers may vary.)1. My friend, who is an excellent tennis player,

helped me with my serve.2. Jane Smiley, who will be at the bookstore, will

be autographing copies of her new book.3. The gold nugget that set off the California gold

rush was about the size of a pea.4. That organization works to protect whales that

are threatened with extinction.5. Cassava, which is usually mashed into a gelatin

called fufu to accompany stews and soups, isan important food in Africa.

6. The firefighters who rescued six children froma burning building will be honored by aparade.

7. Dogs and cats, which are colorblind, see only inblack and white.

8. Martina Arroyo, who grew up in New York City,sings opera around the world.

9. N. Scott Momaday has written several novelsthat draw upon his Kiowa and Cherokeeheritage.

10. The journalist I talked to just received thePulitzer Prize.

Identifying Adverb Clauses andAdjective ClausesExercise A

1. e—than cold air is2. b—When the warm air rises3. d—because this movement occurs4. f—unless the temperature of air varies5. b—Before you answer6. c—Wherever the climate is hot7. c—wherever the climate is cold8. f (or b)—as the polar air moves toward the

equator9. a—as if this is the complete picture

10. f (or b)—As the earth rotates

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Worksheet 2

Worksheet 1

Answer Key 23

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Exercise B1. ADJ—that most critics regard as Joaquim Maria

Machado de Assis’s masterpiece2. ADJ—that we use today3. ADJ—who put life into that party4. ADV—when I receive your new address5. ADV—If I hear any news6. ADV—Although taxes are unpopular7. ADJ—that follows the coast8. ADV—unless you want to work9. ADJ—(that) you gave me

10. ADV—while she worked as a teacher andprincipal

Identifying Noun Clauses andSubordinate ClausesExercise A

1. DO—that plantains are used in African cooking2. S—That he was safe on second3. DO—how important good skates are4. DO—whoever wants a ride5. PN—what she gave me6. S—Whoever gets the job7. PN—what we need most8. OP—what I did last summer9. S—Where Marian went

10. DO—that large sculptures often decoratedancient Aztec structures

Exercise B1. ADV—If a mirror breaks2. ADJ—that is broken3. ADV—As some people think4. ADV—whenever you accidentally spill some5. N—what will protect you from bad luck6. ADV—If you walk under a ladder7. N—that thirteen is an unlucky number8. ADJ—that they believe brings misfortune9. N—what some people keep for good luck

10. ADV—because the luck will spill out

TestExercise A

1. ADJ—who gave us the 50 percent discount onthe shirts

2. ADV—wherever you want3. N—That the Nez Perce lived in Washington4. N—What Aaron did for his parents5. ADJ—that will unlock the cabinet6. N—whoever ran in the race7. ADJ—(that) we heard about last spring8. N—Whoever wins the contest9. ADV—unless there is a late freeze

10. ADJ—who taught me the backstroke11. ADV—When the whippoorwill starts singing12. ADV—as if I knew the ending of the movie13. ADJ—that Alicia wore to the party14. ADJ—who wrote that song15. N—who was penalized16. N—that we read another Paul Laurence Dunbar

poem17. N—whoever played last18. ADV—while the rabbi read from the Torah19. ADJ—whose arguments are most intelligent20. ADV—Because the air conditioner is broken21. N—that odd numbers were powerful22. ADV—Because it is heavy23. N—that mistletoe is the antidote to all poisons24. ADV—Although I have read about weather

patterns25. ADJ—that Will used for painting

Exercise B1. ADV—If you like magic realism; ADJ—who

often uses that technique2. ADV—Since we have no practice room; ADJ—

which has always been a popular sport3. N—What I asked for; ADJ—that had a poem by

Mari Evans in it4. ADJ—that they suffered in the stock market;

ADJ—(that) all brokers expect5. ADV—When he opened the mail; ADJ—that he

had been looking for6. ADV—Wherever you go; ADJ—who are

interesting

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7. ADV—If you like to write; ADJ—that you elect8. N—what she said; ADV—because she does not

want to be quoted9. ADJ—(that) I wanted; ADJ—who have always

been supportive of me10. ADV—Although Spencer plays lacrosse; N—

that the game originated with the Indians ofCanada

Exercise C1. S 6. I2. I 7. S3. S 8. I4. S 9. S5. S 10. I

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Identifying Sentences and SentenceFragmentsExercise A

1. F 14. F2. F 15. F3. S 16. S4. S 17. F5. F 18. S6. S 19. F7. F 20. F8. S 21. S9. F 22. S

10. F 23. F11. S 24. F12. F 25. F13. S

Exercise B1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. S—burst—came7. F8. F9. S—director—is planning

10. S—she—will direct11. F12. S—you—Are interested13. F14. S—(you)—Practice; (you)—memorize15. S—Who—will play16. F17. F18. F19. S—performers—must act, sing, dance20. F

Identifying and Using Subjects andPredicatesExercise A

1. I frequently daydream about the future.2. The achievements of scientists will change our

lives.3. Education will undoubtedly benefit from

scientific progress.4. Teaching machines may someday replace

classroom lectures.5. Software programs have already taught

important facts to students.6. Hypnotism could revolutionize teaching

procedures.7. Some other speculations are even more

interesting.8. Scientists may one day be able to freeze a

person alive.9. This person might be revived after decades of

the deep-freeze treatment.10. Today’s science fiction often becomes

tomorrow’s reality.

Exercise B (Answers will vary.)1. Our political science club decided to have an

international luncheon in honor of UnitedNations Day.

2. The government teachers decorated theirclassroom with flags from other countries.

3. Many friends and relatives attended theluncheon.

4. One of our club members brought some crispbanana chips.

5. Souvlaki and other food from Greece werecontributed by a Greek restaurant.

Identifying the Simple Subject andthe Simple PredicateExercise A (The first item in a pair is thesimple subject.The second item is the simplepredicate, or verb.)

1. pipe—was2. town—did adopt3. space—was4. night—brought5. town—was awakened

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6. house—was blazing7. hoses—were8. water—had frozen9. house—was owned

10. mistake—had come

Exercise B (The first item in a pair is thesimple subject.The second item is the simplepredicate, or verb.)

1. you—do like2. (you)—Read3. stories—are4. One—is throwing5. cause—is6. cousin—does act7. he—wakes8. dogs—are doing9. One—bites

10. dogs—are

Identifying the Simple Subject andthe Simple PredicateExercise A (The first item in a pair is thesimple subject.The second item is the simplepredicate, or verb.)

1. martial art—has become2. earthquakes—Do cause3. (you)—help4. animal—does avoid5. Mr.Talbot—plays6. Helena Rubinstein—built7. tornado—was8. differences—are9. wires—were damaged

10. papers—were

Exercise B (The first item in a pair is thesimple subject.The second item is the simplepredicate, or verb.)

1. we—are studying2. animals—Do thrive3. ants—raise4. signal—does mean5. Boys, girls—washed, cleaned6. One—is7. police—Have been notified

8. you, she—write, send9. committee—did underestimate

10. (you)—Open, look

Identifying the Simple PredicateExercise A

1. usually include violins, guitars, and trumpets2. has always been valuable to me3. Worst of all is4. have many movable spines5. is set in the 1930s6. Did have a key to the store7. did not recommend an immediate operation8. Is still burning9. Have ever heard of a Caesar salad

10. would actually starve a rat to death

Exercise B1. have filled 6. could be2. are composed 7. grew3. had 8. would turn4. could run 9. was formed5. would devour 10. is pictured

Identifying Compound Subjects andCompound VerbsExercise

1. taught, wrote, danced, did2. Sirens, Circe, goddess3. aunt, uncle; checked, ran4. quit, attended5. Firefly, lightning bug6. tried, failed7. women, children8. ideas, speech9. Travel, adventure

10. Pine, spruce, fir11. teacher, class; looked, decided12. have climbed, written, photographed13. carry, use14. Sherpas, climbers15. prepare, practice16. members, I; appreciate, enjoy17. I, friends

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18. barks, whines, howls19. needs, is20. he, owner

Identifying Subject Complementsand Direct ObjectsExercise A (The first item in a pair is thesubject complement.The second item is the subjectto which the complement refers.)

1. place—tomb2. continuation—death3. grand—tombs; sacred—tombs4. food—contents; equipment—contents5. (no complement)6. irresistible—treasures7. occurrence—Plundering8. invitation—tomb9. (no complement)

10. undisturbed—few

Exercise B (The first item in a set ofanswers is the subject; the second item is the verb;the third item is the direct object.)

1. Tyrone—has solved—problem2. hail—damaged—crops3. Pomo—decorated—baskets4. workers—lifted—piano5. class—elected—boys, girls6. Lulu—has trained—puppy7. crowd—pushed—Sean, me8. Allen—brought—book9. outfielder—threw—ball

10. armor—protects—armadillo

Identifying Subject Complements,Direct Objects, and Indirect ObjectsExercise A

1. DO—fair2. PA—beautiful3. DO—proceeds4. DO—owners5. PN—assortment6. DO—top7. DO—edges

8. PN—vases9. PA—attractive

10. PN—vase

Exercise B1. Alvin sweater2. me book3. receipt4. you message5. Carmen ball6. students stories7. methods8. college collection9. baby bagel

10. CD

Classifying Sentences by Purposeand StructureExercise A

1. DEC—. . . last month.2. DEC—. . . Richard Feynman’s life.3. DEC—. . . Albert Einstein.4. DEC—. . . played on people.5. EXC—. . . he had!6. DEC—. . . are within Italy.7. INT—. . . what they are?8. IMP—. . . an encyclopedia.9. DEC—. . . and stamps.

