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LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE: PATCHES
Prof. Dr. HADI SUSILO ARIFIN
Referensi: Forman & Godron (1986), Dramstad, Olson & Forman
(1996) dan Farina (1998)
Dr. SYARTINILIADr. KASWANTO
PENGANTAR EKOLOGI LANSKAP (ARL 230) DEPARTEMEN ARSITEKTUR LANSKAP
CONTENT
1. Patch Origins and Change1. Patch Origins and Change2. Patch Size3. Patch Shape4. Patch Number and Configuration5. Additional sources
What is Landscape Ecology?
•…..focuses on (1) the spatial relationships among landscape elements, (2) the flows of energy, mineral nutrients, and species among the elements, and (3) the ecological dynamics of the landscape mosaic through time p g(Forman 1983)
1 PATCH ORIGINS AND CHANGE1. PATCH ORIGINS AND CHANGE
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PATCHES Obyek yang memiliki sifat seperti Patch,
termasuk quilts (selimut), mosaics, tanah, b k d l d d lbercak pada Dalmatian, dan awan di atas langit.
Suatu permukaan area yang non‐linear yang berbeda penampilannya dari area sekitarnya.
Bervariasi dalam ukuran, bentuk. tipe, heterogeneity, dan boundary characteristics.
Sering dikeliling olehMATRIX yaitu area sekitar Sering dikeliling olehMATRIX, yaitu area sekitaryang memiliki perbedaan struktur jenis ataukomposisinya.
BASIC CONCEPTS
E.g. After big fire the blackened landscapeT fi h d i i d i l h Two separate fires had ignited a single patch was blackened nearby, and an extensive fire had swept the area beyond.
Unburned area a little swamp; a clearing and gazed at a patch of grain wave gently in the breeze
Fo r t pes of patches each ith a Four types of patches, each with a fundamentally different origin.
The small burned area was created by a local disturbance, fire.
The little swamp resulted from wet soil The clearing resulted from cutting the vegetation and
planting the crop
The key CAUSATIVE MECHANISMS, or ORIGINS for these patches involved disturbance, environmental heterogeneity, and human planting.
These patches for years to come, the differences in their SPECIES DYNAMICS would become still more evident SPECIES DYNAMICS would become still more evident succession
PATCH TURNOVER, the rate at which patches appear and disappear
DISTURBANCE PATCHES
Disturbance of a small area in a matrix produced a Disturbance of a small area in a matrix produced a DISTURBANCE PATCH.
Mud slides, avalanches, windstorms, ice storms, herbivore outbreaks, mammal trampling, and many other natural change give rise to patches
Human activities also cause disturbance patches logging in forest, burning in grassland, and strip mining for surface coal or minerals.
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Coal Mining (Source: Y. Setiyadi, 2003)Nickel Mining (Source: Y. Setiyadi, 2003)
Penggundulan hutan akibat penambangan erosi dan lanskapyang tidak baik…
Source: HS Arifin (2003)
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN AREA IS DISTURBED?
The post‐disturbance species dynamics population sizes of many species change rapidly THE FIRST RESPONSE: Dropping sharply as a results
f d th d f i di id l C t i i of death or damage of individuals; Certain species become locally extinct they disappear from the patch area; Some species normally survive and remain in lowered population sizes, or in dormant forms such as seeds, spore, eggs, or cysts.
THE SECOND RESPONSE: another drastic change in population size of many of the surviving species population size of many of the surviving species number increase, often more than compensating for the initial loss of individuals.
THE THIRD RESPONSE: in rapid order is immigration, the arrival of species previously absent (animals, seeds, spores)
SUCCESSION or RECOVERY FROM DISTURBANCE INVOLVES ALL THREE PROCESSES
Major population size change Extinctions Immigrations
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE PATCHES
The origin of each patch is due to the heterogeneous or patchy distribution in space of environmental resource water and soil for the plants, or water and flowers for the animal communities.
In many cases the ECOTONE – or overlap zone –separating a patch from the matrix is commonly h d b d hthe case in disturbance‐caused patches.
Environmental Resource Patches: are relatively permanent and patch turnover is extremely low.
INTRODUCED PATCHES
When humans introduce organism to an area an introduced patch results
PLANTED PATCHES people introducing plants: rice paddies, pine, golf courses, and arboreta, form planted patches in a matrix the species dynamics and patch turnover depend largely upon the maintenance activities of people.
HOMES or HABITATIONS house, associated yard, courtyard, , y , y ,farm buildings, and immediate surroundings.
Habitation ecosystem includes 4 types: people, introduced plants and animals, introduced pests, and immigrating native species.
2 PATCH SIZE2. PATCH SIZE
PATCH SIZE
Land use – what is the minimum patch size needed to accomplish a particular objective?
Wh t i th ti t h i ? What is the optimum patch size?
The answers to these questions are crucial to the understanding and management of landscape.
The primary characteristics considered are p yecological: energy, mineral nutrients, and species. Others: the ability to operate planting and harvesting machinery, the distance to habitations and market, or topographic variation.
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EFFECT ON SPECIES
Large islands have more species than small islands. Relationship between species diversity and island size
is not linear, but CURVILINEAR. Mountainous islands have more species than flat
island of the same size. Island with evidence of considerable human
disturbance activity often have fewer species than h h hthose without such activity.
