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Case Study of Landscape Ecology:

INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR “TOWARDS RURAL AND URBAN SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES: RESTRUCTURING HUMAN – NATURE INTERACTION”

6-7 January 2004Prianger Hotel, Bandung - Indonesia

HS Arifin Doc.

AN OVERVIEW OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL STUDY ON SUSTAINABLE

BIO-RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN JAKARTA-BOGOR-PUNCAK-CIANJUR

(JABOPUNJUR), INDONESIA

Hadi Susilo ARIFINBogor Agricultural University (IPB)

hsarifin@indo.net.id

HS Arifin Doc.

INTRODUCTION

As a tropical country, Indonesia having wet tropical climate with high temperature and high humidity

high biological productivity. Indonesia has highly diverse in its ecosystem such as that

in its waters, beaches, low land areas, and higher up to the mountains in which the watershed area divide into units.

Landscape ecology focuses on three characteristics of the landscape, i.e. structure, function and change.

Bio-physically, the landscape structure in the upper stream differs significantly from that downstream.

Ecologically, the upper stream and down stream areas are closely related in terms of material and energy flow.

FACTORS FORMS

Climate

Geognostic Land

surface

Climatic soil NATURAL

Vegetational drainage LANDSCAPE

mineral resources

X Sea and coast

Vegetation

Fig. The Natural Landscape

TIME

FACTORS MEDIUM FORMS

Population

density

mobility

Housing

Culture TIME plan

structure

Production

Communication

XX

CULTURAL

LANDSCAPENatural

Landscape

Fig. The Cultural Landscape

PROBLEM

Landscape changes are serious matters due to changes in agricultural activities toward industrialization, urbanization, and commercial agricultural land.

The landscape matrix is made more diverse as a consequence of the interaction between physical factors and human efforts to exploit and even overcome them.

The form of this exploitation has changed over time to reflect social and technological change and the impact of occasional phenomena.

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The Government Macro Policy

Sector Oriented Centralistic PolicyThe policy & programs have been

centralistic designed & sector

oriented

Less people

participation

Uniform project

program

Lack of community

ownership

Less local specific

program

Minimum Impact to

the Rural

Development

Migration & Urbanization

Metropolitan Cities Problem

Fig. 1. Scheme of Problem Issues

TO RESOLVE THE PROBLEM

IPB and TU ~ Core University Research Program DGHE/JSPS (1998 – 2007): “Toward Harmonization between Development and Environmental Conservation in Biological Production” ~ four Groups.

Ecological landscape planning among rural, suburban, urban and regional scales should be integrated in the planning of watershed from the upper stream right to the down stream.

In this case, apart from physical and biological aspects, those of social, economic, and cultural should also be taken into consideration.

Sustainable Rural Landscape Development

Integrated Rural Landscape Planning

Transformation of rural

landscape

Institutional

DevelopmentInfrastructure

Development

People

Participation

Watershed Based Ecological Development Programs

Fig. Research Project Framework

Landscape Ecological Studies on Sustainable Bio-resources Management,

e.g. Empowering Traditional Agroforestry System

HUMAN SETTLEMENT Micro-scale

W F C A

1. Economic balance O R R N

O U O I

D I P M

T A

R R L Three

2. Nutritional situation E R E Settlements/

S E S R Villages

O S O E

U O U S

R U R O

3. Ecological structure, C R C U

function & change E C E R

(including C, N Cycle) E C

E

LAND USE & ITS CHANGE Three Small

Catchment

CLIMATE, LANDFORM & SOILS Areas

TWO CATCHMENT AREAS : Macro-scale CITARUM CATCHMENT AREA & CILIWUNG/CISADANE CATCHMENT AREA

Fig. Schematic Structure of the Study

STAGE OF RESEARCH

Stage I (1998-2000): Survey on traditional bio-resources and environmental system in Indonesia.

Stage II (2000-2003): Analysis interrelations among the component in the bio-resource management system and evaluation.

Stage III (2003-2005): Reconstruction bio-resources management system, adaptability/ possibility of new technology.

Stage IV (2005-2007). Adaptation of the new bio-management system and the proposal of the reconstruction of the bio-resources management system.

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International: Universities, Journals, Int’l Foundation, Investors, Developers

Years0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Plant Prod.

Bio-Physic Survey

GIS Remote Sensing

Gaduates

Indegenouos AF Models

Integrated Farming System

Land Evauation Landscape Recon-

sruction & Mana-

gement

Eco-Villages-Cities DesignLU Models

National: Universities, rural-urba communities, local government, companies, NGOs

Te

ch

no

log

yP

rod

uc

tM

ark

et

R a

nd

D

Landscape structure, function & dynamic Management

Bio-Resources Management

Agriculture Sciences

Human Ecology

Nutritional Science

Fish/Aquaculture Prod.

Animal Husb. Prod.

Ecological Landscape.