10. EXC—. . . San Marino, is!Exercise B

1. CD 6. CX2. CX 7. CX3. S 8. CD-CX4. S 9. S5. CX 10. CX

TestExercise A (The first item in a pair is thesimple subject.The second item is the simplepredicate, or verb.)

1. Pam, she—made2. any—Did break3. kimono—is displayed

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4. (you)—Do tell5. copy—is6. None—was7. he—could have been doing8. quicksand—was9. either—Has seen

10. I—read, wrote11. Both—are12. You, she—are13. bell—Has rung14. I—mailed, received15. you—did like16. mountains—are17. I—washed, dried18. (you)—Read19. sunset—is20. you—will visit

Exercise B1. fire, air, water, earth2. weighted, ranked3. properties, movements4. spirit, humor5. relates, describes6. ran, played, went, became7. outlook, sense8. Mandan, Dakota, Crow, Osage9. fought, served

10. tools, needles, abrasives

Exercise C1. IO—me; DO—meaning2. DO—ants3. DO—lawn4. PN—work5. DO—anthill6. DO—war7. PA—intelligent8. PA—sensible9. PA—crafty

10. PA—smarter

Exercise D1. DO; DO 6. DO; IO; DO2. PA 7. PN3. IO; DO 8. PN; PN4. DO 9. DO5. PA 10. PN; PN

Exercise E (Sentences will vary.)1. Nanong made pancakes for breakfast.2. I sent Clint his bicycle.3. Is she your new girlfriend?4. Marla will probably give us some of the tickets

that are left.5. You are very kind to help me out this way.

Exercise F1. IMP—. . . speeches.2. EXC—. . . great man!3. INT—. . . any of his talks?4. DEC—. . . was eloquent.5. INT—. . . photography class?6. DEC—. . . the city park.7. INT—. . . as wildlife?8. DEC—. . . near any pond.9. IMP—. . . the alligators. (or EXC—. . . the

alligators!)10. IMP—. . . do not fly away.Exercise G

1. CX 6. CX2. CD 7. S3. CX 8. CD-CX4. CX 9. S5. S 10. CD-CX

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Creating Sentences from FragmentsExercise A (Sentences will vary.)

1. The snow blower quickly cleared the path.2. My brother lost the car keys again.3. My mother ran ten miles before breakfast this

morning.4. During the summer, the owners of the gift shop

bought and sold coffee cups by the hundredsevery day.

5. When the canoe overturned, we lost one of thecoolers.

6. We modeled the tepee we made after thetepees of the Great Lakes region.

7. The shoppers under the awning are taking abreak from the heat in the mercado.

8. Zithers, violins, harps, and other types of stringedinstruments are all for sale at the music store onCentral Avenue.

9. I can’t wait to see the new film aboutshipwrecks.

10. On this project, they’re going to use only theexperienced workers.

11. All day long we had traveled south, from theCanadian border.

12. According to ancient legend, the ghost wouldnever rest.

13. Frances and James, lost in the forest, finallyfound a safe place to stop and rest for thenight.

14. After the game, they came over and watchedour favorite movie with us.

15. This rare bird has been seen near the sequoiaforest.

16. You should have heard the cheers when thegrades were announced.

17. You might help the students by bringingstaples, pens, tablets, or erasers.

18. Last night, most of the audience seemed toenjoy the play.

19. As soon as the wind has stopped blowing, wecan continue.

20. My cousin is visiting from Guanajuato, a state incentral Mexico.

Exercise B (Punctuation that should beremoved and capital letters that should belowercase are highlighted with boldface type.Revisions may vary slightly.)

At our school, everyone looks forward to

Clean-up Day. Even though it means hard work for

all of us. All ninth-grade classes are excused for the

afternoon on Clean-up Day., Which is observed

every spring. Members of the student council

supervise the work. After they have met

previously to decide the area for which each class

will be responsible. Some students are equipped

with rakes and spades. That are lent by trusting

parents who are interested in the project.Trash

baskets, wheelbarrows, bushel baskets, hedge

clippers, and even lawn mowers are rushed into

action. When the time for work arrives at the

beginning of the sixth period.After Clean-up Day

ninth-graders are naturally interested in keeping the

grounds neat. Because they have worked hard to

get them that way. Of course they don’t want to see

them littered with paper.You don’t dare throw a

gum wrapper or a lunch bag anywhere but in the

trash baskets. Unless you want to have trouble

with ninth-graders.Almost everyone enjoys Clean-up

Day. Probably because most of us like to get out of

going to classes.There are always some loafers.Who are more interested in getting out of work

than in helping. Even the loafers, however, get busy.When they see how seriously most of the students

take the work.

Revising Run-on SentencesExercise A (Sentences may vary.)

1. Leonard gave an impromptu speech thatactually sounded prepared.

2. You can join us for supper; however, you haveto help with the dishes.

3. The I Ching is an ancient Chinese book. A copyis in the library.

4. Francine is getting new glasses tomorrow;nevertheless, her prescription is the same.

5. The art club is going to the exhibit of Africanmasks, and I want to go.

6. The house has a mansard roof; the place looksnice.

7. My little sister, who is memorizing themultiplication table, is a good student.

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8. Jake was removed from the hockey game. Hesat in the penalty box.

9. That kind of pen is extremely handy, but I don’thave one.

10. The election results have been counted; thewinner will be announced shortly.

Exercise B (Revisions will vary.)

[1] Her specialty is Mexican food, andthat is my favorite. [2] No one makes guacamole theway she does; she adds secret ingredients to theavocados. [3] I like her salsa, but her enchiladasauce is even better. [4] Both the salsa and sauce arespicy, but they aren’t too hot to taste. [5] Juan’smother makes three kinds of enchiladas. They areall good. (or . . . enchiladas; they . . . .) [6] She’llserve your favorite kind, or you can sample allthree. [7] I especially recommend the spinachenchiladas, as they are unusual. [8] I also enjoyher rice and beans; I always have large helpings. [9]The homemade tortillas are so delicious that Icould eat them all day. [10] I always save room forflan for dessert because it is the perfect way toend the meal.

TestExercise A (Revisions will vary.)

Everyone at school was so excited aboutthe snow that fell yesterday that in theclassrooms teachers had difficulty keeping ourattention. Of course, I, too, was very excited, so assoon as school was out, I dashed home, put newfilm in my camera, and spent an hour takingsnapshots. I took pictures at various angles of ournew house to capture the beauty of the snow-ladenshrubs, and I also took several action shots of mydogs scuffling in deep drifts.Then, I snappedsparrows pecking at scraps of bread on the picnictable, which had deep snow on top of it. Afterbuilding a snowman, I took a close-up of it, too.

Before I took the film to have the picturesdeveloped, I remembered something. When I hadsnapped each picture, the camera had clicked, butthe click had sounded unusual. Holding theunloaded camera up to the light, I pushed thebutton. I heard the click but saw no flash of light.The shutter was not working; not one ray of lighthad reached the film!

Exercise B (Revisions will vary.)

Captain Bill Atkins, a Brooklyn fisher, tookhis cruiser to the cod-fishing grounds off lightshipAmbrose about 11:30 one morning last spring.Planning to catch a few cod, he baited some linesand tossed them over. Harry, the only othermember of the crew, busied himself in a similarmanner. By the middle of the afternoon, they hadcollected a good catch.They had just decided to callit a day when there came a huge tug on one of thelines, indicating that an especially big one hadtaken the bait. Captain Atkins and Harry heavedmightily on the line.The fish finally broke above thesurface; one look was enough for Harry, whodropped the line and headed for the most remotespot on the boat. Near Captain Atkins lay a two-by-four, which the undaunted captain seized in case heneeded protection.

For a few moments the fish lay pantingheavily on the deck, giving Captain Atkins andHarry a chance to inspect it.This was the first timeeither man had ever seen such a monster. On itshead were four horns and an antenna a foot long.In its mouth, which was the size of a football, werefive rows of vicious teeth. The monster measuredfour-and-a-half feet in length and weighed seventypounds. While Harry and Captain Bill were gazingat this unknown caller, they were horror-struckwhen the “fish” shook off the effects of its hardlanding and began to walk across the deck towardthem on its feet! Harry departed in haste; CaptainAtkins used his two-by-four to push the fish into thehold, where it would be confined. The bewilderedcaptain turned his ship toward home.

The captain’s fish story went the rounds inBrooklyn as fast as the captain could spread it.About the details there could be no argumentbecause, after all, there was the fish to be seen byanyone who wanted to see it. Authorities at theAmerican Museum of Natural History informedCaptain Atkins that his monster was known byvarious names, the “angler fish” or the “goose fish”or the “fishing frog.”Fish of this kind usually do notswim but walk on the floor of the ocean, wavingtheir antennae to lure other fish. Captain Atkinsaccepted this information, showing no interest ingoing to the bottom to get proof.