The relationship plotted between increasing area and the number of species is called a SPECIES‐AREA CURVE
TERRESTRIAL LANDSCAPE Patches in the landscape differ significantly from
islands surrounded by water.islands surrounded by water. Landscape patches may high average turnover
rates, whereas island are essentially permanent. The landscape matrix often has extremely high
heterogeneity. The landscape matrix may be used as a rest stop The landscape matrix may be used as a rest stop
for many species moving between patches, particularly in the limited area of a landscape compared with the extensiveness of oceanic archipelagos.
3 PATCH SHAPE3. PATCH SHAPE
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Ukuran dan bentuk patchmerupakan atribut pentingyang mempengaruhi aliran (fluxes) abiotik dan biotik.
Di alam umum dijumpai bentuk regular dan irregular Di alam umum dijumpai bentuk regular dan irregular. Semakin irregular semakin banyak “edges” yang tersedia. Hal ini mempunyai implikasi yang sangatbesar terhadap penyebaran tanaman dan pergerakanhewan.
Denganmenggunakan ratio L/2A, di mana L = keliling patch danA = luas, dimungkinkanuntukmengevaluasi jumlah dari “edges”. Lingkaranmempunyai ratio 1 danmenerangkangambar geometrik dengan ratio minimum antara keliling dan area.
NILAI NUMERIK JUMLAH PERIMETER, LUAS DAN EDGE DARI BERBAGAI BENTUK PATCH.
Patch Perimeter Area L/2VAπ
1 659 10,027 1.8572 277 4,900 1.1193 373 3,652 1.7454 1,125 9,736 3.2175 269 5,222 1.051
1
2
3
4
5
Gambar bentuk dan ukuran patch
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4 PATCH NUMBER AND4. PATCH NUMBER AND CONFIGURATION
PATCH NUMBER AND CONFIGURATION
Patches generally do not exist singly g y g ybut are numerous in a landscape. A single large patch contains more species than several smaller patches. More species are found in several More species are found in several patches if the patches are widely scattered.
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LANSKAP DAN KOMPONENNYA (PATCHES) DAPAT DIKLASIFIKASIKAN DENGAN
PENDEKATAN “ANTHROPOCENTRIC”, ATAU DENGAN PENDEKATAN YANG
TERGANTUNG PADA KAPASITAS
1. STRUCTURAL PATCH2. FUNCTIONAL PATCH
RESOURCE PATCH
TERGANTUNG PADA KAPASITAS PENGAMATAN KITA:
3. RESOURCE PATCH4. HABITAT PATCH5. CORRIDOR PATCH
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Stucture patch: secara umum terdiri dari satutipe tanah yang dioverlap oleh asosiasivegetasi
Fungsional patch: suatu area yang homogennt k sat f ngsi ata sat pendeskripsianuntuk satu fungsi atau satu pendeskripsian
fisik, seperti altitude, temperatur, kelembaban, penetrasi cahaya.
Resource patch: sebagian besarberhubungan dengan ekologi hewan; suatulanskap dapat diuraikan sebagai satukombinasi dari beberapa resource patches bagian dari home range hewan (pakan, tempat bersarang tersedia dengan gampang). See Fig. 1.13
Habitat patch: dapat didefinisikansebagai tipe komunitas tanamang ptertentu yang secara umum lebih besardari pada home range individu.
Corridor patch: sebagai satu bagiandari mosaik lahan yang digunakan olehorganisme untuk pindah/bergerak,organisme untuk pindah/bergerak, menjelajah, menyebar dan migrasi.
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Klasifikasi adalah suatu prosedur yang relevan di dalamstudi “land mosaic”, khususnya seperti yang diketahuiuntuk perspektif manusia.
Pendekatan ini umumnya digunakan oleh ahli ekologilanskap yang tertarik dalam studi interaksi antara aktivitasmanusia dan lanskap. Khususnya berguna untukpersiapan “master plan”, perencanaan “nature reserve”, dan secara umum sebagai panduan pada beberapa tipemanajemen lanskap. Tidak ada aturan yang pasti, tetapiperubahannya sesuai dengan tujuan, skala investigasi, waktu dan ketersediaan sumber daya finansial.
Sejumlah informasi diperlukan untuk memproduksiSejumlah informasi diperlukan untuk memproduksikalsifikasi yang baik dan berguna. Sumber-sumberutama : foto udara, citra landsat (satelite digital images), cadastral maps, peta-peta geologi, hidrologi dan tanah, peta-peta geografi dan biotematik (vegetasi, land use, distribusi hewan).
Contohklasifikasilanskap diBelandaberdasarkanpada hirarkiwilayahhidrologis, geomorfologisdan strukturvegetasi
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PHYSIOTOPE
Unit spatial yang dicirikan oleh faktor-faktorkeadaan abiotik yang relatif homogen.
Physiotope secara umum diklasifikasikandengan menggunakan geologi, aspek dan“slope rate” (tingkat kemiringan). Physiotopemerupakan dasar untuk klasifikasi lanskap lebihlanjut.
Klasifikasi secara hierarchi pada level yang terendah kita ketahui : physiotope, kemudianecotope, land unit, land system. (meskipunpada beberapa kasus physiotope dapat lebihbesar daripada ecotope).
ECOTOPE
Unit lahan yang terkecil yang masihmerupakan suatu unit yang holistik.
Ecotopememperlihatkan dimensi topologisuatu lanskap.
Physiotope – Ecotope – Land Unit – Land SystemSystem.
Contact Address: [email protected]
FB Regan Leonardus Kaswanto
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