Planning

Bio-diversity Analysis

ROADMAP LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL STUDY FOR SUSTAINABLE BIO-RESOURCES

Soc-Ec-Cult Survey

Food Security

Dessimination

Articles

Maps Sustain Agric. ModelsThe distribution of

elevation classes (left-

up), slope classes

(right-up)

The existing land use

(mid-left), soil type

(mid-right)

Erosion hazard (left-

bottom), and promoted

ecological land use

(right-bottom)

Fig. Cianjur Watershed – Citarum Sub-watershed (Source: Saroinsong, Arifin, Gandasasmita & Takeuchi, 2003).

Legend

Forest

Plantation

Forest garden

Upland field

Paddy field

Residential area

0

10km

N

Cianjur City

Mt. Gede

Landuse in Cianjur watershed(Source: Harashina, Takeuchi, Tsunekawa & Arifin, 2002)

Five agro-ecological land allocation zones delineated in CianjurWatershed except forests and settlements:

paddy fields zone (34.0%)

highland vegetables zone (11.2%)

complex agroforests zone ( 9.2%)

tea plantations zone ( 6.8%)

mixed crops zone ( 3.5%)

Five scenarios:

EXIST (Existing Land Use in Suitability Term)

INTENSE (Introduction Complement of Main Land Use)

TREND (Towards Market and Demand)

GREEN (Go with Rural Environment Enhancement)

COMBINE (Combine several efforts in the same time)

Land evaluation in Cianjur watershed

Down stream

Middle stream

Upper Stream

JAKARTA

DEPOK

BOGOR

DISTRICT

BOGOR

CITY

BOGOR

DISTRICT

* Flat area

* High density of population

* Dense settlements

* Water/industrial pollution

* Lack of greenery open space

* Trading & services area

* Flat – undulating area

* High density of population

* Settlements & new settlements

* Industrial areas & pollution

* Abandon lands

* Agricultural farmlands

* Land use changing

* Hilly – mountainous area

* Poverty, low of land property right

* Agricultural farmlands

* Big plantation estates

* Mineral water exploration

* Forest & greenery open space

The Characteristics of

Ciliwung Watershed(Source: Environmental Analysis

& Spatial Modeling Laboratory,

Faculty of Forestry-IPB, 2002)

Land evaluation of protected area in the upper stream of Ciliwung watershed

Physical factors: elevation, slope, soil, riparian, the main of catchment area, the high ground movement.

The results: protected area (84.1 %), and non-protected area (15.9 %).

Present land cover classification in the upper stream of Ciliwung watershed, the ratio of forest and non-forest area is 37.4%: 62.6%.

This means to cover the protected area which resulted from map of distribution of protected area (84.1%), these should be some efforts and activities such as re-vegetation, producing land use policies as well as law enforcement by the government.

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ECOLOGICAL & INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGES PROMOTING

People traditionally carried out agriculture and forestry in which people made symbiotic use of ‘ecological circulation in forest and water’, and therefore in harmony with nature.

Homegarden (Pekarangan) is a multistory, circular system for bio-resource utilization, which is practiced within settlements. Rural Pekarangan contributes to maintenance of food for subsistence during economic crisis.

Agroforestry System: Complex Agroforestry, Simple Agroforestry, Agroforestry Landscapes. These system can conserve the environment. So the possibility of sustainability is warranted.

RURAL PEKARANGAN SYSTEM

TUMPANG SARI

COMPLEX

AGROFORESTRY

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SIMPLE AGROFORESTRY

K. Takeuchi

Local level component for landscape planning, agreements, management and monitoring

Local WS monitoring & assessment

Localization:

Participatory

land use

planning Digitized

local plan

Analytical modeling:

potential, constraint,

interactions, impacts,

trade offs, priorities

Negotiation: communities, local

institution, watershed mgt. Network,

government agencies, other

stakeholders

Public Information for

Policy: overall resource

condition & use pattern

Sub-basin GIS:

provides

information,

consolidates plans

RS Land Use

monitoring:

transparency,

accaount-

ability

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Environmental Services connected with

Forests and Watersheds

Protection of biodiversity

Maintenance of water flows and

water quality

Sequestration of carbon

Landscape beauty and amenity

ENVIRONMENTAL SEREVICE ISSUES

Many upland and mountain communities in Asia manage landscapes that provide environmental services to outside beneficiaries.

The services they provide include clean and abundant water supplies from watersheds, biodiversity protection, stocks of carbon that may alleviate global warming and landscape beauty for recreation and tourism.

However upland communities are not sharing in the benefits that these services provide. Rewarding the poor upland communities for providing environmental services would enhance their livelihoods and reduce poverty.

PROGRAM COMPONENTS

Identification and assessment of environmental service functions across a range of settings, and where and how these services are currently arranged

Development and testing of a variety of reward mechanisms at specific sites across a range of settings

Support of a transparent and enabling environment at local, sub-national and national levels that will ensure that rewards are effective, equitable and sensitive to marginalized groups

Raise the awareness of the potential for rewards for environmental services among government officials and the producers and consumers of these services

Effective partnerships in accomplishing the program’s purpose will be developed and managed

Identification of appropriate and sustainable institutional approaches to foster transfer payment to the upland poor

THANK YOU