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Combining Sentences by InsertingWords and PhrasesExercise A (Revisions may vary.)

1. The pictures showed the rocky Martianlandscape.

2. An impala is a type of African antelope.3. The optimistic doctors assured Roxy that she

would walk again.4. The large apartment has high ceilings.5. My old-fashioned parents prefer the music of

the 1970s.6. I want to study the fascinating culture of the

Inuit.7. Carl was born in Alamogordo, New Mexico.8. Customers wanted more of the peppery potato

soup.9. The seats on the ride spin around quickly.

10. The helpful principal asks many questions.

Exercise B (Revisions may vary.)1. They live in villages on or near three high

mesas.2. Hopi people have lived in pueblos for more

than eight hundred years.3. The Hopi tend farms in an extremely harsh

climate.4. The Hopi spin and weave cotton from their

farms into beautiful cloth.5. By tradition an elderly woman rules a Hopi

family.

Combining Sentences by InsertingPhrasesExercise A (Revisions may vary.)

1. W. C. Handy, one of the first blues musicians,published “Memphis Blues” in 1913.

2. Handy also wrote “St. Louis Blues,” perhaps themost famous blues song.

3. Louis Armstrong, a famous bluesinstrumentalist, was an innovative trumpeter.

4. Bessie Smith’s blues compositions, simple songsfull of power and beauty, made her famousduring the 1920s.

5. B. B. King, a contemporary singer andcomposer, continues the blues tradition.

Exercise B (Revisions may vary.)1. Blues music includes odd notes deliberately

played out of tune.2. Traditional blues lyrics consist of stanzas

containing three lines each.3. “Memphis Blues,” written for a political

campaign, made blues music popular.4. Blues music has strongly influenced many

American composers, including GeorgeGershwin.

5. Today there are many rock songs reflecting theinfluence of the blues.

Combining Sentences withCoordinating ConjunctionsExercise (Revisions may vary.)

1. Good diet and regular exercise are importantfor physical fitness.

2. You must exercise and stretch your musclesregularly.

3. Food and oxygen are essential for your body.4. The heart and lungs help distribute oxygen

throughout the body.5. Exercise makes the lungs more efficient and

strengthens the heart.6. Swimming and jogging are excellent forms of

exercise.7. Cycling or walking every day conditions the

body.8. Moderate exercise does not cause fatigue or

damage the heart.9. Exercise helps you do more and makes you feel

less tired.10. You should begin an exercise program slowly

and build up gradually.

Combining Sentences and UsingParallel StructureExercise A (Revisions may vary.)

1. The picture frame was too small, so wetrimmed the picture.

2. I want to visit Peru one day; you can travel withme!

3. The stained glass is dirty; however, it is stillquite beautiful.

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4. Dad needs lots of help this summer; therefore,you can work for him.

5. That song always makes me cry, but I love tohear it.

6. At first, our team’s bobsled led the race, and wewere truly excited.

7. Two valves were burned on the car, so repairwork was necessary immediately.

8. Only ten people attended the concert, but theywere enthusiastic.

9. The jasmine plant is a member of the olivefamily; its flowers are highly fragrant.

10. Yoga is an ancient Hindu discipline, and manypeople still practice it today.

Exercise B (Revisions may vary.)1. Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and

teacher.2. Quickly, confidently, and easily, the quarterback

threw the ball.3. The squirrels in the yard receive food not only

from us but also from our neighbors.4. Tomorrow I plan to weed the garden, to mow

the yard, and to do some trimming.5. The class favors holding a party and dismissing

school early.6. Sue and Tom hope to visit a mosque and to go

to a synagogue.7. Always fair and sympathetic, Mr. Brown will be

a good principal.8. Going up the roller-coaster ramp wasn’t too

scary, but coming down was frightening.9. Gwen talked on the phone for two hours and

finished her homework in only twenty minutes.10. The board voted to give Joanne a raise and to

increase her hours.

Combining Sentences with AdjectiveClausesExercise (Revisions may vary.)

1. The ship, which set sail from Quebec on May28, 1914, was bound for London.

2. The ship, which was traveling downstream,suddenly encountered a wispy fog near themouth of the St. Lawrence River.

3. The captain of the Empress spotted the lightsof another ship that was passing nearby.

4. The captain, who decided to change direction,had miscalculated the position of the othership.

5. Tragically, the other ship, which was called theStorstad, changed its direction also.

6. The freighter Storstad, which could notdecrease its momentum, collided with theEmpress of Ireland.

7. The collision almost split the Empress, whichsank within fifteen minutes.

8. On board the Empress of Ireland were manypeople who acted with great heroism.

9. A passenger rescued a young girl who couldnot swim by carrying her on his back.

10. One man who was pulled from the water hadalso survived the sinking of the ocean linerTitanic.

Combining Sentences with AdverbClausesExercise (Revisions will vary.)

1. The comedian entertained the audience whilethe stagehands changed the sets.

2. Even though the assignment was difficult, Juleswas able to finish in time.

3. If Rosa does well in her audition, she mayreceive a part in the play.

4. The athletes began to practice the plays afterthe coach assigned the various positions.

5. Because Salvador learned his routine well, hecoached the other members of the team.

6. As soon as the teacher walked into the room, ahush fell upon the study hall.

7. Carla’s group will not play at the dance unlessthe student government votes money to paythem.

8. Lucy did her homework in the afternoonbecause she wanted to go to the fair in theevening.

9. Since Francisco was the best artist, we askedhim to draw the mural.

10. Mr. Cohen sampled several different curries andchutneys while he was traveling in India.

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Combining Sentences with NounClausesExercise (Revisions will vary.)

1. The sushi chef told us that the wasabi isJapanese horseradish.

2. Whoever wins the trophy will have the bestbatting average in the league.

3. The coach wanted to know why the refereehad made that call.

4. Where we had put the car keys we could notremember.

5. The golfer could not discover where her ballhad gone.

6. The actor told us what we wanted to hear.7. Whoever buys this car will have to fix it.8. Give the record to whomever you decide upon.9. How solar cells work is baffling to me.

10. I explained to Lucas that the Koshare IndianMuseum is in Colorado.

Revising Stringy and WordySentencesExercise (Revisions will vary.)

[1] The city’s annual jazz concert was heldin the open air. [2] People came from everywherefor the concert.They sat on blankets on the grassand brought their own refreshments. [3] [4] Theatmosphere was festive, and many bands and singersentertained, playing diverse kinds of jazz. [5] Theaudience enjoyed the music of Scott Joplin, JohnColtrane, and Charlie Parker. [6] I think I liked Joplinbest. [7] A local singer performed a great tribute toElla Fitzgerald, who is widely admired. [8] I’ve neverheard better jazz. [9] I’m crazy about thesaxophone, which I’ve studied for years, and severalmusicians played the sax. [10] The concert was alsoa huge financial success. I will return next year.

Varying Sentence BeginningsExercise (Revisions will vary.)

[1] Always busy, a book editor is eager fornew manuscripts. [2] With manuscripts constantlypouring into an editor’s office, the volume ofmaterial is amazing. [3] As a result of home

computers and desktop publishing systems, editorsreceive many submissions these days. [4] Of course,manuscripts vary a great deal in quality. [5] Becauseof his or her training and natural ability, an editorcan readily tell a good submission. [6] Notsurprisingly, an editor looks for strong writing, aninteresting subject, and marketability. [7] Withconsiderable speed, he or she eliminates undesirablemanuscripts. [8] Happily, the editor puts aside thosemanuscripts that seem special. [9] If he or shedecides to accept a manuscript, an editor negotiateswith an author. [10] After they agree mutually oncontract terms, the production process begins.

TestExercise A (Revisions will vary.)

1. Maxine Hong Kingston, the daughter ofChinese immigrants, is an award-winningwriter. Growing up in California, she wasinfluenced by both American and Chinesecultures. Some of Kingston’s stories feature FaMu Lan, a woman warrior whose deeds departfrom Chinese traditions.

2. Americans owe much to General Bernardo deGálvez, a Spanish governor of Louisiana. Duringthe Revolutionary War, he gave the Americansguns and supplies and seized British warships.Trying to drive the British out of Louisiana, hefinally took control of the entire area along theGulf of Mexico. Grateful, the Americans namedthe city of Galveston in his honor.

3. Nicholas Cugnot, a French artillery captain,invented the first successful automobile in1770. The ugly contraption had three woodenwheels and resembled a large tricycle. A coal-fired boiler in front produced steam thatpushed two pistons on either side of the frontwheel. Including time for stopping every fewhundred meters to regain steam pressure, theautomobile moved at the speed of fourkilometers per hour. The machine slipped onwet roads and had steering problems, butCugnot’s success inspired other daringinventors.

Exercise B (Revisions will vary.)1. Ann likes reading poetry, but she also enjoys

watching videos.2. Every weekend Mr. Liu sets aside some time to

trim his rosebushes, watch a baseball game, andread to his grandson.

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3. My mother likes writing a weekly column forthe local newspaper and serving as a memberof the city council.

4. A fast runner and an energetic person, Robinshould be a good addition to our soccer team.

5. The drive to Seattle didn’t take too long, butthe drive back took five days.

6. The doctor performed the emergencyoperation skillfully, quickly, and confidently.

7. Tom bought his camping equipment from notonly the local camping store but also a mail-order company.

8. The chess club decided not only to have atournament but also to open it to anyone whowas interested.

9. The voters in the last local election decided onlowering the sales tax and cleaning up the parkby the river.

10. We decided both to watch a video and to play aboard game.

Exercise C (Revisions will vary.)

[1] All his fans came to hear him read. Somestood in line to buy copies of his books, and somebrought copies of his books from home. [2] Thebookstore manager seemed very happy that such abig crowd had turned out, and she made sure shedidn’t run out of the author’s books. [3] When theauthor was ready to read, the manager announcedhim, and all the people crowded into the seats andwaited eagerly. [4] The author read selections fromhis new collection of stories. [5] After the reading,the author answered questions from the audienceabout his life and his work. [6] Some of the author’sfans asked him where he gets his ideas. He toldthem that he gets ideas from stories that other

people tell him and from the news. [7] He also saidthat when he was in school, a teacher told him thathe should write what he knows.When he wasyounger, however, he didn’t think there was enoughin his own personal experience for him to writeabout, so he became comfortable with using hisimagination. [8] After he had answered questions forhalf an hour, he signed books until all the people inline got their books signed. [9] Since the line wasvery long, the signing took a long time. [10] Whenhe had finished, the author thanked the bookstoremanager for inviting him. She told him she was veryhappy he was able to come because he was one ofher favorite authors.

Exercise D (Revisions will vary.)

[1] Even though he was the king of Ithaca,Odysseus left his home to fight at Troy. [2] Becausethe Trojans had kidnapped Helen, the wife of theking of Sparta, the Greeks had laid siege to the cityof Troy. [3] After the defeat of the Trojans, Odysseusand the Greeks all left Troy in order to return totheir homes. [4] With his ship and his crew,Odysseus sailed for Ithaca. [5] Along the way, heencountered many adventures that slowed hisjourney home. [6] For instance, he encountered theCyclops, a one-eyed giant who captured the crew ofOdysseus and kept them in his cave. [7] One byone, the men were being eaten by the Cyclops.[8] In defense, Odysseus and his men blinded theCyclops with a sharp stake. [9] When the Cyclopscould no longer see, Odysseus and his men sneakedout of the cave under the bellies of the Cyclops’ssheep. [10] Before he returned to Ithaca, Odysseuswent on to have many other adventures.

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Capitalizing WordsExercise A

[1] Dear Mary,

[2] It was so nice to see you last weekend.[3] Now I miss you again already, and, oh, how Iwish you still lived in Mayfield.

[4] Thank you, O wise one, for yourthoughtful comments about my paper on MargaretWalker’s poem “Lineage.” [5] During my revisions,I’ve considered much of what you said. [6] Forinstance, I have placed more emphasis on the factthat Walker repeats the line “My grandmotherswere strong” three times.

[7] Oh, by the way, I saw Brian yesterdayin my English class, and he said,“When is Marycoming to visit again?” [8] We are all hoping thenext visit will be soon.

[9] Your friend,

[10] Anna

Exercise B

[1] Dear Richard,

[2] Do you think you could help meremember the title of a poem? [3] I’ve probablyread the thing, oh, a dozen times, and yet I just can’tthink of the name of it. [4] I know you are familiarwith this poem because it was in a book I borrowedfrom you once. [5] It begins,“In May, when seawinds pierced our solitudes.” [6] Another line Iremember is “Why thou wert there, O rival of therose!” [7] If I’m not mistaken, it’s by Ralph WaldoEmerson. [8] Your old friend is begging you,“Please help!”

[9] Sincere thanks,

[10] Peter

Exercise C1. the Ohio River2. C3. C4. Mecosta County residents

5. C6. the Atlantic Ocean7. Pigeon River State Forest8. Great Salt Lake9. C

10. the Pacific Northwest11. the south side of Nineteenth Street12. the capital of North Carolina13. San Diego County14. a New England village15. a Lake Michigan resort16. Long Island, New York17. Crater Lake National Park18. Chemistry II19. a city in the Midwest20. C21. C22. Main Street runs north and south.23. an African country24. the Gobi Desert25. nations of the Far East

Using Capitals for Proper Nouns,Proper Adjectives, and SchoolSubjectsExercise A (Answers may vary.)

1. an association2. St. Mary’s Hospital3. a war4. Algebra II5. French

Exercise B

[1] Miami is probably the best-knownresort in Florida, a popular vacation spot in theSouth. [2] Located at Florida’s southern tip, MiamiBeach is actually a narrow island in the AtlanticOcean. [3] It is separated from the rest of Miami byBiscayne Bay. [4] When tourists tire of sunning,they can visit the historic Cape Florida Lighthouse,which was built in 1825. [5] People interested in artmight enjoy a visit to the Dade County Art Museum,which was once the home of James Deering.[6] For nature enthusiasts, the Everglades NationalPark is so rich in wildlife that a visit there in thesummer is like an open-air classroom for Nature101.

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[7] Other parts of Florida have attractionsof their own. [8] For example, the ChassahowitzkaNational Wildlife Refuge is near Homosassa. [9] Thename of Lake Okeechobee, located on the northend of the Everglades, is taken from a Seminoleword that means “big water.” [10] Central Florida isknown for its beautiful lakes and, of course, for WaltDisney World.

Using Capitals for Proper Nouns,Proper Adjectives, School Subjects,and TitlesExercise A (Optional capitalization isunderscored.)

[1] As an assignment for Latin class, weread the tale of Orpheus and Eurydice in RobertGraves’s book The Greek Myths. [2] I enjoyed thestory of the musician from Thrace who charmedHades, the god of the Underworld, with his music.[3] The god was persuaded to allow Orpheus’s wife,Eurydice, to return to life. [4] But Hades set onecondition. [5] If Orpheus looked back to seewhether his wife was behind him before they bothreached the Upper World, Eurydice would have toreturn to the Land of the Dead. [6] On the brink ofthe Upper World, the master musician lookedback, and Eurydice was lost to him forever.

[7] Our teacher played parts of Gluck’sopera Orpheus and Eurydice. [8] She arranged forus to obtain discount tickets to a film by theFrench director Jean Cocteau. [9] His film Orphéewas based on the ancient legend, which seems tohave influenced many artists. [10] Last night, UncleErnest showed me a print of the painting titledOrpheus Charming the Beasts, by a Dutch artist.

Exercise B (Sentences will vary.)1. We saw former President Bush on television

last night.2. The president of our neighborhood association

is David Dodson.3. I don’t understand why Mother won’t let me

have a party tonight.4. Did you see his mother when you were over

there?5. We’re going to Georgia to visit my aunt.

Practicing Capital LettersExercise A

1. Members of the Baptist Training Union went asa group to see The King of Kings.Themanager of the Palace Theater had madespecial arrangements for presenting this classicduring the Easter holidays.

2. Today monuments erected by historicalsocieties mark the Oregon Trail, which beganat Independence, Missouri, and crossedKansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, andOregon.

3. Russell Banks’s Cloudsplitter gives a vividaccount of the attack on Harpers Ferry.

4. In 1862, President Lincoln issued theEmancipation Proclamation, officially freeingall the slaves in the Confederacy on January1, 1863.

5. Clara Barton was the first president of theAmerican Red Cross.

6. Toni Morrison, a professor at PrincetonUniversity, won a Nobel Prize because of hercontributions to literature; she is recognizedespecially for her novel Beloved.

7. Mrs. Kittridge explained that films such asClueless and Great Expectations were basedon novels by Jane Austen and CharlesDickens.

8. Laura Bohannan, an American anthropologist,is best known for her study of the Tiv peoplein West Africa.

9. The Starry Night, a painting by Vincent vanGogh, hangs in the Museum of Modern Artin New York City.

10. Martin Luther King, Jr., who believed innonviolent protest, was head of the SouthernChristian Leadership Conference.

Exercise B (Optional capitalization isunderscored.)

[1] She said that most religions, fromChristianity to Buddhism, include some concept ofan afterlife. [2] Our assignment was to compareDante’s idea of an afterlife with one found inanother religion or in mythology. [3] I did mySpanish and history assignments quickly and thenspent most of the evening working on this task forEnglish. [4] It was the most thought-provokingassignment I had had since entering Martin LutherKing High School.

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[5] I decided to investigate some ideasfound in Buddhism. [6] My aunt, who teaches acourse in philosophy and religion at the Universityof Hawaii in Honolulu, told me that althoughBuddhism is largely an Eastern religion, its ideasand dogmas are quite familiar to people living in theWestern world. [7] This religion is an outgrowth ofHinduism. [8] Siddhartha Gautama receivedenlightenment after meditating under a tree at aplace called Buddh Gaya. [9] Followers ofBuddhism believe that people experience a seriesof reincarnations. [10] According to Aunt Sylvia,Buddhists feel that people control their destinies.[11] The good or evil they do in this life controlsthe type of life they will have in their nextreincarnation. [12] Since Buddhists consider life tobe full of suffering, their ultimate goal is to end thisseries of reincarnations. [13] The final state ofblessedness is called Nirvana.

[14] Actually, the ideas of Dante and theideas of Buddhists are very far apart. [15] While theItalian master presented a world in which good andevil were rewarded or punished after death, theBuddhists present a world in which people arecompensated for their actions in their next lives.[16] In Dante’s Christian philosophy, the good arerewarded with Paradise. [17] For Buddhists, thegood are rewarded by ceasing to exist.

[18] Last night Father brought home acopy of a book by an Austrian writer, HeinrichHarrer. [19] His book, Seven Years in Tibet, isabout his life among Tibetan Buddhists. [20] BothMother and Father saw a movie version of SevenYears in Tibet last year at the Beekman Theater.

TestExercise A

1. a 10. a 18. b2. b 11. a 19. a3. a 12. b 20. a4. b 13. a 21. b5. a 14. a 22. a6. b 15. a 23. b7. a 16. a 24. a or b8. a 17. b 25. a9. b

Exercise B1. The (Importance of Erosion)2. C3. C4. River5. high school6. Then7. mountains8. Mountains9. spring

10. Gulf11. Friday12. westward13. professor’s14. western (or C)15. Rockies16. Ocean17. Later18. company19. C20. ocean

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Using End MarksExercise A

1. I asked Celia what animal uses its nose for anarm.

2. Celia’s note to me had the correct answer andalso said,“Try to stump me again.”

3. Mr. Baker said,“Tell me why tears come to youreyes when you are peeling an onion.”

4. After a moment, he asked,“What is thedifference between an onion and an apple?”

5. Stalling for time, Celia exclaimed,“An onion andan apple!”

Exercise B (Sentences will vary.)1. Will that fumble cost us the game?2. Oh no! That fumble will cost us the game!3. Should Mario leave at once?4. Mario, you must leave at once.5. That road was dangerous.6. What a dangerous road!7. Did Cai tell him what I said?8. How awful that Cai told him what I said!9. Should the rug be cleaned right away?

10. Clean the rug right away.

Punctuating Abbreviations; UsingCommas in a SeriesExercise A

1. The John F. Kennedy Library, in Boston, Mass.,was designed by the famous architect I. M. Pei.

2. Mr. Benally’s new address is 1860 Vine St.,Augusta, GA 30903.

3. The Nok civilization flourished in West Africafrom about 500 B.C. to about A.D. 200.

4. Ms. Powell now lives at 210 Fir Ave., RapidCity, SD 57701.

5. The meeting will begin at 11:00 A.M. sharp andshould be over by 12:30 P.M.

6. C7. Sheryl used some research by W.E.B. DuBois in

her history paper.8. My mother works for Harcourt General, Inc., at

their office in Florida.

9. The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, aNASA facility, is located in Huntsville,Ala.,which is north of Birmingham.

10. I have an appointment with Mr. HowardMeyers, Jr., at 2:00 P.M.

Exercise B (If you permit students to omitthe final series comma, then the commas that areunderscored below may be considered optional.)

1. When she can’t get to sleep, Michi takes arelaxing bath, drinks warm milk, or reads atelephone book.

2. C3. I visualize something that is quiet, pleasant,

and peaceful.4. I often imagine that I am an astronaut touring

the vast universe, an explorer all alone in thesilence of a huge forest, or a biologist quietlyenjoying the beauty of nature.

5. I grow weary, my eyes close, and I fall asleep,undisturbed by blaring television sets, loudambulance sirens, or noisy traffic.

Using CommasExercise A

1. Nishi groaned when she was jarred awake bythe loud, insistent sound of her alarm clock.

2. The man wearing the red and white tie, notthe man in overalls, is the owner of the bikeshop.

3. Saifun noodles are shiny, thin, transparentnoodles often used in Chinese cooking.

4. Brian is a warm, honest person, and I am gladto have him as a friend.

5. Mike, please pass me one of those deliciousblueberry muffins.

6. The trees on the Great Smoky Mountains helpcreate a dense, humid atmosphere, whichlooks like a smoky mist.

7. The Inland Sea is dotted by hundreds of hilly,wooded islands.

8. Jill brought chilled avocado soup, a Caribbeandish, to the International Club dinner.

9. Yes, a cold, crisp salad with a sweet-and-sourdressing would taste good on a hot, muggy daylike this.

10. C

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Exercise B1. I had not heard of Pat Mora before, but

yesterday I read her poem “Legal Alien.”2. C3. Most of us found the movie dull, but Abby

liked it.4. C5. Many Cajun families live by fishing and

trapping, but others farm or run businesses.

Using Commas with Nonessential orIntroductory Phrases and ClausesExercise A

1. C2. Our YMCA facility, which was built in the

1950s, is undergoing remodeling and repairs.3. My brother attends Warm Springs Middle

School, which has an enrollment of 541.4. Congressman Sherman, hoping for a

compromise, arranged a meeting with thepresident.

5. C6. C7. Gregor Mendel, known for his experiments

with garden peas, formulated the basic laws ofheredity.

8. C9. The gold kitten, which is very playful, is the

one I would like to adopt.10. The Prado, which contains one of the world’s

finest art collections, is the best-knownmuseum in Spain.

Exercise B1. C2. All students, participating in the assembly, will

be excused from class at 2:00 P.M.3. C4. Romana Acosta Banuelos, who was U.S.

treasurer from 1971 to 1974, was the firstMexican American woman to hold such a highgovernment post.

5. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, who won a 1964Nobel Prize, determined the molecularstructure of vitamin B12.

6. Species of turtles, that live in regions withharsh winters, must hibernate.

7. C8. Speleologists are scientists, who study caves

and the organisms that live in them.9. The puppy, excited to see its owner, wagged

its tail vigorously.10. The word volcano comes from the word

Vulcan, which is the name of the ancientRoman god of fire.

Exercise C1. Since water is deeper than it looks, good spear

fishers aim below rather than at their apparenttargets.

2. If a fish underwater sees you on a pier, youprobably look as though you are higher thanyou really are.

3. By explaining the refraction of light throughwater, I can give sensible reasons for thesestrange appearances.

4. Ascending the tree one branch at a time, Mrs.Weinberg eventually reached the strandedkitten.

5. While I was working at the gas station, Ilearned a lot about cars.

6. In the Cheyenne myth of the world’sbeginnings, the coot and the turtle help createthe land.

7. Chasing a fly ball in center field, Armandstepped in a hole and sprained his ankle.

8. Angered by her brother’s remarks, Jan stampedout of the room.

9. As captain of the women’s basketball team,Lynette Woodard won an Olympic gold medalin 1984.

10. If people object to my suggestion, let themstate their reasons.

Using Commas after IntroductoryElements, and for Elements ThatInterrupt a SentenceExercise A

1. Yes, air pressure can be tremendouslyimportant.

2. Does a pressure cooker have a safety valve,Clara?

3. C4. Oh, then you know about the problems faced

by divers.5. Yes, flyers experience relatively slow changes

in pressure compared to divers.

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6. One of the first places a diver feels pressurechanges, Teresa, is the eardrum.

7. I’ve heard, Clara, that divers hold their nosesand blow when they start to feel pain in theirears.

8. Yes, swallowing also helps to equalizepressure.

9. Why is it better for a diver to have perfectteeth than teeth with fillings, Teresa?

10. Air pressure exerts a different amount of forceon the filling than on the tooth, and, Clara,under severe conditions it can cause a tooth tocollapse.

Exercise B1. Oh, I know the definition of esprit de corps, a

French phrase meaning “team spirit.”2. In your class, Ms. Melton, I have learned that

an explanatory paragraph has more than onesentence, develops a central idea, and presentsspecific details.

3. On Saturday Angelo Santi, our best trumpetplayer, marched with the school band at thegame in the afternoon and played in a danceorchestra at night.

4. No, this machine, a recent model, does notuse as much electricity, oil, and water as theolder models.

5. School alterations, a large item in the budget,are necessary because of the inadequatecafeteria facilities and the undersizedauditorium.

Setting Off Appositives withCommasExercise A

1. When Alfred Hitchcock, the well-knowndirector, died in 1980, people mourned theloss of this master of suspense.

2. In one movie, Strangers on a Train, aninnocent man becomes involved in a bizarremurder plot.

3. The climax of this movie, a scene at a carousel,thrills audiences.

4. Two things, clever plots and unusual cameraangles, always add surprises to any Hitchcockfilm.

5. Hitchcock frequently used two devices, thechase and the case of mistaken identity, tobuild suspense in his films.

6. He didn’t always write his own stories butsometimes based his movies on books such asRebecca, the romantic suspense story byDaphne du Maurier.

7. Who can forget the scene in Rebecca in whichMrs. Danvers, the sinister housekeeper, standsin the bedroom, engulfed in flames?

8. Hitchcock’s peers, other members of the filmcommunity, admired both his talent and hissense of humor.

9. A number of directors have used “theMacGuffin,” his method of using seeminglyunrelated plot elements to set a story inmotion.

10. One Hitchcock movie, North by Northwest,remains a classic, the norm against whichmany similar movies of suspense are measured.

Exercise B (Answers may vary.)1. My brother is reading “Osebo’s Drum,” an

African folk tale.2. Ike, one of our scientific geniuses, blew the

fuses again.3. Mrs. Nevins, the chief of the fire department,

discovered the cause of the million-dollar blaze.4. I am working on Unit Five, “The Westward

Movement.”5. I saw Judy, my cousin, on the train.6. The class read The Frontiers of Love, a

collection of poems by Diana Chang.7. The house, an ornate mansion, was built in

1860.8. Mr. Ahmed asked us to ride in the plane, a tiny

Piper Cub.9. Do you remember Sue, the girl I told you

about?10. Aunt Alma arrived on Friday, the day after

Thanksgiving, and asked Mom to accept a jobin Portland.

Using Commas for ParentheticalExpressions and for Dates andAddressesExercise A

1. Most people in the Western world, in myopinion, have an intrinsic dislike of snakes.

2. Westerners, in fact, use the expression “a snakein the grass” to describe a treacherous person.

3. However, in many Eastern cultures the snake isrevered.

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4. Hindus, for example, have deep respect for thesnake.

5. Generally speaking, they see snakes asprotecting rather than harming humans.

Exercise B1. On August 30, 1997, you may have seen the

New York Liberty play the Houston Comets inthe first WNBA championship game.

2. Jan wrote to the General Electric Company,Schenectady, New York, to obtain informationabout fluorescent light bulbs.

3. Mr.Van Dunk may be reached at 1120 FourBrooks Road, Stamford, Connecticut 06903, orat 420 Main Street, White Plains, New York10601.

4. The letter addressed to 1425 Ocean Drive,Long Beach, was forwarded to Tucson, Arizona,after a delay of several days.

5. The letter from Springfield, Illinois, was datedDecember 1, 1998.

6. On August 28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,spoke before a crowd of a quarter of a millionpeople in Washington, D.C.

7. Dear Al,Just a note to say we look forward to seeingyou in August.Yours truly,John

8. After June 16, 2000, mail your book to CactusLiterary Services in Austin, Texas.

9. When did New York, New York, beginconstruction of the base of the Statue ofLiberty?

10. I wrote to my favorite author in care of hispublisher, Dalkey Archive Press, Illinois StateUniversity, Normal, IL 61790-4241.

Using Semicolons and ColonsExercise A

1. My mom is reading Shadow and Act; it is acollection of essays by Ralph Ellison.

2. Chemical changes occur constantly in nature;for instance, lightning causes a chemical changein the air.

3. There are about fifty-five species of side-neckedturtles; they live in Africa,Australia, and SouthAmerica.

4. The largest urban areas in Southeast Asia arecentered around the cities of Manila,

Philippines; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Bangkok,Thailand.

5. Ships on the Caribbean Sea might carry sugarfrom the West Indies; coffee from Colombia,Costa Rica, or Guatemala; or bananas fromPanama.

6. The art of Africa has influenced art in otherparts of the world; for example, traditionalAfrican sculpture influenced the Spanish artistPablo Picasso.

7. The Abeita family has three dogs, a cat, and aparrot; and Jaime, Miguel, and Julia have beenasking for a horse.

8. The boxer is a medium-sized, stocky, musculardog; it was named for its playful habit ofstriking out with its front legs.

9. The reviewer praised the special effects;however, she criticized the screenplay.

10. The Navajo make up the second-largest groupof American Indians in the United States; onlythe Cherokee have more members.

Exercise B1. The letter began,“Dear Dr. Garcia: Thank you

for considering my application for kennelattendant at your clinic.”

2. Katrina wrote her book report on The GoldenGate: A Novel in Verse by Vikram Seth.

3. The play doesn’t start until 8:00 P.M.; however,we should plan to arrive early.

4. The lecture begins at 2:00; Dr. Durand will bediscussing the literary elements of Psalm104:1–50.

5. Mrs. Hershey has visited several cities inCanada: Toronto, Ontario; Edmonton,Alberta;and Halifax, Nova Scotia.

TestExercise A (Optional punctuation isunderscored.)

1. Marie Dorion, an American Indian of the Iowapeople, was the only woman on the AstorOverland Expedition of 1811–1812.

2. Oh, what an exciting time we had on ourwhite-water rafting trip!

3. Always wear a helmet when you ride yourbike, and do not ride on busy streets.

4. What is the elevation of Santa Fe, NewMexico?

5. Has Mr. Kenneth C. Hilbert, who agreed to

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speak at the assembly, arrived yet?6. Robin has moved to 1116 Mockingbird Blvd.,

Savannah, GA 31401.7. Lionel, turn that radio down right now!

(or . . . now.)8. The meeting of the Crestview Neighborhood

Assoc. begins at 11:00 A. M., and the topic willbe crime prevention.

9. Following the recipe carefully, Theo madeempanadas to serve at the party.

10. Will you be able to meet me outside the libraryat 4:00 P. M.?

Exercise B (If you permit students to omitthe final series comma, then the commas that areunderscored below may be considered optional.)

[1] Yes, boots, dungarees, and hatsappeared on city streets as well as on the Texasplains. [2] Outfitted from head to toe, city slickers,it seemed, had taken to wearing clothes from theAmerican West. [3] Some bought the clothes brandnew, “weathered” them until they lookedappropriately worn, and then treated them withcare! [4] Others searched through used clothingstores, garage sales, and catalogs for “gently worn”items that more accurately reflected the fabrics,buttons, and trims of the real West; in fact, from themoment they bought these clothes, people treatedtheir authentic Western wear with respect.

[5] Offered in a wide range of styles,Western boots became very popular; many peoplehad their boots custom made, and some pairsdefinitely reflected individual tastes. [6] Toes couldbe rounded, squared, or needle sharp; heels, too,came in a variety of styles.

[7] Although dungarees were originallydesigned for cowhands, miners, and farmers, thepants serve a more fashionable purpose today. [8] Innearly every town in the country, people from allwalks of life now wear these comfortable, durablepants.

[9] Do you ever wonder about thewidespread interest in the style, shape, and color ofcowboy hats? [10] While the hat was originallyintended to keep the sun, rain, sleet, and snow offthe cowboy’s head, the cowboy also used the hat tofan campfires, to move the cows along, or to hold adrink of cool water.

Exercise C (If you permit students to omitthe final series comma, then the commas that areunderscored below may be considered optional.)

1. At about 10:45 the minister ended the Sundayschool lesson with a reading of Proverbs 3:13.

2. Blaming severe snowstorms in Chicago for thedelay, the agent announced that the 6:30 flightwould be two hours late.

3. In the basket were several different kinds offruit: bananas, apples, oranges, and pears.

4. Aunt Linda, Uncle Mike, and Marcia arrivedright on time, but their luggage had been lost.

5. Trenell wanted to learn more about the HarlemRenaissance; therefore, he chose to write hisbiographical report on James Weldon Johnson.

6. We prepared for the camping trip by gatheringseveral items: cooking equipment, sleepingbags, hiking boots, and other gear.

7. The Epsteins have moved many times; theyhave lived in Dallas, Texas; San Francisco,California; and Billings, Montana.

8. Beginning class promptly at 9:40, Ms. Lopezasked us to turn in our homework; after shestacked our papers on her desk, she began theclass discussion.

9. Mother quoted Ruth 1:16; it is one of herfavorite Bible verses.

10. I spent the afternoon at Bianca’s house, andshe introduced me to the music of Bob Marley,who was an important reggae artist.

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Italics and Quotation MarksExercise A

1. independent2. plátanos verdes3. Rafu Shimpo4. I and the Village5. Tigerlily6. The X-Files7. s; 88. e; temperament9. Phoenix

10. Columbia

Exercise B1. “Nani”2. fleur-de-lis3. “The Rockpile”; Go Tell It on the Mountain4. “Baby Blues”5. “The Human–Animal Bond”6. Firecracker;“I Do”;“Truthfully”7. “Atoms and Molecules”8. “For the Record”9. “Evergreen”; A Star Is Born

10. “Brothers in Arms”; American Legacy

Punctuating Quotations; UsingQuotation Marks to Enclose TitlesExercise A

1. “Did Ms. Uno really say, ‘Class, we will havethe test on Friday’?” asked Kim.

2. “Miles Davis,” Chet announced, “is AuntMarlene’s favorite jazz artist of all time.”

3. “These tomatoes look ripe,” Waneta said.“Let’s use them in the salad.”

4. Howard said, “We’re going to the movies. Doyou want to go along?”

5. “I just finished reading House Made ofDawn,” Michelle announced. “What awonderful book!”

6. C7. Discuss the following elements of the short

story “Conquistador”: foreshadowing,flashback, and suspense.

8. C

9. “I think Dionne said ‘We’ll meet you at thesoccer field a half hour before practice,’” Jirosaid.

10. “Have you seen any films by Satyajit Ray?”Elaine asked.

Exercise B1. “In the southern Andes,” the narrator

continued., “glaciers have cut deep valleys intothe rocky coastline.”

2. “Heather’s favorite poem is “The Girl WhoLoved the Sky”; she has most of it memorized.”

3. “Then the director commanded, ‘Everyonetake your places!’” Jean said.

4. “Cliff Palace has many underground roomscalled kivas,” the tour guide explained,. “ThePueblo people held their religious ceremoniesin these rooms.”

5. “Our band is going to play ‘“La Bamba”’ in thetalent show!” exclaimed Shannon.

6. “Wildflower gardens,” Mr. Brooks said, “can beinexpensive and easy to grow.”

7. “Would you like to go to the Lakers game withme,?” Tonya asked,. “I have an extra ticket.”

8. In her essay Marta focused on these aspects ofthe story “Independence”: theme, character,and tone.

9. Randy said, “The National Aquarium inBaltimore is so cool!”“Have you been there?”

10. “Then Shane sighed and said, ‘“I think wemissed the bus.,’”Todd said.

Exercise C (Sentences may vary.)1. Gabriella announced, “ I know that Billy will

apologize.”2. Dad wondered, “ Where are we going and

when will we return?”3. I asked him, “ Would you like to try using

chopsticks?”4. Jani shouted, “ I don’t want to watch

television!”5. Shina asked me, “ Why didn’t you keep your

promise to me?”

Punctuating Dialogue and QuotedPassagesExercise A

[1] “ With that thick, white coat, that dogmust need lots of baths,” Toni said.

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¶[2] “Actually,” Claudia replied, “thisbreed of dog is very clean. [3] Eskies have an oil ontheir fur that repels dirt, and they clean their pawsand faces, much as a cat would.”

¶[4] “That’s really cool,” said Toni. [5]

“Are they smart?”¶[6] “Oh,” Claudia said., “they’re very

intelligent and eager to please. [7] We’ve trainedJuneau here to do quite a few tricks.”

¶[8] “Eskies sound like ideal dogs.,” saidToni. [9] “What’s the catch?”

¶[10] “Well,” said Claudia, “ Juneau doesneed plenty of exercise and lots of attention, buthe’s definitely worth all the effort.”Exercise B

[1] “The John P. McGovern Hall of theAmericas opened in June of 1998,” reads thebrochure. [2] “These exhibits focus on ancientcivilizations in the Americas. [3] Visitors may followthe cultural story of the Western Hemisphere eitherchronologically or geographically.

[4] “ Examine the social, ritual, and spiritualactivities of early North and South Americancultures by studying the vast displays of photos,maps, toys, tools, and sculptures,” encourages thebrochure. [5] “See re-creations of tepees, kivas, andother structures. [6] Learn about the survivalmethods of the Inuits, the Plains Indians, and theHopis.

[7] “ In the Maya section, view astonishingmasks and examples of recently decipheredwriting,” the brochure continues. [8] “ In the AztecGallery, enjoy the display of beautiful jars, cups, andpots, adorned with jaguars and feathered serpents.

[9] “The Hall of the Americas is an excitingand educational experience for children and adultsalike,” concludes the brochure. [10] “You’ll wantto add it to your list of attractions to visit inHouston.”

TestExercise A

1. “ I think,” said Jeremy, “ that chorizo is theword for this spicy Spanish sausage.”

2. “Mr. Suarez said to me, ‘ I will always have fondmemories of the time I spent at the ranch,’”said Brandon.

3. Teresa tried to reassure me and said, “This tooshall pass”; but her words were of littlecomfort.

4. “Are you familiar with the song ‘Forever YourGirl,’ by Paula Abdul?” Kenesha asked.

5. “Everyone appearing in Scene 2,” Ms. Conlansaid, “please take the stage.”

6. Mr. Feldman said, “Look for the followingelements as you read the poem ‘AmericanHero’: repetition, rhythm, and onomatopoeia.”

7. “This book,” Mrs. Mitchell said, “has a print ofThree Flags, a painting by Jasper Johns.”

8. “This little girl may have a neck injury,” Jasonwarned. “Don’t move her until the medicshave examined her.”

9. “ For my birthday,” Rachel said, “mygrandmother gave me the book Warrior Artists.It’s about historic Cheyenne and Kiowa art.”

10. As I placed the last brick in the wall, Fortunatocried, “For the love of God, Montresor!”

Exercise B[1] “So, what’s the name of this new song

of yours, anyway?” asked Jamie.¶[2] “ I’m not sure,” Gwen answered.

“Right now I’m calling it ‘ Snows of Minnesota,’ butthat might not stick.”

¶[3] Jamie asked, “Is it really about snow?”¶[4] “The song actually is more about a

state of mind,” Gwen replied. “Snow is just one ofthe prominent images in the chorus. [5] If I canpolish the lyrics just a little bit more, our bandmight be able to perform it in the fall talent show atschool.”

¶[6] “That would be exciting,” said Jamie.“What other songs are you going to play?”

¶[7] “We’re thinking about using Nat’ssong ‘Pathways’ and also another one of mine,called ‘Daisy’s Better Days.’”

¶[8] “ I remember that one,” Jamie said.“You played it at the party. [9] Well, I’ll leave nowso you can get back to work.”

¶[10] “Okay, see you later,” said Gwen.

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Forming Possessives withApostrophesExercise

1. a friend’s family2. several friends’ families3. all the girls’ locker room4. Thomas’s hat5. two boys’ helmets6. the baby’s playpen7. Margaret Walker’s poems8. the president’s speech9. both cars’ front bumpers

10. one car’s front bumper11. an employee’s welfare12. all employees’ welfare13. many trees’ branches14. a tree’s branches15. an officer’s uniform16. some officers’ uniforms17. Melissa’s brother18. Willie’s sister19. several voters’ opinions20. Mexico’s history21. one fish’s scales22. several fish’s scales23. France’s countryside24. Charles’s book25. Mount Rainier’s snow

Using Apostrophes with PossessiveFormsExercise A (The first item in a pair iscorrect.The second is incorrect.)

1. yours—your’s2. C3. its—it’s4. hers—her’s5. Someone’s—Someones6. C7. ours—our’s8. another’s—anothers9. theirs—their’s

10. C

Exercise B1. Mom and Dad’s car2. Daphne and Jalene’s team3. her sister-in-law’s house4. the Humane Society’s mission5. Danielle’s and Cody’s umbrellas6. the Shoreline Cafe’s daily specials7. Phoebe’s and Todd’s books8. the attorney general’s statement9. the Ballet Folklorico’s performance

10. Rafael’s and Robert’s name tags

Exercise C1. Houdini’s; weeks’2. Theo’s3. joints’4. critics’5. handlers’; crew’s

Using Apostrophes, Hyphens,Dashes, and ParenthesesExercise A (The first item in a pair iscorrect.The second is incorrect.)

1. non-Chinese—nonChinese2. ours—our’s3. foil-backed—foil backed; hers—her’s4. everybody’s—everybodys; festively wrapped—

festively-wrapped5. first-course—first course6. Andy and Holly’s—Andy’s and Holly’s7. people’s—peoples; A’s—As; H’s—Hs8. daughter-in-law’s—daughter’s-in-laws9. one-half—one half

10. Chim’s and Leo’s—Chim and Leo’s

Exercise B (Sentences 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10are correct with either dashes or parentheses.)

1. The largest kind of shark—the whaleshark—may grow up to 40 feet (12 meters)long.

2. Whale sharks may weigh over 14 metrictons—about the weight of three pickuptrucks.

3. The smallest sharks are about 6 inches (16centimeters) long and weigh about 1 ounce(28 grams).

4. The fastest-swimming sharks have a crescent-shaped tail that is a powerful swimming aid.

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5. A shark’s teeth—a shark has several rows ofthem—are replaced often as older teeth fallout and new ones grow in.

6. Some people think that sharks must turn overon their backs in order to bite—I know it’s amyth.

7. Sharks hear very well (only low-pitchedtones) and listen for their prey.

8. Hammerhead sharks (a group that includes anumber of similar species) are rather strange-looking creatures.

9. Nurse sharks eat bottom-dwelling fish as wellas shellfish and sea urchins.

10. White sharks (among the most dangeroussharks) prey on large animals such as sea lionsand tuna.

Exercise C1. we’ve 11. hasn’t2. isn’t 12. I’ll3. you’re 13. they’re4. doesn’t 14. there’s5. she’ll 15. they’ll6. weren’t 16. aren’t7. can’t 17. who’s8. he’s 18. you’ll9. don’t 19. it’s

10. let’s 20. won’t

Hyphens, Dashes, and ParenthesesExercise A

1. tweez-ers 6. stu-di-ous2. his-tor-ic 7. buc-ca-neer3. (no hyphen) 8. do-mes-tic4. chill-ing 9. lon-gi-tude5. de-ter-mi-na-tion 10. mon-ar-chy

Exercise B1. well-made 6. pre-Columbian2. governor-elect’s 7. world-famous3. twenty-one 8. well-respected4. ninety-second 9. two-thirds5. treasurer-elect; 10. first-string

mid-March

Exercise C (Sentences 4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16,and 19 are correct with either dashes orparentheses.)

1. “Mmm, I can’t wait to taste that jambalaya aswell as—” Chad was saying just as the waiterapproached our table.

2. Juan Sedillo (1902–1982) earned a Bronze StarMedal and five battle stars during World War II.

3. The Andes Mountains stretch along SouthAmerica’s west coast for a distance of 4,500miles (7,200 kilometers).

4. The problem— it’s one that many athletesface— is staying in top condition while notovertraining.

5. Wilma Rudolph—did you know she hadscarlet fever as a child?—overcame manydisadvantages to become an Olympic athlete.

6. Will Mrs.Wauneka—I mean Dr.Wauneka—beattending the conference next week?

7. Hokkaido (see map on page 413) is thenorthernmost of Japan’s four main islands.

8. My report (the one for science class) is on theformation of volcanoes.

9. Ms. Perkins visited four different states—Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming.

10. Mrs. Ebihari was a circuit court judge forsixteen years (1981–1997).

11. Do you think this monsoon season (it seems tohave arrived early) will help the crops?

12. Our city’s population— it is growing— isabout 500,000.

13. Would you look at the new record set by ourteam in the mile—I mean the meter—relay!

14. The filament (that fine piece of metal) hasburned in half in this light bulb.

15. Harriet exclaimed,“I don’t know if I—” andthen fell silent.

16. Officer Tomkins has returned our tickets (welost them last night) to Saturday’s concert.

17. That wonderful old buckboard—see its shiny,red wheels— is leading the parade again thisyear.

18. Although Alfred attended college for four years(1993–1997), he has not yet graduated.

19. Columns—plain steel, I believe—will beadded to the front of our school building.

20. Should we add Brussels sprouts to theshopping list (it is getting pretty long)?

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TestExercise A

1. There’s2. team’s; he’s; tonight’s3. I’m; you’re; It’s; nobody’s4. Garcias’; deer’s (or deers’)5. you’ll;Whitman’s; Frost’s6. yesterday’s7. x’s; o’s8. Alan’s; Mrs. King’s; Mr. Bauer’s; Nancy’s9. Don’t; Ricky’s; it’s

10. president-elect’s;ABC’s

Exercise B1. thrill-ing 6. in-volved2. mother-in-law 7. vig-or-ous3. pho-to-graph 8. Olym-pic4. (no hyphen) 9. hearti-ness5. chat-ter 10. (no hyphen)

Exercise C (Sentences 2, 5, 7, and 9 arecorrect with either dashes or parentheses.)

1. Jonathan Crane (Stephen’s father) was aMethodist minister; his mother was a strong-minded advocate of moral behavior.

2. The main character of The Red Badge ofCourage (a young soldier named HenryFleming) survives a series of bone-chillingevents typical of combat.

3. Even though he wrote about the American CivilWar (1861–1865), Crane was not born until1871.

4. The Red Badge of Courage is his best-knownwork; it and several of his short stories havebeen adapted to other media—films,screenplays, and dramatizations.

5. Two of his stories—“The Bride Comes toYellow Sky” and “The Blue Hotel”—wereinspired by his trip to the American Southwest.

6. Crane lived for a while in Britain during thelate Victorian era, and some of the best writersof the time—H. G.Wells, Joseph Conrad, andHenry James—became close friends of thetwenty-eight-year-old American.

7. While Crane was trying to cover a rebellion inCuba (Crane was also a journalist) his shipsank, and Crane made it to shore in a small boatwith three other men.

8. This near disaster was the basis of his greatestshort story—“The Open Boat.”

9. Crane’s early death (he was only twenty-eightwhen he died) was the result of tuberculosis.

10. Stephen Crane was many different types ofwriter—novelist, short-story writer, warcorrespondent, poet—all rolled into one.


1. Thomas Merton’s—Thomas Mertons; dog’s—dogs

2. who’s—whos; name’s—names3. I’ve—Ive; dog’s—dogs; it’s—its4. visitor’s—visitors; can’t—cant5. dog’s—dogs

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Using Word PartsExercise (Definitions will vary.)

1. micro | copy—small, minute imitation, thingmade just like another

2. vis | ion—act or power of seeing3. over | build—to make or construct too much

or on top of4. de | port | able—able to be carried away5. child | ish—like or characteristic of a young

boy or girl6. rude | ly—in an unmannerly way7. polite | ness—state or quality of having good

manners8. chron | ic—like or having the nature of time9. hemi | sphere—half of a round body

10. bio | graph | er—one who writes, draws, orrecords life

11. inter | con | nect—to fasten together between12. bene | dic | tion—the act or condition of

speaking well13. re | vert—turn back or again14. act | or—one who does or moves15. morph | ology—the study or practice of form

or structure16. cycl | ist—one who circles or wheels17. phon | ic—like or having the nature of sound18. taste | ful—full of the quality of having or

being able to notice beauty, excellence19. post | gradu | ate—following completion of a

course of study20. mis | judge—to form an idea or opinion

wrongly or incorrectly of someone orsomething

21. un | true—not in accordance with fact22. multi | tude—many23. dis | continue—to do the opposite of holding

together24. tele | vis | ion—far seeing25. photo | graph—something written, drawn, or

recorded, produced by light

Using Spelling RulesExercise A

1. freight2. succeed3. foreign

4. secede5. relieve6. intercede7. neigh8. proceed9. thief

10. unveil11. friendly12. recede13. believe14. either15. reign16. supersede17. deceive18. concede19. piece20. height


1. exceed—excede2. C3. forfeit—forfiet4. supersedes—superceeds5. weight—wieght6. preceded—preceeded7. belief—beleif8. chief—cheif9. C

10. view—veiw

Adding Prefixes and SuffixesExercise A

1. purely 11. immaterial2. engagement 12. hugest3. dripping 13. traveled4. reenter (or re-enter) 14. brownness5. daily 15. cheeriest6. breezier 16. hummed7. recurrence 17. overrule8. crying 18. roping9. selection 19. happiness

10. joyous 20. seventieth

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1. laid—layed2. mileage—milage3. C4. merriment—merryment5. sloping—slopeing6. misspell—mispell7. C8. shopping—shoping9. gentleness—gentlness

10. argument—arguement

Forming Plurals of NounsExercise A

1. ratios 11. roofs2. sunbursts 12. r’s3. dummies 13. Irish potatoes4. mice 14. children5. cuff links 15. calendars6. axes 16. 9s or 9’s7. phenomena 17. Murphys8. pianos 18. grasses9. Konos 19. Japanese

10. holidays 20. brothers-in-law


1. monkeys—monkies2. Rushes—Rushs3. passersby—passerbys4. taxes—taxs5. C6. ladies-in-waiting—lady-in-waitings7. C8. songs—songes9. superheroes—superheros

10. ponies—ponys

Forming Plurals of NounsExercise A

1. sons-in-law2. Arapaho3. appendixes or appendices

4. keys5. lives6. toll bridges7. rodeos8. to’s9. brushes

10. universities11. cables12. Sandys13. Vietnamese14. echoes15. shelves16. stepmothers17. classes18. #s or #’s19. altos20. geese


1. flashes—flashs2. C3. C4. mysteries—mysterys5. maladies—maladys6. teeth—tooths7. C8. heroes—heros9. f’s—fs

10. editors in chief—editor in chiefs

TestExercise A (The first item in a pair iscorrect.The second is incorrect.)

1. interchangeable—interchangable2. C or formulae—formulas3. intercede—intersede4. ceiling—cieling5. stereos—stereoes6. reelection—relection7. A’s—As8. C9. blueberries—bluesberries

10. hollies—hollys

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1. adventurous—adventureous2. neighbors—nieghbors3. capable—capeable4. hunters—hunter’s5. reflexes—reflexs6. teeth—tooths7. proceed—procede8. immortal—imortal9. lives—lifes

10. surely—surly


1. C2. sons-in-law—son-in-laws3. concede—conceed4. stunned—stuned5. superseded—superceded


1. achievements—acheivements2. notables—noteables3. knowledgeable—knowledgable4. preceded—preceeded5. actually—actualy6. paid—payed7. A’s—As8. heroes—heros9. museums—museum’s

10. jazzmen—jazzmans

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Common ProblemsExercise A

1. good2. advice3. moral4. than5. would have6. altogether7. rather8. Fewer9. Between

10. besides


1. principles—principals2. etc.—and etc.3. counsel—council4. could hardly—couldn’t hardly5. invented—discovered6. C7. As—Like8. C9. Set—Sit

10. anywhere—anywheres

Common Usage ProblemsExercise A

1. inferred2. way3. lying4. that5. well6. rarely7. as if8. peace9. affected

10. its


1. Those—Them2. themselves—theirselves3. who (or that)—which

4. Since (or Because)—Being as5. broke—busted6. C7. outside—outside of8. Spirituals originated—Spirituals they originated9. raised—rose

10. Teach me—Learn me

TestExercise A

1. try to 6. Powhatan2. because 7. well3. implied 8. advice4. moral 9. principal5. counsel 10. invented


1. somewhat—some2. that—where3. it’s—its4. C5. kind of soup—kind of a soup6. than—then7. Let—Leave8. a nap—when a person naps9. C

10. lay—lie

Exercise C 1. There’s 6. Who2. inside 7. sat3. altogether 8. as4. fewer 9. any5. Those 10. piece


1. effect—affect2. where was Jonathan?—where was Jonathan at?3. burst—busted4. C5. etc.—and etc.6. well—good7. C8. bad—badly9. except—accept

10. nowhere—nowheres

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